BIOLOGY  LIBRARY 


FIELD  BOOK  OF 
WESTERN 
WILD  FLOWERS 


BY  MARGARET  ARMSTRONG 


IN  COLLABORATION  WITH 
J.    J.    THORNBER,    A.M. 

PROFESSOR     OF   BOTANY    IN    THE    UNIVERSITY    OF 

ARIZONA,   AND   BOTANIST    OF   THE    ARIZONA 

AGRICULTURAL       EXPERIMENT 

STATION    AT   TUCSON 


Of 


WITH  FIVE  HUNDRED  ILLUSTRATIONS  IN  BLACK 
AND  WHITE,  AND  FORTY-EIGHT  PLATES  IN  COLOR 
DRAWN  FROM  NATURE  BY  THE  AUTHOR  :  :  : 


C.  P.  PUTNAM'S  SONS 
NEW  YORK  AND    LONDON 


*K 


BIOLOGY  LIBRARY 


FIELD  BOOK 

OF 
WESTERN  WILD  FLOWERS 


Copyright,  19  *5 

by 
Margaret  Armstrong 


Thirteenth  Impression 


All  rights  reserved.    This  book,  or  parts  thereof,  must 
not   be    reproduced    in   any    form   without    permission. 


REPLACING 


Made  in'tht  UnitecJ/Sts  tes  of  America 


PREFACE. 

IN  this  little  book  a  very  large  number  of  the  commoner 
wild  flowers  growing  in  the  United  States,  west  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  are  pictured  and  described.  It  is  the 
first  attempt  to  supply  a  popular  field  book  for  the  whole 
West.  The  field  is  vast,  including  within  its  limits  all  sorts 
of  climate  and  soil,  producing  thousands  of  flowers,  infinite 
*n  variety  and  wonderful  in  beauty,  their  environment 
often  as  different  as  that  of  Heine's  Pine  and  Palm.  In 
such  strange  homes  as  the  Grand  Canyon  and  the  Petrified 
Forest  of  Arizona,  or  the  deserts  of  Utah  and  southern 
California,  we  find  the  oddest  desert  plants,  forced  to  cu- 
Tious  expedients  in  order  to  sustain  life  amidst  almost  per- 
petual heat  and  drought,  but  often  displaying  blossoms  of 
such  brilliance  and  delicacy  that  they  might  well  be  envied 
by  their  more  fortunate  sisters,  flourishing  beside  shady 
waterfalls,  in  a  "happy  valley"  like  Yosemite,  or  a  splen- 
did mountain  garden,  such  as  spreads  in  many-colored 
parterres  of  bloom  around  the  feet  of  Mt.  Rainier.  On  the 
wind-swept  plains  hundreds  of  flowers  are  to  be  found; 
many  kinds  of  hardy  plants  brighten  the  salty  margins  of 
the  sea  cliffs,  or  bloom  at  the  edge  of  the  snow  on  rocky 
mountain  peaks,  while  quantities  of  humble,  everyday 
flowers  border  our  country  roadsides  or  tint  the  hills  and 
meadows  with  lavish  color. 

The  field  includes  the  States  of  Washington,  Oregon, 
California,  Idaho,  Nevada,  Utah,  and  Arizona  and  to  de- 
signate this  whole  field  the  term  West  is  used  in  this 
book.  The  term  Northwest  designates  Washington, 
Oregon,  northern  Idaho,  and  northern  California,  and 
the  term  Southwest  covers  southern  California  and 
Arizona.  The  flowers  found  only  in  the  Rocky  Mountains 
are  not  included,  and  it  may  be  noted  here  that  exceedingly 
few  of  the  western  flowers  cross  the  Rockies  and  are  found 


in  the  East. 


PREFACE. 

This  is  the  only  fully  illustrated  book  of  western  flowers, 
except  Miss  Parsons's  charming  book,  which  is  for  Califor- 
nia only.  The  drawings  have  all  been  made  from  life. 
Allowance  must  be  made  for  differences  in  appearance, 
owing  to  locality,  and  the  text  should  be  consulted  for  the 
size,  as,  on  so  small  a  page,  some  of  the  plants  must  be 
drawn  smaller  than  others. 

Almost  all  technical  botanical  terms  have  been  trans- 
lated into  ordinary  English,  as  this  book  is  intended 
primarily  for  the  general  public,  but  as  a  large  number  of 
the  plants  given  have  never  before  been  illustrated,  or  even 
described,  except  in  somewhat  inaccessible  or  tecnnical 
publications,  it  is  hoped  that  the  scientist  also  may  find 
the  contents  both  interesting  and  useful. 

The  nomenclature  used,  with  few  exceptions,  is  that  of  the 
American  Code.  Where  these  names  differ  greatly  from 
those  in  common  usage  the  latter  are  given  as  synonyms 
in  brackets,  making  the  book  more  useful  to  all  readers. 
The  botanical  names  are  marked  with  an  accent.  Two 
accents  are  used,  the  grave  (')  to  indicate  the  long  English 
sound  of  the  vowel,  such  as  the  "i"  in  "violet,"  and  the 
acute  (')  to  show  the  short  sound,  such  as  the  "  i  "  in  "lily, " 

Professor  J.  J.  Thornber,  of  the  University  of  Arizona, 
is  responsible  for  the  botanical  accuracy  of  the  text  and  his 
knowledge  and  patient  skill  have  made  the  book  possible. 

Thanks  are  due  for  most  valuable  assistance  in  the 
determination  of  a  very  large  number  of  specimens  to  Miss 
Alice  Eastwood,  of  the  California  Academy  of  Sciences. 
Also  to  Dr.  W.  L.  Jepson,  of  the  University  of  California; 
Professor  A.  O.  Garrett,  of  Salt  Lake  City;  Professor  A.  R. 
Sweetser,  of  the  University  of  Oregon:  Mr.  S.  B.  Parish, 
of  San  Bernardino,  Cal. ;  Mrs.  Henshaw,  of  Vancouver,  B. 
C.;  Dr.  A.  Davidson,  of  Los  Angeles;  and  Mr.  Marcus  E. 
Jones,  of  Salt  Lake  City.  Also  for  advice  and  assistance  to 
Dr.  N.  L.  Britton,  and  Dr.  H.  M.  Richards  of  New  York; 
to  Dr.  Livingston  Farrand,  of  Colorado ;  Mr.  C.  R.  Orcutt,  of 
San  Diego;  Mr.  Carl  Purdy,  of  Ukiah,  Cal.;  Professor  Flett, 
of  Mt.  Rainier  National  Park;  Miss  Winona  Bailey,  of 
Seattle;  Professor  J.  H.  Paul,  of  Salt  Lake  City;  and  many 
other  kind  friends. 

The  arrangement  is  that  originated  by  Mr.  Schuyler 
Mathews,  in  his   Field  Book  of  American  Wild  Flowers. 
iv 


PREFACE. 

which  has  been  found  very  popular  in  the  East,  but,  in 
this  book,  most  of  the  genera,  as  well  as  the  species,  have 
been  very  briefly  described. 

MARGARET  ARMSTRONG. 
NEW  YORK. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

PREFACE .         .       iii 

LIST  OF  COLORED  PLATES      .         .         .         .         .       xi 

TECHNICAL  TERMS xiii 

KEY  TO  FAMILIES xv 

FAMILIES: 

Water-plantain  (Alismaceae)   ....         2 

Lily  (Liliaceae)       ......         4 

Iris  (Iridaceae)        ......       66 

Orchid  (Orchidaceae)        .          .          .  72 

Lizard-tail  (Saururaceae)          ....       80 

Sandalwood  (Santalaceae)         ....       82 

Birthwort  (Aristolochiaceae)     ....       84 

Buckwheat  (Polygonaceae)       .          .          .          .86 

Pigweed  (Chenopodiaceae)        ....       96 

Four-o'clock  (Nyctaginaceae)  .          .          .          .100 

Carpet- weed  (Aizoaceae)          .          .          .          .108 

Pink  (Caryophyllaceae)    .          .          .          .          .112 

Purslane  (P ortulacaceae)  .          .          .          .120 

Buttercup  (Ranunculaceae)      .          .          .          .126 

Barberry  (Berberidaceae)  .          .          .          .152 

Water  Lily  (Nymphaeaceae)     .          .          .          .156 

Strawberry  Shrub  (Calycanthaceae)  .          .      158 

Poppy  (Papaveraceae)     .          .          .          .          .160 

Bleeding  Heart  (Fumariaceae)          .          .          .168 
Mustard  (Cruciferae)      .          .         .          .          .174 

Caper  (Capparidaceae)    .          .          .          .          .186 

Orpine  (Crassulaceae)      .          .          .          .          .192 

Saxifrage  (Saxifragaceae)          .          .          .          .196 

Hydrangea  (Hydrangeaceae)    ....     206 

Gooseberry  (Grossulariaceae)  .          .          .210 

Apple  (Pomaceae)  .          .          .          .          .214 

Plum  (Drupaceae)  .          .          .          .          .216 

Rose  (Rosaceae)     .          .          .          .          .          .218 

Pea  (Fabaceae) ,     242 


CONTENTS. 


Senna  (Cassiaceae) 
Mimosa  (Mimosaceae)    . 
Krameria  (Krameriaceae) 
Caltrop  (Zygophyllaceae) 
Flax  (Linaceae) 
Wood-sorrel  (Oxalidaceae) 
Geranium  (Geraniaceae) . 
Milkwort  (Poly  gal  aceae) 
Meadow  Foam  (Limnanthaceae} 
Buckeye  (Hippocastanaceae)    . 
Buckthorn  (Rhamnaceae) 
Mallow  (Malvaceae) 
St.  John's- wort  (Hypericaceae) 
Fouquiera  (Fouquieriaceae) 
Violet  (Violaceae) 
Loasa  (Loasaceae) 
Rock-rose  (Cistaceae) 
Cactus  (Cactaceae) 
Evening  Primrose  (Onagraceae) 
Parsley  (Umbelliferae)     . 
Dogwood  (Cornaceae) 
Heath  (Ericaceae) 
Wintergreen  (Pyrolaceae) 
Indian  Pipe  (Monotropaceae)  . 
Primrose  (Primulaceae) 
Olive  (Oleaceae) 
Gentian  (Gentianaceae) 
Milkweed  (Asclepiadaceae) 
Dogbane  (Apocynaceae) 
Buck-bean  (Menyanthaceae)     . 
Morning-glory  (Convolvulaceae) 
Phlox  (Polemoniaceae)     . 
Waterleaf  (Hydrophyllaceae)    . 
Borage  (Boraginaceae)     . 
Verbena  (Verbenaceae)    . 
Mint  (Labiatae) 
Potato  (Solanaceae) 
Figwort  (Scrophulariaceae) 
Broom-rape  (Orobanchaceae)    . 
Madder  (Rubiaceae) 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Valerian  (Valerianaceae)  ....  508 
Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliaceae)  .  .  .  .512 
Gourd  (Cucurbitaceae)  .  .  .  .  .518 
Bellflower  (Campanulaceae)  ....  520 
Sunflower  (Compositae)  .....  522 
Chicory  (Chicoriaceae)  .....  570 
INDEX 581 


COLORED  ILLUSTRATIONS. 
AT   END   OF   BOOK 

PAGE 

ORANGE  MARIPOSA  TULIP     ......  597 

WILD  ONION ..598 

COVENA .599 

INDIAN  HYACINTH 600 

DOGTOOTH  VIOLET        ......  601 

BRONZE  BELLS 6°2 

BUTTERFLY  TULIP 6°3 

BUTTER  BALLS 6°4 

SAND-VERBENA    .......  605 

INDIAN  PINK 6°6 

FOOTHILLS  LARKSPUR 607 

LILAC  CLEMATIS 608 

CALIFORNIA  POPPY 6°9 

BUSH  POFPY         .         .         .         .         .         .         •  610 

WESTERN  WALLFLOWER 611 

CLIFF  ROSE 612 

BI-COLORED  LUPINE 613 

WILD  SWEET  PEA         .         .         .         .         .         •  6*4 

PRIDE  OF  CALIFORNIA •  616 

HEDYSARUM  PABULARE 615 

DESERT  SENNA 617 

SPOTTED  MALLOW 618 

SALMON  GLOBE  MALLOW 619 

HEDGEHOG  CACTUS 620 


xii  COLORED  ILLUSTRATIONS 


PAGE 

OPUNTIA  BASILARIS 621 

PINCUSHION  CACTUS 

WHITE  EVENING  PRIMROSE 

WESTERN  AZALEA 

SNOW-PLANT        

SMALL  SHOOTING  STAR          ..... 

CANCHALAGUA     

SCARLET  GILIA 

LARGE  PRICKLY  GILIA 

MOUNTAIN  PHACELIA 

PHACELIA  GRANDIFLORA 

BABY  BLUE-EYES 

RAMONA  INCANA 

THISTLE  SAGE 

PAINT  BRUSH       ....... 

PENTSTEMON  CYANANTHUS    ..... 

PENTSTEMON  PARRYI    ...... 

BUSH  MONKEY  FLOWER 

PINK  MONKEY  FLOWER 

WILD  VALERIAN 

ARIZONA  THISTLE 

EASTER  DAISY 

XYLORRHIZA  TORTIFOLIA 

CUT-LEAVED  BALSAM-ROOT  .  . 


TECHNICAL  TERMS. 

Corolla.  The  flower-cup  composed  of  one  or  more  di- 
visions called  petals. 

Petal.     One  of  the  divisions  of  the  corolla. 

Calyx.  A  flower-envelope,  usually  green,  formed  of 
several  divisions  called  sepals,  protecting  the  bud. 

Sepal.     One  of  the  divisions  of  the  calyx. 

Anther.     The  pollen-bearing  organ,   usually  yellow. 

Filament.     The  stalk-like  support  of  the  anther. 

Stamen.     Anther  and  filament  combined. 

Ovary.     The  seed-bearing  organ. 

Ovary  inferior.  With  the  flower-parts  growing  from 
above  the  ovary. 

Ovary  superior.  With  the  flower-parts  growing  from  be- 
low the  ovary. 

Placenta.  That  particular  portion  of  the  ovary  wall  to 
which  the  ovules  are  attached. 

Ovule.     The  body  in  the  ovary  which  becomes  a  seed. 

Style.  The  stalk-like  projection  proceeding  from  the 
ovary  and  terminated  by  the  stigma. 

Stigma.  The  generally  sticky  and  sometimes  branching 
termination  of  the  pistil  through  which  pollination 
takes  place. 

Pistil.     Ovary,  style,  and  stigma  combined. 

Regular  Flower.  Generally  symmetrical  and  uniform  in 
the  number  of  its  parts. 

Perfect  Flower.  A  flower  complete  in  all  the  common 
parts. 

Staminate.     With  stamens  and  without  pistils. 

Pistillate.     With  pistils  and  without  stamens. 

Polygamous.  Pistillate,  staminate,  and  perfect  flowers, 
on  the  same  or  on  different  plants. 

Claw.     The  narrow  or  stalk-like  base  of  some  petals. 

Pedicel.     The  stalk  of  a  flower  in  a  cluster, 
xiii 


TECHNICAL  TERMS 


Raceme.     A  flower-cluster  in  which  the  flowers  are  borne 

along  the  flower-stalk  on  pedicels  of  nearly  equal 

length. 
Spike.    A  flower-cluster  in  which  the  flowers  have  no 

pedicels  and  are  arranged  more  or  less  closely  along 

the  flower-stalk. 

Bracts.     Small  scalelike  formations. 
Involucre.     A  circle  of  bracts  below  a  flower-cluster. 
Stipule.     Small  often  leaflike  formations,  confined  to  the 

base  of  the  leaf. 
Capsule.     A  dry  seed-vessel,  composed  of  more  than  one 

part  and  splitting  open. 
Akene.     A  small  dry  one-seeded  fruit,  not  splitting  open. 


A   KEY  TO  THE   FAMILIES. 

PAGE 

A..    Parts  of  the  flower  nearly  always  in  threes; 
leaves  almost  always  parallel-veined. 

a.  Ovary  superior. 

b.  Leaves  often  arrow-shaped;  pistils  many,  in  a  head. 

Alismaceae         2 

b.  Leaves    not    arrow-shaped;  pistil    one.       Liliaceac         4 
a.  Ovary  inferior. 

b.  Flowers    regular;  stamens    three.  Iridaceae       66 

b.  Flowers  irregular;  stamens  one  or  two.     Orchidaceae       72 

A.    Parts  of  the  flower  mostly  in  fours  or  fives; 

leaves  mostly  netted-veined. 
B.     Corolla  absent;  calyx  mostly  present,  some- 
times showy. 

a.  Ovary  superior. 

b.  Pistils  several  to  many,  distinct.    Ranunculaceae     126 
b.  Pistil  one,  one  to  several-celled. 

c.  Flowers  in  long  spikes  with  a  white  involucre 

at  base.  Saururaccae       80 

c.  Flowers  not  in  long  spikes. 

d.  Stipules   if   present   sheathing  the  stem; 

sepals  three  to  six.  Polygonaceae       86 

d.  Stipules  absent;  sepals  mostly  five. 

Chenopodiaceae       96 
a.  Ovary  inferior  or  appearing  so  by  the  closely  fitting 

calyx. 
b.  Ovary  six-celled;  stamens  six  to  twelve. 

Aristolochiaceae        84 

b.  Ovary  one-celled;  stamens  three  to  five. 
c.  Leaves  opposite;  flowers  often  showy. 

Nyctaginaceae     100 
c.  Leaves  alternate;  flowers  not  showy. 

Santalaceae       8a 

B.    Both  corolla  and  calyx  present. 
C.     Corolla  of  separate  petals. 
D.     Ovary  superior. 

a.  Stamens  more  than  ten  in  number. 

b.  Pistils  several   to  many,  separate  or 

united  below. 
c.  Pistils  separate  and  distinct. 

d.  Pistils  enclosed  in  a  hollow  recep- 
tacle. 

e.  Leaves  opposite;  petals  num- 
erous. Calycanthaceae     158 
e.  Leaves  alternate ;  petals  most- 
ly five.  Rosaceae     218 
d.  Pistils  not  enclosed  in  a  recep- 
tacle, 
e.  Stamens     attached     to     the 

calyx.  Rosaceae     218 

e    Stamens  not  attached  to  the 

calyx.  Ranunculaceae     126 

XV 


A  KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES 


c.  Pistils  united  below  into  a  lobed  or 

beaked  ovary. 
d.  Water  plants  with  floating  leaves. 

Nymphaceae     156 
d.  Terrestrial  or  land  plants. 

e.  Pistils    forming    a    ring;    fila- 
ments united.         Malvaceae     284 
e.   Pistils  not  forming  a  ring. 
f.  Pistils  inserted  on  a  convex 
receptacle;    stamens    at- 
tached to  the  calyx. 

Rosaceae     218 

f.  Receptacle  not  convex;  sta- 
mens not  attached  to  the 
calyx.  Papaveraceae  160 

b.  Pistil  one,  the  styles  and  stigmas  often 

several. 
c.  Ovary  one-celled. 

d.  Style  and  stigma  one. 

e.   Fruit  a  drupe  (stone-fruit). 

Drupaceae     216 
e.   Fruit  an  akene  tipped  with  a 

tail.  Rosaceae     218 

d.  Styles  or  stigmas  more  than  one. 
e.  Sepals  falling  as  the  flowers 

expand. 

f.  Sepals  two  or  three;  fruit 
a  capsule. 

Papaveraceae     160 
f.   Sepals  four  or  six;  fruit  a 

berry.          Ranunculaceae      126 
e.  Sepals  persistent;  low  shrubs. 

Cistaceae     304 
c.  Ovary  more  than  one-celled. 

d.  Water  plants  with  floating  leaves. 

Nymphaceae     156 
d.  Plants  not  growing  in  water. 
e.   Leaves  with  smooth  margins 
and  with  transparent  dots. 

Hypericaceae     29? 
e.  Leaves  neither  smooth-edged, 
nor  with  transparent  dots. 

Malvaceae     284 

Stamens  ten  or  fewer  in  number. 
b.  Stamens  of  the  same  number  as  the 

petals  and  opposite  them. 
c.  Ovarv  more  than  one-celled;  calyx 

four-  to  five-cleft.        Rhamnaceae     282 
c.  Ovary  one-celled. 

d.  Anthers     opening     by     uplifted 

valves.  Berberidaceae     153 

d.  Anthers  opening  by  longitudinal 

slits.  Portulacaceae     120 

b.  Stamens  not  of  the  same  number  as  the 
petals,  or  if  of  the  same  number,  al- 
ternate with  them. 
c.  Ovaries  two  or  more,   separate  or 

partly  united. 

d.  Stamens  united  with  each  other 
and  with  the  large  thick  stigma. 

Asclepiadaceae     374 
d.  Stamens   free   from    each   other 

and  from  the  pistils, 
e.  Stamens     inserted     on     the 

receptacle*. 
f.  Leaves  and  stems  fleshy. 

Crassulaceae     IQJ 
f.  Leaves     and      stems      not 
noticeably  fleshy. 

xvi 


A  KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES 


PAGH 

g.  Lobes  of  ovary  two  to 
five,  with  a  common 
style. 

h.  Ovary  two-  to  three- 
lobed. 

Limnanthaceae     278 
h.     Ovary  five-lobed. 

Geraniaceae     274 
g.  Ovaries    with    separate 

styles.    Ranunculaceae     126 
e.     Stamens     inserted     on     the 

calyx. 
f.  Stamens  twice  as  many  as 

the  pistils.     Crassulaceae     192 
£.  Stamens  not  twice  as  many 

as  the  pistils, 
g.  Stipules  present. 

Rosaceae     218 
g.  Stipules  absent. 

Saxifragaceae     196 
C.  Ovary  one,  the  styles  and  stigmas 

one  to  several. 
d.  Ovary    with    one    cell    and    one 

placenta. 

e.  Corolla  forming  standard, 
wings  and  keel;  filaments 
mostly  united.  Fabaccac  242 
e.  Corolla  not  of  standard,  wings 
and  keel;  filaments  mostly 
not  united. 

f.  Stamens  ten  or  five;  fruit 
smooth,  slender. 

Cassiaccac     264 
f.  Stamens     three     or     four; 
fruit  spiny,  globose. 

Kramer -iaceae     268 
d.  Ovary  with    one  or  more  cells 
and    styles,  and  two  or  more 
placentae  and  stigmas, 
c.  Ovary  one-celled. 

f.  Corolla     irregular;      petals 
and  sepals  five. 

Violaceac     296 

f .  Corolla  regular  or  nearly  so. 

g.  Ovules  attached  at  the 

center  or  bottom  of  the 

ovary.       Caryophyllaceae     na 

g.  Ovules  attached  on  two 

placentae. 

h.  Stamens   equal;   pod 
on  a  stalk. 

Capparidaceae     186 
h.  Stamens        unequal; 
pod  without  a  stalk. 

Crucijerae     174 
0.  Ovary  more  than  one-celled. 
f.  Ovary    three-celled;    trees 
with  palmate  leaves. 

Hippocastanaceae     280 
f.  Ovary    more    than    three- 
celled. 
g.  Cells  of  ovary  as  many 

as  the  sepals, 
h.  Anthers   opening   by 
terminal  pores;  dwarf 
evergreen        shrubby 
plants.         Pyrolaceae     354 
h.  Anthers  opening  by 
longitudinal  slits. 

zvii 


A  KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES 


PAGE 

i.  Ovules  and  seeds 
one  or  two  in  each 
cell. 

j.  Herbs  with  lobed 
or  cut  leaves. 

Geraniaceae     274 
j.  Evergreen 
shrubs  with  var- 
nished leaves. 

Zygophyllaceae     268 
i.   Ovules  and    seeds 
several  in  each  cell; 
leaflets  three. 

Oxalidaceae     272 
g.   Cells  of  ovary  twice  as 
many  as  the  sepals. 

Linaceae     270 
D.     Ovary  inferior  or  more  or  less  so. 

a.  Stamens  more  than  ten  in  number. 

b.  Plant    spiny;  leaves    absent    or    soon 

deciduous  Cactaceae     304 

b.  Plant  not  spiny;  leaves  persisting  for 

the  season. 
c.  Leaves  three-sided,  fleshy. 

Aizoaceae     108 
c.  Leaves     neither     three-sided     nor 

fleshy. 
d.  Herbs;  leaves  rough-hairy. 

Loasaceae     300 
d.  Shrubs  or  trees. 

e.  Leaves      opposite;       stipules 
none. 

Hydrangeaceae     206 
e.  Leaves  alternate;  stipules  pre- 
sent. Pomaceae     214 
a.  Stamens  ten  or  fewer  in  number. 

b.  Ovules  and  seeds  more  than  one  in 

each  cell. 
c.  Ovary  one-celled;  fruit  a  berry. 

Grossulariaceae     210 
c.  Ovary  with  two  or  more  cells. 
d.  Stamens  four  or  eight. 

e.  Shrubs;  filaments  two-forked 

at  the  apex.    Hydrangeaceae     206 
e.  Herbs;  filaments  not  two-forked 

at  the  apex.          Onagraceae     312 
d.  Stamens  five  or  ten;  styles  two  or 

three.  Saxifragaceae     196 

b.  Ovules  and  seeds  only  one  in  each  cell. 
c.  Stamens  mostly  ten;  ovary  partly 

inferior.  Hydrangeaceae     206 

c.  Stamens      less      than      ten;  ovary 

wholly  inferior. 
d.  Stamens  five;  fruit  dry. 

Umbelliferae     332 
d.  Stamens  four;  fruit  fleshy. 

Cornaceae     338 

C.     Corolla  with  petals  more  or  less  united. 
£.     Ovary  superior. 

a.  Stamens  more  than  five  in  number, 
b.  Ovary  one-celled, 
c.  Placenta  one. 

d.  Corolla  very  irregular;  stamens 
not  protruding  from  the  corolla. 

Fabaceae     242 
d.  Corolla  nearly  regular;  stamens 

protruding.  Mimosaceae     266 

c.  Placentae  two;  corolla  irregular. 

Futnariaceae     168 

xviii 


A  KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES 


PAG* 

b.  Ovary  two  to  several-celled. 

c.  Ovary  two-celled;  corolla  irregular. 

Polygalaceae     278 
c.  Ovary  three  or  more-celled;  corolla 

regular  or  nearly  so. 
d.  Stamens    not    attached    to    the 

corolla. 
c.  Style  one;  leaves  simple. 

Ericaceae     340 
e.  Styles  more  than  one. 

f.  Styles    three;    erect    spiny 

shrub.         Fouquieriaceae     294 
f.  Styles  five;  low  herbs. 

Oxalidaceae     272 

d.  Stamens  attached  to  the  corolla, 
plants  without  green  foliage 

Monotropaceae     356 
.  Stamens  five  or  fewer  in  number. 
b.  Corolla  regular. 

c.  Stamens  free  from  the  corolla. 

Ericaceae     340 

c.  Stamens  attached  to  the  corolla, 
d.  Pistil  one. 

e.  Stamens  of  the  same  number 
as  the  corolla  lobes  and  op- 
posite them. 

Primulaceae     362 
3.  Stamens   alternate   with   the 

corolla  lobes  or  fewer. 
f.  Ovary  one-  or  two-celled. 
g.  Styles  two  or  occasional- 
ly one. 

h.     Capsule  usually 

many-seeded;     sepals 
united. 

Hydrophyllaceae     402 
h.  Capsule    few-seeded; 
sepals  separate. 

Convolvulaceae     380 
g.  Styles  one  or  none, 
h.  leaves  opposite. 

i.  Trees  with  pinnate 

leaves.         Oleaceae     366 
i.  Herbs  with  simple 
s  m  o  o  t  h-e  d  g  e  d 
leaves. 

Centianaceae     368 
h.  Leaves  alternate. 
i.  Ovary    one-celled; 
leaves    with    three 
leaflets. 

Menyanthaceae     380 
i.  Ovary    two-celled; 
leaves  various. 

Solanaccae     458 
f.  Ovary  three-  or  four-celled. 
g.  Style  one;  ovary  three- 
celled. 

Polemoniaceae     384 
g.  Styles  two;  ovary  four- 
celled.       Boraginaceae     422 
d.  Pistils  two. 

e.  Stamens  and  stigmas  united; 
flowers  with  hood-like  ap- 
pendages. Asdepidaceac  374 
e.  Stamens  and  stigmas  not 
united;  flowers  without 
hood-like  appendages. 

Apocynaceae     378 

XIX 


A  KEY  TO  THE  FAMILIES 


PACK 

b.   Corolla  more  or  less  irregular. 
c.  Fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule, 
d.  Ovary  two-celled. 

Scrophulariaceae     466 
d.  Ovary  one-celled;  plants  without 

green  foliage.        Orobanchaceae     504 
c.  Fruit  of  two  or  four  seed-like  nut- 
lets, 
d.  Ovary  four-lobed;  plants  mostly 

aromatic.  Labiatae     434 

d.  Ovary  not  lobed;  plants  rarely 

aromatic.  Verbenaceae     434 

E.     Ovary  inferior. 

a.   Stamens  eight  or  ten;  evergreen  shrubs. 

Ericaceae     340 
a.  Stamens  five  or  fewer  in  number. 

b.  Plants  tendril-bearing.     Cucurbitaceae     518 
b.  Plants  not  tendril-bearing. 
c.    Stamens  free,  not  united. 

d.  Leaves  alternate;   stamens  free 

from  the  corolla.     Campanulaceae     520 
d.  Leaves  opposite  or  whorled;  sta- 
mens inserted  on  the  corolla. 
e.  Stamens  one  to  three. 

Valerianaceae     508 
e.  Stamens  four  to  five. 

f.  Leaves  opposite,  never  in 
whorls  nor  with  stipules. 

Caprifoliaceae     512 
f.  Leaves  opposite  and  with 
stipules,  or  in  whorls  and 
without  stipules. 

Rubiaceae     506 

C.  Stamens  united  by  their  anthers. 
d.  Corollas  all  strap-shaped  and  per- 
fect; juice    milky.   Cichoriaceae     570 
d    Marginal  corollas    strap-shaped, 
never  perfect;  disk  corollas  per- 
fect; juice  not  milky. 

Compositae     $22 


FIELD  BOOK 

OF 
WESTERN  WILD  FLOWERS 


WATER-PLANTAJN  FAMILY.     Alismaceac. 


WATER-PLANTAIN  FAMILY.    Alismaceae. 

A  rather  small  family,  widely  distributed,  growing  in 
fresh-water  swamps  and  streams.  The  leaves  are  all 
from  the  root,  with  long  sheathing  leaf-stalks,  and  the 
flowers  are  regular  and  perfect,  or  with  only  pistils  or  only 
stamens;  the  sepals  three;  the  petals  three;  the  stamens  six 
or  more;  the  ovaries  numerous,  superior,  developing  into 
dry,  one-seeded  nutlets. 

There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Sagittaria,  with  fibrous 
roots  and  milky  juice;  the  leaves  are  usually  arrow-shaped; 
the  lower  flowers  usually  pistillate  and  the  upper  ones 
usually  staminate;  the  stamens  are  numerous  and  the 
numerous  ovaries  are  closely  crowded  and  form  roundish 
heads.  The  name  is  from  the  Latin  for  "arrow, "  referring 
to  the  shape  of  the  leaves. 

.        .  An     attractive     and     very   decorative 

Arrowhead  . 

Sagittaria  plant,  with  stout,  smooth,  hollow  flower- 

latifdlia  stems,  from  eight  inches  to  four  feet  tall, 

White  with  very  handsome,  smooth,. olive-green 

Summer  leaveg  and  bracts.     The   flowers 

North  America  tr~t~.j 

are  about  an  inch  across,  with  delicately 

crumpled,  white  petals  and  yellow  anthers,  forming  a 
bright  golden  center,  and  the  plants  look  very  pretty 
standing  along  the  edges  of  ponds.  The  leaves  are  ex- 
ceedingly variable  both  in  size  and  shape.  This  is  found 
throughout  North  America.  The  tubers  are  edible  and 
hence  the  plant  is  often  called  Tule  Potato,  and  they  are 
much  eaten  by  the  Chinese  in  California.  The  Indian 
name  is  Wapato. 


Arrowhead. 


^Sagittaria  latifolia. 


LILY  FAMILY.     Liliaceae. 


LILY  FAMILY.    Liliaceoe. 


A  wonderfully  beautiful  family,  large  and  widely  dis- 
tributed, mostly  perennial  herbs,  growing  from  bulbs  or 
root-stocks,  with  perfect,  regular,  symmetrical  flowers  and 
toothless  leaves.  The  flower-cup  almost  always  has  six 
divisions,  the  outer  often  called  sepals  and  the  inner  petals. 
The  six  stamens  are  opposite  the  divisions  and  sometimes 
three  of  them  are  without  anthers.  The  styles  or  stigmas 
are  three  and  the  ovary  is  superior,  developing  into  a 
three-celled  capsule  or  berry,  containing  few  or  many  seeds. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Anthericum,  rather  small,  lily- 
like  plants,  with  grasslike  leaves,  springing  from  the  base 
and  surrounded  by  the  fibrous  remnants  of  older  leaves. 
The  slender  stems  are  leafless,  or  have  one,  very  small,  dry 
leaf;  the  roots  thick  and  fleshy-fibrous;  the  flowers  yellow, 
on  pedicels  jointed  near  the  middle;  the  style  long  and 
slender;  the  pod  oblong,  containing  several  flattened, 
angular  seeds  in  each  cell.  They  are  common  in  rocky  soil, 
at  altitudes  of  six  thousand  to  nine  thousand  feet,  from 
western  Texas  to  Arizona. 

A  beautiful  little  plant,  with  delicate 

Anthericum  flowers,  unusual  and  pretty  in  coloring.    It 

Tdrreyi  grows  from  eight  to  fifteen  inches  tall  and 

yellow  has  a  slender,  pale-green  stem,  springing 

from  a  clump  of  graceful,  pale  bluish-green, 

grasslike  leaves.     The  flowers  are  about 

three  quarters  of  an  inch  long,  pale  orange  or  corn-color, 

with  a  narrow  stripe  on  each  division ;  the  pistil  green,  with 

an  orange  stigma;  the  anthers  yellow.     The  flowers  fade 

almost  as  soon  as  they  bloom.     This  grows  in  open  woods. 


Amber 
Lily 


Anthericum 
Torreyi. 


LILY  FAMILY.    Liliaccae. 


There  are  several  kinds  of  Zygadene,  natives  of  North 
America  and  Siberia.  They  mostly  have  coated  bulbs, 
resembling  onions,  and  white  or  greenish  flowers,  in  clusters, 
the  leaves  long,  smooth,  folded  lengthwise  and  springing 
mostly  from  the  root.  The  flowers  are  perfect  or  polyg- 
amous, the  six  divisions  alike,  with  one  or  two,  greenish, 
glandular  spots  at  the  base  of  each;  the  styles  three,  dis- 
tinct; the  fruit  a  three-lobed  capsule,  with  several  or  many 
seeds  in  each  compartment.  The  name  is  from  the  Greek 
for  "yoke"  and  "gland, "  because  some  kinds  have  a  couple 
of  glands  on  each  division  of  the  flower. 

A  handsome,  rather  stout  plant,  about 
Zygadtnus  a  ^oot  ta^»  w^^  bright  light-green,  smooth, 

panicultitus  graceful  leaves  sheathing  the  stem,  which 

Cream-white  has  a  papery  bract  around  its  base.  The 
Spring  summer  flowers  are  in  clusters  varying  in  shape, 
Utah,  Nev.,  Idaho 

sometimes  growing  in  a  long,  loose  raceme 

and  sometimes  in  a  closer,  pointed  cluster.  The  divisions 
of  the  rather  small,  cream- white  flowers  have  short  claws, 
with  a  yellow  gland  and  a  stamen  at  the  base  of  each.  The 
stamens  are  conspicuous,  with  swinging,  yellow,  shield- 
shaped  anthers,  and  are  at  first  longer  than  the  three  styles, 
which  gradually  lengthen  and,  together  with  the  stamens> 
give  a  delicate,  feathery  appearance  to  the  whole  flower 
cluster.  This  grows  on  dry  hillsides  and  in  meadows.  The 
bulb  is  very  poisonous. 


Poison  Sego.  Zyg^denus  paniculatus. 


LILY  FAMILY.    Liliaceae. 


_  A  handsome  graceful  plant,  with  one  ; 

Zygadene 

Zygadtnus  or  more  stl"   stems,  from  six  inches  to 

tlegans  three   feet    tall,    springing   from   a   large 

White  clump  of  rather  stiff,  bluish-green  leaves,  ] 

covered  with  a  pale  "bloom,"  and  bearing  ! 

fine  clusters  of  cream- white  flowers,  less  j 
than  an   inch  across,  their  divisions  united  below  and 
adhering  to  the  base  of  the  ovary  and  each  with  a  sticky,  1 
bright-green,  heart-shaped  gland.     This  grows  in  moist 
places  in  the  mountains,  across  the  continent. 

Much  like  the  last,  but  the  foliage  with 
Star  Zygadene 

Zygadtnus  ^ess  "bloom"  and  the  flowers  handsomer 

Fremdntii  and   rather   larger.     Their   divisions   are 

White  free  from  the  ovary,  only  the  inner  divi- 

Spring,  summer      s{ons    haye      j  d    th         landg 

California 

greenish-yellow  and  toothed.     This  grows 

among  bushes,  on  hillsides  and  sea-cliffs  along  the  coast. 

Not   nearly   so   handsome  as   the   two 
Death  Camass 

Zygadtnus  *ast»  ^ut  a  pretty  plant,  from  one  to  two 

venendsus  feet   tall,   with  dull-green  leaves,   folded 

Wh)te  lengthwise,  with  rough  edges.     The  cream- 

Was^  Ore  Cal  co^orec^  fl°wers  are  less  than  half  an  inch 
across,  striped  with  green  on  the  outside, 
their  divisions  free  from  the  ovary  and  all  with  claws, 
with  roundish,  greenish-yellow  glands,  not  toothed,  and 
with  long  stamens.  This  grows  in  meadows  and  the  bulb 
is  very  poisonous  except  to  hogs,  so  it  is  often  called  Hog's 
Potato. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Veratrum,  natives  of  the 
north  temperate  zone;  tall,  perennial  herbs,  with  thick, 
short,  poisonous  rootstocks;  stems  tall  and  leafy,  more  or 
less  hairy;  leaves  broad,  plaited,  with  conspicuous  veins; 
flowers  more  or  less  downy,  polygamous,  whitish  or  green- 
ish, in  a  cluster,  their  six,  separate  divisions  colored  alike, 
adhering  to  the  base  of  the  ovary,  without  glands,  or  nearly 
*o,  and  without  claws;  stamens  opposite  the  divisions, 
with  heart-shaped  anthers;  styles  three;  capsule  three- 
lobed,  with  several  flat,  broadly-winged  seeds  in  each  com  • 
partment.  Veratrum  is  the  ancient  name  for  Hellebore. 


8 


Dearth  Cam^ss. 

Zyg&denus 
venenosus. 


LILY  FAMILY.    Llliaceae. 


«•  ft  v  The  leaves  of  this  plant  are  its  conspio 

Palse  Hellebore  , 

Vcratrum  uous  feature.     A  few  near  the  top  are 

Calijdrnicum  long  and  narrow,  but  most  of  them  are 
Greenish-white  boat-shaped,  with  heavy  ribs,  and  from 
J?Tin*  six  to  twelve  inches  long.  They  are  bright 

yellowish-green  and,  although  somewhat 
coarse,  the  general  effect  is  distinctly  handsome,  as  we 
see  masses  of  them  growing  luxuriantly  in  rich,  moist 
meadows  and  marshes  in  the  mountains.  When  they 
first  come  up  in  the  spring,  the  shoots  are  packed  into 
green  rosettes,  in  which  the  leaves  are  intricately  folded, 
but  they  soon  grow  to  a  height  of  three  to  six  feet.  The 
flowers  are  beautiful,  in  fine  contrast  to  the  coarse  foliage. 
They  measure  about  half  an  inch  across  and  are  cream- 
white,  streaked  with  green,  and  form  a  fine  cluster  about 
a  foot  long.  The  flowers  are  far  prettier  and  the  plants 
handsomer  than  their  eastern  relations  and  they  flourish 
at  an  altitude  of  six  to  nine  thousand  feet.  The  plants 
are  supposed  to  be  poisonous  to  cattle,  but  in  a  recent 
bulletin  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Station  of  the 
State  of  Washington,  it  is  reported  as  being  a  popular 
food  with  horses  and  sheep,  particularly  the  latter,  which 
eat  it  greedily  and  without  ill  effects. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Hastingsia,  perennials,  with 
bulbs  or  rootstocks;  the  stamens  on  the  base  of  the  peri- 
anth, with  swinging  anthers;  the  ovary  with  a  very  short 
stalk  and  short  style. 

Reed_m  An    attractive    marsh    plant,    with    a 

Hastingsia  Alba  smooth,  stiff,  bluish  stem,  over  three  feet 
(Schocnolirion)  tall,  springing  from  a  cluster  of  long, 
White  narrow,  sword-like  leaves.  The  slightly 


mm^  i    TO-        sweet-scented    flowers    are    white,    about 
Oreg.,  Cal.,  Nev.  . 

halt  an  inch  across,  forming  a  long,  grace- 

ful, fuzzy  wand  of  bloom,  which  has  a  pretty  silvery 
effect  and  looks  interesting  at  a  distance,  but  is  not 
very  striking  close  by,  as  the  flowers  are  too  colorless. 
The  seeds  are  black  and  shiny. 


LILY  FAMILY.    Liliaceac. 


.  There  are  several  kinds  of  Chlorogalum. 

Soap  Plant  This  °dd  plant  springs  from  a  big  bulb, 

Chlordgalum  which  is  covered  with  coarse  brown  fiber 

pomeridi&num  and  often  shows  above  the  ground.    The 

very-w    te         leaves  are  sometimes  over  two  feet  long, 
Summer 
California  with  rippled  margins,  look  like  very  coarse 

grass,  and  usually  spread  out  flat  on  the 
ground.  The  plants  are  conspicuous  and  look  interesting 
and  we  wonder  what  sort  of  flower  is  to  come  from  them. 
Then  some  day  in  late  summer  we  find  that  a  rather  ugly, 
branching  stalk,  four  or  five  feet  tall,  has  shot  up  from  the 
center  of  the  tuft  of  leaves.  The  branches  are  covered 
with  bluish-green  buds,  and  we  watch  with  interest  for 
the  bloom,  but  we  may  easily  miss  it,  for  the  flowers  are 
very  short-lived  and  come  out  only  for  a  little  while  in  the 
afternoons.  In  the  lowlands  the  flowers  are  rather  scat- 
tered and  straggling,  but  in  Yosemite  they  are  lovely, 
close  by.  Each  flower  is  an  inch  or  more  across  and  looks 
like  an  airy  little  lily,  with  six  spreading  divisions,  white, 
delicately  veined  with  dull-blue,  and  they  are  clustered 
along  the  branches,  towards  the  top  of  the  stalk,  and 
bloom  in  successive  bunches,  beginning  at  the  bottom. 
When  they  commence  to  bloom,  the  tips  of  the  petals 
remain  caught  together  until  the  last  minute,  when 
suddenly  they  let  go  and  spring  apart  and  all  at  once  the 
dull  stalk,  like  Aaron's  rod,  is  adorned  with  several  deli- 
cate clusters  of  feathery  silver  flowers.  The  thread-like 
style  is  slightly  three-cleft  at  the  tip  and  the  capsule  has 
one  or  two  blackish  seeds  in  each  cell.  The  bulbs  form 
a  lather  in  water  and  are  used  as  a  substitute  for  soap  by 
the  Indians  and  Spanish-Calif ornians,  and  as  food  by  the 
Porno  Indians,  who  cook  them  in  great  pits  in  the  ground. 
Pomeridianum  means  "in  the  afternoon. " 


12 


Soap  Plant 
ChlorogsJum  pome ridi&.n urn. 


LILY  FAMILY.    Liliace&c 


Wild  Onions  are  easily  recognized  by  their  characteristic 
taste  and  odor.  They  mostly  have  coated  bulbs;  their 
leaves  are  long  and  narrow,  from  the  base;  the  flower-stalk 
bears  a  roundish,  bracted  cluster  of  rather  small,  white, 
pink,  or  magenta  flowers,  on  slender  pedicels,  their  six 
divisions  nearly  alike  and  each  with  a  stamen  attached  to 
its  base.  The  bracts  enclose  the  buds,  before  blooming,  in 
a  case  and  the  capsule  contains  six,  black,  wrinkled  seeds. 
There  are  numerous  kinds,  very  widely  distributed,  not 
easily  distinguished,  some  resembling  Brodiaea,  but  the 
latter  never  smell  of  onion.  A  Ilium  is  the  Latin  for 
"garlic." 

_   .  From  four  to  ten  inches  high,  with  a  few 

Pink  Wild  Onion    , 
Allium  leaves.    Before  blooming,  the  flower  clus- 

acuminbtum  ter  is  enveloped  in  two  papery  bracts, 

Pink  forming  a  beautiful  pink  and  white,  irides- 

NorthweTt1111116'      CGnt  CaSGf  the  ShapG  °f  E  tumiP'  at  the  tiP 
of  the  stalk.    Later  these  bracts  split  apart 

and  disclose  a  cluster  of  pretty  flowers,  usually  very  deep 
pink  in  color,  the  divisions  each  with  a  darker  line  on  the 
outside,  the  anthers  pale-yellow.  This  is  very  gay  and 
attractive,  often  growing  in  patches  on  dry  hillsides  and 
fields.  The  flowers  last  a  long  time  in  water,  gradually  be- 
coming paler  in  color  and  papery  in  texture.  The  bulb  is 
marked  with  veins. 

Six  to  ten  inches  tall,  with  two  slightly 
Wild  Onion  thickish  leaves,  and  usually  two  slender 

Allium  btsceptrum   _  .    «         .  f   *     1 

Pink  white  flower  stalks,  each  bearing  a  graceful  clus- 

Spring  ter  of  starry,  white,  pink  or  pinkish-purple 

Utah,  Nev.,  Cal.  flowers,  each  petal  delicately  striped  with 
pinkish-brown,  the  anthers  pink,  the  ovary  green,  with 
three,  tiny,  double  crests.  These  flowers  are  exceedingly 
delicate  and  pretty,  growing  among  rocks  in  shady  canyons. 
The  bulb  is  usually  red-coated. 

The  flower  cluster  of  Allium  serratum  is  much  more  com- 
pact than  the  last  and  the  pink  flowers  change  to  deep 
purplish-pink  as  they  fade,  making  a  pretty,  round,  papery 
head,  about  an  inch  and  a  half  across.  Common  on  low 
hills  in  California. 


14 


Wild 

Allium 
bisceptrum 


A  Ilium 
serrevtum. 


LILY  FAMILY.    Llliaccae. 


There  are  many  kinds  of  Brodiaea,  among  the  prettiest 
western  flowers.  They  have  a  small,  solid  bulb,  coated  | 
with  brownish  fibers.  The  stem  bears  a  bracted,  roundish  j 
head  of  flowers  at  the  top,  the  pedicels  varying  in  length.  I 
Their  leaves,  all  from  the  root,  are  grasslike  and  soon  wither! 
and  the  flowers  dry  up,  become  papery,  and  remain  on  the! 
stalk,  sometimes  keeping  form  and  color  for  some  time,  j 
The  stamens  are  in  two  sets  and  are  attached  to  the  flower-  1 
tube,  their  filaments  often  winged.  Sometimes  three  of  the  ! 
stamens  are  without  anthers  and  their  filaments  are  broad-  1 
ened,  so  that  they  look  like  small  petals  alternating  with 
the  ordinary  stamens. 

All    through    the    spring    these    lovely  j 
Grass  Nuts.  Blue  flow^  w  abundantly  all  over  the  hills  ! 

Dicks.    Covena 

Brodiata  capitbta   and  fields  of  California.    The  slender  stalks 
Blue,  violet  vary  from  a  few  inches  to  two  feet  tall.  I 

Spring  The  flowers  are  usually  purplish-blue,  but 


vary  from  deep-violet  to  white  and  are 
rather  translucent  in  texture.  They  measure  over  half  anj 
inch  across  and  grow  in  a  cluster  of  seven  or  eight  flowers,  j 
with  several  membranous,  purplish  bracts  at  the  base.J 
There  are  six  anthers.  The  three  inner  stamens  are  winged  ] 
and  form  a  crown  in  the  throat  of  the  flower-  tube.  These! 
Brodiaeas  last  a  long  time  in  water  and  are  great  favorites] 
everywhere.  The  little  bulbs  are  edible  and  give  the  name  j 
of  Grass  Nuts.  There  are  several  other  names,  such  asj 
Cluster  Lily  and  Hog-onion.  The  name  Wild  Hyacinth  isj 
poor,  as  it  does  not  resemble  a  hyacinth  in  character.  B. 
capitata  var.  pauciflbra  of  Arizona  is  similar,  except  that! 

the  bracts  are  white.  Covena  is  the  Arizona  j 

name. 

Ookow  Much  like  the  last,  except  that  only 

Brodiata  congesta  three  of  the  stamens  have  anthers  and  the 
Blue,  violet  stem  jg  sometimes  as  much  as  five  feet  tall.  } 

wansZ'^rr  This  §r°ws  °n  °pen  hms  in  the  c°ast 

Cal.  Ranges. 


16 


Ookow 


congests 


LILY  FAMILY.    Llliaccac. 


Harvest  Brodiaca  In  ^^  June»  at  the  time  of  the  h 
Brodiala  grandi-  harvest,  these  handsome  flowers,  which 
flora  (Hookera  look  like  clusters  of  little  blue  lilies,  begin 
2£*or*'fl)  to  appear  among  the  dried  grass  of  the  hill- 

Summer  sides  and  in  open  places  in  the  woods. 

Cal.,  Oreg.,  Wash.They  vary  in  height  from  a  few  inches  to 
over  a  foot  and  the  number  of  flowers  in  a 
cluster  also  varies  very  much.  Sometimes  there  are  as 
many  as  ten  of  the  beautiful  blossoms,  an  inch  or  more  long, 
with  pedicels  unequal  in  length  and  from  one  to  four  inches 
long,  in  a  large  cluster  at  the  top  of  the  stalk,  with  several, 
whitish,  papery  bracts  at  the  base  of  the  cluster.  The 
color  of  the  flowers  is  usually  a  deep  bright  blue  shading  to 
violet  and  the  six  divisions  grow  paler  toward  the  base  and 
have  a  brown  stripe  on  the  outside;  the  buds  are  greenish, 
striped  with  brown.  The  stamens  are  translucent  white, 
three  ordinary  stamens,  with  long  erect  anthers,  alternating 
with  three  without  anthers,  the  latter  tongue-shaped  and 
petal-like,  The  leaves,  which  are  thickish  and  about  the 
same  length  as  the  stalk,  have  withered  away  before  the 
flowers  bloom.  This  plant  very  much  resembles  Ithuriel's 
Spear,  Triteleia  laxa,  but  three  of  the  stamens  are  without 
anthers  and  the  ovary  is  not  on  a  long  stalk.  It  is  the 
commonest  kind  around  San  Francisco.  B.  minor  is  much 
the  same,  but  a  smaller  plant  with  fewer  and  smaller  flowers. 
The  three  outer  divisions  are  narrow,  with  pointed  tips, 
and  the  inner  blunt  and  broad,  and  the  sterile  stamens  are 
notched  and  longer  than  the  fertile  ones.  This  grows  on 
dry  hills  and  plains  in  middle  and  southern  California. 


Brodi&ea,  minor, 


LILY  FAMILY.    LUiaccac. 


This  is  a  strange,  rather  grotesque-look- 

TwiningBrodiaea    . 

Brodiaio  volubilis.  m%  Plant» Wlth  lts  slightly  roughish,  leafless, 
(Stropholirion  reddish  stem  contorted  into  curious  curves, 
Californicum)  occasionally  quite  short  but  usually  enor- 

?*nk  mously  long,  sometimes  as  much  as  eight 

Summer  .    . 

California  *eet»  anc*  twining  awkwardly  in  a  snake- 

like  way  around  and  over  the  bushes  in  its  ; 
neighborhood.  There  are  sometimes  a  few  long  narrow 
leaves  lying  on  the  ground,  but  when  the  flower  blooms 
they  usually  seem  to  have  withered  away.  The  flower-  \ 
cluster  is  quite  compact,  sometimes  six  inches  across,  com- 
prising from  eighteen  to  twenty  flowers,  with  several,  large, 
pink,  papery  bracts.  The  flowers  are  rather  pretty,  dull 
pink  outside  but  paler  inside,  the  buds  are  deeper  and  more 
purplish  pink,  both  of  dry  papery  texture.  The  flowers  are 
over  half  an  inch  across,  their  tubes  and  buds  are  six-angled, 
and  they  have  three  stamens  with  anthers  and  wings,  al- 
ternating with  three,  notched,  petal-like  stamens,  without 
anthers.  In  the  spring  the  stem  grows  rapidly  for  several 
weeks  and  then  the  flower  cluster  begins  to  come  out  at  the 
tip.  If  the  stem  is  broken  off  the  flower  comes  out  just  the 
same  and  the  stem  keeps  on  growing,  even  if  it  is  brought 
into  the  house.  These  curious  plants  are  found  in  the  foot- 
hills of  the  Coast  Ranges  and  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains 
and  may  be  seen  in  open  sunny  places  along  the  stage  route 
from  Yosemite  to  Wawona.  In  the  woods  near  Wawona 
I  saw  it  twining  around  a  very  tall  white  larkspur  and  the 
combination  was  exceedingly  pretty.  The  capsule  is  egg* 
shaped  and  pointed,  the  seeds  black  and  angled. 


20 


Twining 
Brodi&ea. 


volubilis. 


LILY  FAMILY.    Liliaccac. 


There  are  four  kinds  of  Bloomeria,  all  Calif ornian,  re- 
sembling Brodiaea,  but  the  stamens  unlike.  They  have 
a  fibrous-coated,  solid  bulb,  long  narrow  leaves,  and  a 
bracted  cluster  of  many  flowers,  at  the  top  of  a  tall  flower, 
stalk.  The  flowers  are  yellow,  with  six,  nearly  equal, 
spreading  divisions,  the  six  stamens  on  the  base  of  the  di- 
visions, with  slender  filaments,  which  with  a  microscope  are 
seen  to  have  a  short,  two-toothed,  hairy  appendage  at 
base.  These  are  united  and  form  a  little  cup  surrounding 
the  base  of  the  stamens.  The  style  is  club-shaped,  with  a 
three-lobed  stigma.  The  roundish  capsule,  beaked  with  the 
style,  contains  several,  angular,  wrinkled  seeds  in  each  cell. 

In  late  spring:  the  meadows  around  Pasa- 
Golden  Stars 

Bloomtria  abrta     dena  and  other  places  in  the  Coast  Range 
Yellow  are  bright  with  pretty  clusters  of  Golden 

Spring,  summer      Stars.     The  plant  is  from  six  to  eighteen 
California  inches  tall,  springing  from  a  small  bulb, 

covered  with  brown  fibers,  with  a  long,  narrow,  grasslike: 
leaf,  and  a  large  flower-cluster,  sometimes  comprising  as 
many  as  fifty  blossoms,  at  the  top  of  the  stalk.  The* 
flowers,  about  an  inch  across,  with  pedicels  from  one  and  a 
half  to  two  inches  long,  are  orange-yellow,  the  spreading 
divisions  each  striped  with  two  dark  lines,  and  the  anthers 
are  bright  green.  This  looks  very  much  like  Golden 
Brodiaea,  but  the  latter  has  no  cup  at  the  base  of  the 
stamens.  It  grows  in  the  southern  part  of  California 
and  is  abundant  wherever  it  is  found.  B.  Clevelandi  is 
much  the  same,  but  the  flowers  are  striped  with  green  and 
the  numerous  buds  are  green,  so  that  it  is  less  golden  and  I 
the  general  effect  is  not  so  good.  It  has  numerous  narrow 
leaves. 


Golden 
St^rs. 


Bloomer!^ 
aurea. 


LILY  FAMILY.    Liliaceae 


Triteleias  resemble  Brodiaeas,  but  they  have  six,  swing- 
ing anthers  and  the  ovary  has  a  stalk. 

Though  the  general  appearance  of  the 

Indian  Hyacinth       ^nt    is    very    different,    the    individual 
Tritelela  grandt-     * 

Jldr a  (Brodiaea      flowers  of  this  beautiful  plant  very  much 
Douglasii)  resemble  the  bells  of  a  Hyacinth,  for  they 

Blue  have    the    same    waxy,    semi-translucent 

Spring,  summer      texture<     The  biuish-green  leaves,  folded 
Northwest  and 

lengthwise     and    withenng     before     the 

flower,  are  sometimes  a  foot  long  and 
the  flower-stalk  often  reaches  a  height  of  two  feet  and  bends 
beneath  the  weight  of  its  lovely  crown  of  blossoms.  The 
cluster  has  four  papery  bracts  at  the  base  and  is  from  three 
to  four  inches  across,  comprising  about  a  dozen  flowers, 
each  nearly  an  inch  long.  They  are  pale-violet,  with  a 
bright-blue  mid- vein  on  each  division,  the  general  effect 
being  blue,  with  a  white  pistil  and  six  stamens  in  two  rows, 
all  with  blue  anthers  and  the  outer  ones  with  broad,  white 
filaments.  It  is  wonderful  to  find  these  lovely  and  exotic- 
looking  flowers,  delicately  scented,  gleaming  in  the  shadow 
of  a  dusky  oak  thicket  or  a  deep  canyon.  They  last  a  long 
time  in  water,  becoming  papery  as  they  wither. 

From  one  to  two  feet  high,  with  very 
White  Brodiaea  pretty  flowers,  about  half  an  inch  long. 
Tntele\a  hyacin- 

thina    (Brodiaea     delicately  stnped  with  green  on  the  out- 
lactea)  side,  with  six  equal  stamens,  their  filaments 

White  broad,  triangular  and  slightly  united  at 

base,  with  yellow  or  purple  anthers,  and  a 
'  green  pistil.     The  leaf  is  grasslike,   but 

thickish,  and  as  long  as  the  flower-stalk. 
These  flowers  are  quite  common  and  last  a  long  time  in 
water. 

_ .     .  ,,  o  Very  much  like  Harvest  Brodiaea  but 

Ithunel's  Spear 

Tritelela  Idxa         rather  taller,   with  more  flowers  in   the 

(Brodiaea)  cluster,  and  less  waxy  in  texture,  varying 

Blue,  purple  in  color  from  blue  to  violet  and  occasion- 

pnng  ally  white.     This  is  common  on  hillsides 

and  in  adobe  fields.     The  rather  fanciful 

name  was  suggested  by  the  spear  carried  by  Milton's  angel 

IthurieL 


It  h  Uriel's 
Spear. 
Triteleia 


LILY  FAMILY.    Lillacc&c. 


There  are  one  or  two  kinds  of  Brevoortia. 

A  handsome  plant,  most  extraordinary 


Brevoortia  onc   to    tnrec  ^eet   tall,  w^tn   a   ^ew  grass- 

Ida-M&ia  like  leaves,  and  bears  a  large  cluster  of 

(Brodiaea  six  to  thirteen  flowers,  one  or  two  inches 

coccinea)  j         hanging  on  slender,  reddish  pedicels. 

Red  and  green  fe 

Spring  They    have    bright-crimson     tubes    and 

Cal.,  Oreg.  apple-green  lobes,  sometimes  turned  back, 

showing  the  tips  of  the  three  pale-yellow 
anthers.  There  are  also  three  stamens  without  anthers 
and  broadened  so  that  they  look  like  three  white  or  yel-  ] 
lowish  petals.  The  buds  are  also  crimson,  tipped  with 
green,  and  the  whole  color  scheme  is  wonderfully  brilliant 
and  striking.  This  grows  in  mountain  canyons  and  on 
wooded  hillsides,  'blooming  in  late  spring. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Muilla,  much  like  Brodiaea  ] 
and  very  much  like  Allium,  but  with  no  onion  taste  or 
smell. 

A  slender  little  plant,  sometimes  rather 

jtf*l!Ia  marUima     Pretty»  from  three  to  nine  inchcs  taU»  with 
White  sweet-scented  flowers,  about  three-eighths 

Spring  of  an  inch  or  less  across,  white  or  greenish, 

Cal.,  Nev.  striped  with  green  outside,  with  six,  bluish, 

swinging  anthers.     This  grows  in  alkaline  fields,  on  sea  I 
cliffs  and  mesas. 

There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Erythronium,  all  but 
one  from  North  America,  and,  East  and  West,  they  are 
among  our  prettiest  flowers.  They  have  deep,  membran-  - 
ous-coated,  solid  bulbs;  a  pair  of  netted-veined,  unequal 
leaves,  sometimes  mottled  with  brown;  flowers  without 
bracts,  large,  nodding  and  bell-shaped,  with  usually  sixj 
divisions,  all  colored  alike,  the  tips  turning  back,  each 
with  a  nectar-groove,  and  each  with  two  or  four  little 
scales  at  base,  or  only  the  three  inner  divisions  with  scales; 
stamens  on  the  receptacle,  anthers  not  swinging;  style 
more  or  less  three-lobed;  capsule  more  or  less  oblong  and 


26 


Mull!* 

maritima. 


Fire-Cracker  Flower. 
Brevoortia 


LILY  FAMILY.    Liliaceae. 


three-angled.  The  younger  plants  are  often  flowerless, 
with  only  one  broad  leaf,  with  a  long  leaf-stalk.  The  name 
is  from  a  Greek  word  meaning  "red."  though  these  flowers 
are  mostly  yellow.  The  common  name,  Dog-tooth  Violet, 
is  old,  and  suggested  by  the  little,  white,  toothlike  off- 
shoot often  found  on  the  bulb,  but  of  course  they  are  not 
in  the  least  like  Violets.  In  California  they  are  often 
called  Chamise  Lily,  and  sometimes  Adam  and  Eve, 
because  the  plant  often  bears  a  large  and  a  small  flower 
at  the  same  time.  Mr.  Burroughs  would  like  to  call  it 
Fawn  Lily,  on  account  of  the  mottled  leaves  of  some  kinds, 
which  slightly  suggest  the  ears  of  a  fawn.  Adder's-tongue, 
probably  suggested  by  the  long  forked  pistil,  is  also  an 
old  and  usual  name. 

An  exquisite  kind,   peculiarly  graceful 
in  form,   with   from   one   to   nine,   pure- 
white  flowers,  nearly  three  inches  across, 
each   petal    prettily   ornamented   at    the 
base  with  some  orange-colored  markings, 
arranged     in     a     symmetrical     scalloped 
pattern.     The  anthers  are  orange-yellow, 
the  pistil  white,  the  buds  are  pinkish  and  the  leaves  are 
very  bright  green  and  not  mottled.     This  is  very  common 
around  Mt.  Rainier. 

A  lovely  flower,  much  like  E.  grandi- 
florum,  but  the  anthers  are  white  or  pale 
yellow.  Around  Mt.  Rainier  these  beau- 
tiful plants  often  grow  in  large  patches 
at  the  edge  of  the  snow,  alongside  of  the 
Avalanche  Lily,  E.  montanum,  but  the 
two  kinds  do  not  seem  to  mingle. 

One  of  the  loveliest  of  a  charming  group, 
growing  in  rich  northern  woods.  The 
delicately-scented  flowers,  from  one  to  six 
on  a  stalk,  are  about  two  inches  across, 
clear  yellow  shading  to  white  at  the  base, 
with  purplish-red  anthers,  turning  brown. 
A  patch  of  these  flowers  bordering  the 
edge  of  a  glacier,  as  if  planted  in  a  garden- 


Avalanche  Lily 

Dog-tooth  Violet 

Erythronium 

mont&num 

White 

Summer 

Northwest 


Glacier  Lily 

Dog-tooth  Violet 

Erythronium 

parviflorum 

Yellow 

Summer 

Northwest 


Easter  Bells 

Dog-tooth  Violet 

Erythronium 

grandiflorum 

Yellow 

Spring,  summer 

Northwest 

and  Utah 


28 


AvaJ^nche   Lily.  Glacier  Lily. 

Erythronium  mont^num.ll         E  parviflorum. 


LILY  FAMILY.    Llliaceae. 


bed,  is  a  sight  never  to  be  forgotten.  Pushing  their  bright 
leaves  right  through  the  snow  they  gayly  swing  their  golden 
censers  in  the  face  of  winter  and  seem  the  very  incarna- 
tion of  spring.  There  are  several  similar  kinds.  In  the 
Utah  canyons  these  flowers  in  early  spring  are  a  wonder-  | 
ful  sight,  covering  the  wooded  slopes  with  sheets  of  gold, 
and  they  seem  to  me  to  be  the  largest  and  handsomest  of 
their  clan,  growing  at  an  altitude  of  six  thousand  to  eleven 
thousand  five  hundred  feet,  and  blooming  from  March 
to  July  according  to  height.  Easter  Bells  is  a  Utah  name. 

This  is  the  only  one  of  its  kind,  a  won- 1 
Hesperocdllis          derfully  beautiful  desert  plant,  much  like 
undul&ta  an  Easter  Lily.     The  stout,  pale,  bluish 

White  stem,  from  six  inches  to  two  feet  tall,  has 

?pfm*  .  a  delicate   "bloom"   and  springs  from  a 

Cal.,  Ariz. 

graceful  cluster  of  narrow  leaves,  which 

are  a  foot  and  a  half  long,  spreading  widely,  but  not  lying 
quite  flat  on  the  ground.  They  are  pale  bluish-green, 
with  a  narrow,  crinkled,  white  border  and  folded  length- 
wise. The  buds  are  bluish  and  the  lovely  flowers  are 
about  three  inches  long  and  pure-white,  delicately  striped 
with  pale-green  and  blue  on  the  outside,  with  yellow  an- 
thers and  a  white  stigma,  and  with  a  papery  bract  at  the 
base  of  each  pedicel.  The  flowers  are  slightly  fragrant 
and  become  papery  and  curiously  transparent  as  they 
wither.  In  dry  seasons  these  plants  do  not  bloom  at  all, 
but  the  slightest  moisture  will  cause  them  to  send  up  a 
stout  stem  and  crown  it  with  exquisite  blossoms,  which 
look  extraordinarily  out  of  place  on  the  arid  desert  sand 
around  Yuma  and  Ft.  Mohave.  The  bulb  is  eaten  by 
the  Indians. 


LILY  FAMILY.    Llllaccac. 


Lilies,  the  "lords  of  gardens,"  are  perhaps  the  most 
beautiful  and  popular  flowers  everywhere  and  there  are 
some  wonderful  ones  in  the  West.  They  have  tall,  smooth, 
leafy  stems,  springing  from  scaly  bulbs;  large  showy  flowers, 
solitary  or  in  terminal  clusters;  smooth,  netted- veined 
leaves,  often  in  whorls,  and  leaflike  bracts.  The  flower- 
cup  is  funnel-formed,  or  bell-shaped,  and  has  six,  equal, 
spreading  divisions,  with  a  honey-bearing  groove  at  the 
base  of  each;  the  stamens,  with  long  anthers,  swinging  from 
the  tips  of  long  filaments;  a  long  pistil,  with  a  three-lobed 
stigma  and  the  capsule  oblong,  with  two  rows  of  flat  seeds 
in  each  of  its  cells.  There  are  no  true  Lilies  in  Utah. 

_     „  _.  These  tall  plants  carry  a  brilliant  crown 

Small  Tiger  Lily  «   t-r          i       •        1-1       •        i     • 

Lilium  pdrvum  of  sma11  lllies»  glowing  like  jewels  in  the 

Orange-red  dark  moist  woods  they  love.    The  stem  is 

Summer  from  one  and  a  half  to  six  feet  high,  cov- 

Cal.,  Oreg.  ered  with  a  sijght  down  that  ^s  off,  and 

springs  from  a  small  bulb  with  short,  thick  scales.  The 
long,  pointed,  rich-green  leaves  are  in  whorls  of  five  or  six 
below,  more  scattered  towards  the  top  of  the  stalk.  The 
flowers  are  rather  more  than  an  inch  long,  yellow  at  the 
base  of  the  petals,  shading  through  orange  to  vermilion  at 
the  tips  and  dotted  with  crimson  in  the  throat.  Usually 
there  are  six  or  seven  in  a  cluster,  but  they  have  been  found 
with  many  more  in  favorable  situations  and  single  plants 
in  Yosemite  have  been  seen  with  as  many  as  thirty  blos- 
soms. The  capsule  is  roundish  and  less  than  an  inch  long. 
These  little  Lilies  are  among  the  most  attractive  of  their 
kind  and  grow  somewhat  freely  in  the  high  Sierras  to  an 
altitude  of  seven  thousand  feet  and  as  far  north  as  Oregon. 


SmaJI  Tiger  Lily, 
Lilium     p^rvum. 


LILY  FAMILY.    Lillaccae. 


._    .  ,  In  the  Sierras,  at  an  altitude  of  from 

Washington  Lily 

Shasta  Lily  three  to  over  seven  thousand  feet,  and  as 

Lilium  Washing-   far  north  as  the  Columbia  River,  we  may 
toni&num  be  fortunate  enough  to  find  this  glorious 

lte  Lilyi  growing  in  the  forest  in  moderate 

Cal.,  Oreg.  shade  and  protected  by  the  chaparral.    It  is 

not  rare  but  nowhere  very  abundant.  I 
shall  never  forget  finding  a  group  of  three  or  four,  growing 
near  a  huge  fallen  tree,  in  the  woods  at  Wawona  near  Yo- 
semite,  where  it  is  very  fine.  Their  raiment  is  even  more 
"white  and  glistering"  than  the  cultivated  Easter  Lilies. 
The  smooth,  stout,  purplish  stem  is  from  two  to  five  feet 
high,  adorned  all  the  way  up  with  successive  whorls  of 
handsome  dark-green  leaves,  three  or  four  inches  long,  thin 
in  texture,  with  rippling  margins,  and  shining  as  if  they 
had  been  varnished.  There  are  from  two  to  twenty  blos- 
soms of  shining  white,  each  one  from  three  to  four  inches 
long  and  as  much  across.  The  petals  are  cleft  to  the  base, 
spreading  wide  apart  when  the  flower  is  fully  open,  some- 
times finely  dotted  with  purple,  and  becoming  purplish  in 
fading.  The  anthers  are  yellow  and  the  pistil  green,  and  the 
bulb  is  large,  with  thin  scales.  The  scent  is  delicious, 
having  a  whiff  of  spicy  carnation  added  to  the  usual  lily 
fragrance.  This  is  never  found  in  the  Coast  Range  and  is 
the  only  pure  white  American  Lily.  Shasta  Lily  is  a  variety 
with  a  small  bulb.  L.  Pdrryi,  the  Lemon  Lily,  of  southern 
California  and  Arizona,  is  similar  in  the  form  of  its  flowers, 
which  are  large  and  clear  yellow,  dotted  lightly  with  deeper 
yellow.  It  grows  in  shady,  moist  spots  in  cool  canyons 
and  is  very  beautiful. 


34 


Washington 
Lily. 


L  ilium 
W&shingtonianum 


LILY  FAMILY.    Liliaccae. 


A  magnificent  plant,  from  three  to  six 
Leopard  Lily  . 

LiHum  feet  tall,  with  bright-green  leaves,  thin  in 

pardallnum  texture,  smooth  but  not  shiny,  and  mostly 

Orange  in   whorls.     The   stem  is   crowned   by  a 

.  splendid  cluster  of  flowers,  usually  about 
Wash.,  Oreg.,  Cal.    r 

half  a  dozen  together,  but  sometimes  as 

many  as  thirty  on  one  stalk.  They  measure  three  or 
four  inches  across  and  are  pale-orange  outside  and  deep- 
orange  inside,  spotted  with  maroon,  often  blotched  with 
orange-yellow  in  the  throat  and  tipped  with  scarlet.  The 
anthers  are  purplish,  changing  to  reddish-brown,  and  the 
pistil  is  bright-green.  These  plants  often  grow  in  large 
companies,  in  moist  spots  in  the  mountains,  and  are  un- 
rivaled in  decorative  beauty  and  brilliancy  of  coloring. 
Tiger  Lily  A  g°°d  deal  like  the  last,  but  not  so 

Lilium  large.     The  petals  are  more  turned  back 

Columbi&num         and  they  are  orange-color  all  over,  dotted 

Orange  with  dark -red,  and  the  anthers  are  pale 

Summer 

Wash.,  Oreg.         orange-color,    ripening    to    golden-brown. 

This  is  common  in  the  Hood  River  Valley. 
b  A  glorious  plant,  from  two  to  five 

Chaparral  Lily  ^ee^  ta^»  ™th  leaves  mostly  in  whorls, 
Lilium  rubtscens  with  rippled  edges.  The  stem  bears  a 
White,  pink  magnificent  cluster  of  blossoms,  most 

£UmiQer  wonderful  in  coloring,  for  the  buds  and 

young  flowers  are  white,  dotted  with 
purple  inside,  with  yellow  anthers  and  a  pale-green  pistil, 
but  they  gradually  change  to  pink,  and  deepen  to  ruby- 
purple  as  they  fade,  and  the  anthers  and  pistil  also  darken 
in  color.  The  effect  of  the  whole  cluster  is  therefore  white 
at  the  top,  shading  through  pink  to  almost  crimson  below. 
The  flowers  are  even  more  deliciously  fragrant  than  the 
Washington  Lily,  which  they  resemble,  except  that  they 
are  not  quite  so  large  as  the  latter  and  stand  more  erect 
and  the  petals  are  not  so  spreading.  This  usually  grows 
among  chaparral  in  the  Coast  Ranges. 


Tiger  Lily 

Lilium 

Columbia- 
num. 


Leopard  Lily 
Lilium  p&rctalinum 


LILY  FAMILY     Ltliaceae. 


There  are  many  kinds  of  Fritillaria,  natives  of  the  north 
temperate  zone.  In  the  East  there  are  only  cultivated  ones, 
such  as  the  familiar  Crown  Imperial,  but  we  have  a  number 
growing  wild  in  the  West.  They  have  bulbs  with  round, 
thick  scales,  developing  into  bulblets  and  sometimes  resem- 
bling grains  of  rice.  The  flowers  are  bell-shaped,  and  nod- 
ding, with  separate  and  nearly  equal  divisions,  each  with  a 
nectar-spot  at  its  base.  They  resemble  Lilies,  but  the  style 
is  three-cleft,  the  honey-gland  is  a  shallow  pit  and  the  flow- 
ers are  smaller.  The  capsule  is  roundish  and  six-angled, 
containing  numerous  fiat  seeds.  It  is  conspicuous  and 
perhaps  suggested  the  Latin  name,  meaning  "dice-box." 

Thisplantisbeautifuland  decorative,  and 
Brown  Fritillary  vet  there  is  something  weird  about  it.  The 
Fritill&ria  flowers,  an  inch  or  more  across,  grow  four  or 

atr  o  pur  pur  ea         five  in  a  cluster,  on  a  smooth  stalk  about  a 

n  foot  tall,  the  long,  narrow  leaves  scattered 

Spring,  summer 

West  or  in  whorls.     The  bells,  nodding  on  slen- 

der flower-stalks,  are  very  unusual  in  color- 
ing. They  are  greenish-yellow,  streaked  and  spotted  with 
maroon,  and  the  !ong  curling  tips  of  the  three-pronged  pistil 
project  like  the  forked  tongue  of  an  adder,  so  that  somehow 
we  feel  that,  in  a  previous  existence,  beautiful  as  it  is  now,  it 
may  have  been  a  toad  or  some  reptile.  When  we  found  this 
flower  growing  in  the  Grand  Canyon,  halfway  down  Bright 
Angel  trail,  it  seemed  entirely  suitable  to  the  mysterious 
spirit  of  the  place.  The  general  effect  is  bronze-color  and 
the  attractive  name  of  Bronze  Bells,  or  Mission  Bells,  is 
very  appropriate.  It  has  a  small  bulb  of  numerous,  round- 
ish scales.  The  pistils  are  often  rudimentary. 
Yellow  Fritillary  A  P^tty  little  flower,  a  favorite  with 
Fritillaria  ptidica  children,  growing  on  grassy  plains,  with  a 
Yellow  smooth  stem  about  six  inches  tall,  and 

5pnng  smooth,   somewhat  thickish,  alternate  or 

West,  except  Ariz.  ...  _ 

whorled  leaves.  The  nodding  flowers, 
about  an  inch  long,  are  usually  single,  but  sometimes  as 
many  as  six  on  a  stalk,  various  shades  of  yellow  and 
orange,  tinged  with  crimson  and  fading  to  dull-red.  The 
smooth  bulb  is  pure  white,  and  made  up  of  a  number  of 
rounded,  thickish  scales  not  resembling  grains  of  rice, 
so  the  name  Rice  Root  is  not  appropriate  and  the  local 
Utah  names,  Crocus,  Snowdrop,  and  Buttercup  are  absurd. 
38 


Yellow 
Fritillary. 


LILY  FAMILY.    Liliaceae. 


There  are  several  kinds  of  Yucca,  natives  of  North  and  1 
Central  America;  large  plants,  with  dagger-like  leaves, 
usually  with  long,  thread-like  fibers  along  the  margins; 
flowers  with  bracts,  nodding  in  a  terminal  cluster,  somewhat 
bell-shaped,  with  six,  thickish,  white  divisions;  stamens 
short,  with  thickened  filaments  and  small  anthers;  ovary 
with  three  united  stigmas;  capsule  containing  many,  flat, 
black  seeds.  The  flowers  are  pollinated  by  a  little  white 
moth,  which  lays  its  eggs  in  the  ovary,  but  previously 
gathers  pollen  from  many  flowers  and  pushes  it  against 
the  stigma  after  the  eggs  have  been  laid. 

A  noble  plant,  with  no  trunk,  but  send- 
Our  Lord's  Candle  .  '  ' 

Spanish  Bayonet  ln&  UP  a  magnificent  shaft  of  flowers, 
Yucca  Whipplei  from  five  to  fifteen  feet  tall,  springing 
White  from  a  huge,  symmetrical  bunch  of  dagger- 

Calin!'riSzUmmer  Hke'  bluish-Sreen  leaves.  The  cluster  is 
composed  of  hundreds  of  waxy,  cream- 
colored  blossoms,  sometimes  tinged  with  purple,  two 
inches  across,  crowded  so  closely  together  along  the  upper 
part  of  the  stalk  that  the  effect  is  a  great,  solid  mass  of 
bloom,  three  feet  long.  The  white  filaments  are  swollen, 
tipped  with  pale-yellow  anthers;  the  pistil  cream-color, 
with  green  stigmas.  The  large,  white  bracts  are  stiff  and 
coarse,  something  like  parchment,  folded  back  so  that  the 
pinkish  stalk  is  ornamented  with  a  series  of  white  triangles, 
symmetrically  arranged.  A  hillside  covered  with  hun- 
dreds of  these  magnificent  spires  of  bloom,  towering  above 
the  chaparral,  is  a  wonderful  sight.  After  they  have 
blossomed,  the  tall,  white  stalks  remain  standing  for 
some  time,  so  that  the  hills  look  as  if  they  had  been 
planted  with  numbers  of  white  wands. 

The  genus  Cleistoyucca  resembles  Yucca,  but  the  divi-  j 
sions  of  the  flower  are  very  thick  and  there  is  no  style. 

A    tree,    grotesque    and    forbidding    in 
Joshua  Tr<*>  aspect,  but  with  a  weird  sort  of  beauty, 

Tree  Yucca  .    r    .         «  1     i  •  , « 

Cleistoyucca  looming    black    against    the    pale    desert 

arborescens  landscape,  with  a  great,  thick,  rough  trunk, 

(Yucca)  fifteen  to  thirty  feet  high,  and  a  few  thick, 

Greenish-white  contorted  branches,  stretching  out  like 
Spring,  summer  .  ... 

Cal.,  Ariz.,  Utah     a   giant  s   arms   and   pointing   ominously 
across  the  sandy    waste.     The  branches 


Our  Lord's  Candle. 
Yucca  Whipplei. 

[very  small  p&rt  of  cluster] 


LILY  FAMILY.    Lillaccac. 


are  thatched  with  the  shaggy  husks  of  dead  leaves  and 
from  their  tips  they  thrust  out  a  great  bunch  of  dagger- 
like  leaves  and  a  big,  ponderous  cluster  of  pallid,  greenish 
flowers  or  heavy,  yellowish  fruits.  The  coarse  flowers 
are  about  two  inches  across,  with  a  clammy  smell  like 
toadstools,  and  the  bracts  are  dead  white.  This  grows 
in  the  Mohave  Desert  and  is  at  its  best  around  Hesperia, 
where  one  may  see  the  most  fantastic  forest  that  it  is 
possible  to  imagine.  Elsewhere  it  is  smaller  and  more  like 
other  Yuccas  in  shape.  It  was  called  Joshua  Tree  by  the 
early  settlers,  it  is  said  because  they  fancied  that  its 
branches  pointed  towards  the  Promised  Land.  The  fruits 
are  relished  by  the  Indians,  who  utilize  the  fibers  from  the 
leaves  for  weaving  baskets,  ropes,  hats,  horse-blankets, 
etc.,  and  make  a  pulp  from  the  stems,  used  for  soap. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Trillium,  of  North  America 
and  Asia;  with  tuberous  root-stocks;  three,  netted- veined 
leaves,  in  a  whorl  at  the  top  of  the  stem;  a  single  flower 
with  three,  green  sepals,  three  petals,  six,  short  stamens, 
and  three  styles;  capsule  berry-like  and  reddish,  containing 
many  seeds.  The  Latin  name  means  "triple." 

A  charming  plant,   about  a  foot  tall, 
Birthroot  with  a  single  beautiful  blossom,  set  off  to 

Trillium  ovbtum     perfection  by  its  large,  rich  green  leaves. 
The  flower  is  two  or  three  inches  across, 

6'     With  10Vely  WhitG  Petals'  which  Sradually 
change  to  deep  pink.     It  is  a  pleasure  to  ', 

find  a  company  of  these  attractive  plants  in  the  heart  of 
the  forest,  where  their  pure  blossoms  gleam  in  the  cool 
shade  along  some  mountain  brook.  They  resemble  the 
eastern  Large-flowered  Trillium  and  grow  in  the  Coast 
Ranges. 


robin 


Tri  I  li  urn 


LILY  FAMILY.    Liliaccac. 


There  are  three  kinds  of  Xerophyllum. 

This  is  a  magnificent  plant,  from  two 
to  s*x  ^eet  ^igh,  ^^  a  verY  stout,  leafy 
Xerophyllum          stem,  springing  from  a  very  large  tuft  off 
tlnax  wiry,  grass-like  leaves,  which  spread  out 

Whlte  gracefully    like    a    fountain.     They    are 

Northwest  from  one  to  two  and  a  half  feet  long,  dark- 

green  on  the  upper  side  and  pale-gray  onj 
the  under,  with  rough  edges.  The  imposing  flower  clus-j 
ter  is  borne  at  the  top  of  the  stalk  and  is  about  a  foot 
long,  broad  at  the  base  and  tapering  to  a  blunt  point, 
and  composed  of  hundreds  of  fragrant,  cream-white 
flowers,  each  about  half  an  inch  across,  with  slender, 
white  pedicels,  and  so  closely  crowded  together  that  the 
effect  is  very  solid,  yet  made  feathery  by  the  long  stamens. 
It  is  a  fine  sight  to  come  across  a  company  of  these  noble 
plants  in  a  mountain  meadow,  rearing  their  great  shafts  of 
bloom  far  above  their  neighbors.  They  are  very  handsome 
around  Mt.  Rainier.  They  are  said  to  blossom  only  once 
in  five  or  seven  years  and  then  to  die.  The  leaves  are 
used  by  Indians  in  making  their  finest  baskets.  Unfortu- 
nately the  size  of  this  book  does  not  admit  of  an  illustration. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  Maianthemum,  an  eastern  one 
and  the  following,  which  also  grows  in  Europe  and  Asia. 
This    is    a   very    attractive,    woodland 

*Yild  ^ily"of"         plant,  from  four  to  fourteen  inches  tall,! 
the- valley  K 

Maianthemum       Wlth  handsome,  glossy,  rich  green  leaves! 
bifdiium  and  a  rather  stout  stem,  bearing  a  pretty 

White  cluster,  two  or  three  inches  long,  of  many, 

Spring,  summer  ^    waxy.white  flowers,  with  four  divi- 

Wash.,  Oreg.,  Cal.    . 

sions.     Ihey   have    four    stamens,    witn 

thread-like  filaments  and  small,  yellowish  anthers,  the 
stigma  has  two  lobes  and  the  berry  is  red.  This  grows 
in  rich  soil  in  the  mountains  and  is  much  handsomer  than 
its  eastern  relation  and  strongly  sweet-scented.  The 
Latin  name  means  "blooming  in  May." 


44 


Wild  Maianthemum 

Lily -of -the- valley,  bifolium. 


LILY  FAMILY.    Liliaceac. 


There  are  several  kinds  of  Streptopus,  much  like  Dis- 
porum,  but  the  pedicels  of  the  flowers  are  twisted  or  bent j| 
This  is  a  fine  plant,  two  or  three  feet 

State*  TWiStCd  tal1'  with  a  smooth'  branching,  bending 

Streptopus  stem  and  handsome  leaves,  thin  in  texturej 

amplexijdlius  with  strongly  marked  veins  and  pale  with 

Whitish  whitish  "bloom"  on  the  under  side.     The 

Spring,  summer     grccnish.white  flowers  are  about  half  an 

U.  S.  except 

Southwest  lncn    lon£    and    "an£    on    verv    slender* 

crooked  pedicels,  from  under  the  leaves,! 
and  the  oval  berries  are  red  and  contain  many  seeds.| 
This  grows  in  moist  soil,  in  cold  mountain  woods,  up  to| 
an  altitude  of  ten  thousand  feet  and  across  the  continent. 
The  Greek  name  means  "twisted  stalk.". 

^  A  smaller  plant,  from  one  to  two  and  a| 

Stalk  half  feet  tall,  with  a  slightly  hairy  stem^ 

Streptopus  rbseus    ornamented  with  pretty  leaves,  green  on 
pink  both  sides  and  hairy  along  the  edges,  and 

Sjpr^nge'x^tmer     hung   with   pretty,    little,    dull   purplish*, 
Southwest  pink  flowers,  more  or  less  streaked  with 

deeper  color  and  less  than  half  an  inch 
long.  This  grows  in  the  same  sort  of  places  as  the  last 
and  is  also  found  across  the  continent. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  Stenanthella;  smooth  herbs, 
with  bulbs  and  small  nodding  flowers,  in  bracted  clusters, 
the  divisions  of  the  perianth  separate,  without  glands  or 
distinct  claws;  the  short  stamens  inserted  at  the  base  of 
the  divisions;  the  styles  three;  the  capsule  with  three  beaks 
and  containing  oblong,  winged  seeds. 

This  is  a  graceful  plant,  from  ten  to 
Stenanthella 
Stenanthelia  twe&ty    inches    tall,    with    long,    rather 

accident &lis  narrow  leaves  and   a   slender   stem,   ter- 

Brownish  minating  in  a  long  spray  of  about  ten, 

Spring,  summer     rather    pretty,  little    brownish-green    or 
Northwest  ,.  ,      _  .     ,          .«_  '.      V  •  «* 

purplish  flowers,  each  less  than  nalr  ap 

inch  long.     This  grows  in  shady  places. 


White 
Twisted  Stalk. 

Streptopus 
amplexifolius 


Pink  Twisted   StaJk, 

Streptopus 
roseus. 


occidentalis, 


LILY  FAMILY.    Liliaceae. 


There  are  several  kinds  of  Camassia,  one  eastern;  herbs 
with  onion-like  bulbs,  long,  narrow  leaves  and  thin,  dry 
bracts.  The  flowers  are  blue  of  various  shades,  with  six, 
separate,  somewhat  spreading  divisions,  each  with  a 
stamen  on  its  base,  the  anthers, swinging,  the  style  thread- 
like, with  a  three-cleft  tip;  the  capsule  three-lobed,  with 
several  seeds  in  each  compartment.  Varieties  of  Camassia 
have  long  been  cultivated  in  European  gardens.  The 
name  is  derived  from  Quamash,  the  Indian  name  for  these 
plants. 

Looking  across  the  vivid  green  of  wet 

Camass,  Quamash  meadowg    and    marshes      the    deep    blue 
Camassia  f        . 

qudmash  patches  of  this  flower  are  often  conspicu- 

Blue  ous  and  beautiful.     They  grow  from  one 

Summer  to  over  two  feet  high,  taller  than  the  grass- 

*  ^e  leavest  forming  a  loose  cluster,  with 

papery  bracts.  The  flowers  are  from  an 
inch  and  a  half  to  over  two  inches  across,  the  six  divisions 
spreading  out  into  a  star.  The  buds  are  tinged  with  tur- 
quoise-blue and  striped  with  purple,  giving  a  fine  iridescent 
effect,  and  the  flowers,  which  fade  very  quickly,  are  often 
exceedingly  handsome,  varying  in  color  from  dark-blue 
to  white,  but  usually  deep,  bright  purplish-blue,  with  a 
green  ovary,  a  long  purple  style  and  yellow  anthers,  with 
purple  filaments.  They  are  larger  and  handsomer  in 
northern  California  than  in  Yosemite.  Grizzly  bears  are 
fond  of  the  bulbs  and  the  Indians  of  the  Northwest  prized 
them  as  a  delicacy,  indeed  the  Nez  Perce*  war  in  Idaho 
was  caused  by  encroachments  on  a  territory  where  they 
were  abundant.  They  were  cooked  elaborately  in  pits, 
care  being  taken  to  avoid  the  poisonous  bulbs  of  the  Death 
Camass,  which  resemble  them.  The  Indians  also  boil 
the  bulbs  in  water  and  malce  good  molasses  from  them, 
which  they  use  on  festive  occasions.  This  is  sometimes 
called  Wild  Hyacinth,  but  the  name  is  poor,  as  it  does  not 
resemble  a  hyacinth  in  character. 


ia  qu&mash. 


LILY  FAMILY.    Liliaceae. 


There  are  six  kinds  of  Clintonia,  of  North  America  and 
Asia;  with  creeping  rootstocks  and  a  few,   broad  root- 
leaves;  flowers  without  bracts,   their  divisions  separate, 
equal  or  nearly  so,  each  with  a  stamen  at  its  base;  style 
with   two  or   three,   inconspicuous  lobes;   fruit   a  berry. 
These  plants  were  named  in  honor  of  De  Witt  Clinton,  j 
Governor  of  New  York,  a  naturalist,  interested  in  botany,  j 
so  Thoreau  need  not  have  been  so  annoyed  at  their  having 
been  given  this  name. 

A  magnificent  plant,  one  or  two  feet  ; 
Red  Clintonia  .  * 

Clintonia  hlSn»  Wlth  five  or  S1X»  exceedingly  hand- 

Andreusiana          some,     glossy,    rich    green    leaves,    very  j 
Red,  pink  conspicuous  and  sometimes  a  foot  long, 

Oreing'cSat|mmer     and   a   tall,  slightly   downy  flower-stalk,  j 

usually  with  a  few  flowers  scattered  along 
it,  and  crowned  with  a  large,  roundish  cluster  of  beautiful 
flowers.  They  are  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  long, 
very  rich  in  color,  a  deep  shade  of  warm  reddish-pink,  or 
crimson,  not  common  in  flowers.  The  form  of  the  cluster 
varies  a  good  deal ;  sometimes  the  flowers  are  not  mostly 
at  the  top,  but  clustered  quite  thickly,  along  all  the  upper 
part  of  the  stalk.  The  large,  deep-blue  berries  are  very 
handsome  and,  altogether,  this  is  one  of  our  most  con-  j 
spicuous  and  attractive  woodland  plants,  especially  when 
growing  in  the  deep  shade  of  redwood  forests. 

In  rich  moist  soil,  in  shady  woods,  we| 
Queen-cup  find  thig  ioveiy  flower,  with  a  white  chalice 

White  Clintonia  /       t 

Clintonia  an(*  neart  of  Pale  gold,   surrounded  by 

unifldra  two    or    three,    beautiful,    large,    glossy 

White  leaves,    resembling   those   of   Lily-of-the- 

Sprmg  valley,  and  fairly  carpeting  the  ground  in 

favorable  situations.     The  slender  flower- 
stalk  is  hairy,  six  to  ten  inches  tall,  and  usually  bears  a  . 
single  flower,  an  inch  or  more  across;,  with  pure-white 
petals  that  soon  drop  off.     The  fruit  is  a  handsome  blue 
berry. 


Red  Clintoniesi. 
C. 


LILY  FAMILY.    Lillaccac. 


There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Vagnera,  natives  oi 
America  and  Asia,  with  a  single  stem,  scaly  below  and 
leafy  above;  the  leaves  alternate,  with  short  leaf- stalks  or 
none;  the  flowers  small,  the  divisions  equal  and  spreading, 
white  or  greenish,  in  a  cluster;  the  berry  round,  usually 
with  one  or  two  seeds. 

It  is  a  pity  that  all  flowers  cannot  have 

Sell*  ^Ud10*1*  really.  individual  names.  "False"  is 
Spikenard  especially  unattractive  and  "Solomon's 

V&znera  amplexi-  Seal"  is  confusing,  as  the  flowers  are  not 
caulis  (Smila-  alike,  but  this  is  the  old  name  used  all  over 
c™a)  the  world,  so  it  will  have  to  stand,  though 

Spring  unworthy  of  this  pleasing  plant.     It  is 

West  from  one  to  three  feet  high,  with  large, 

light-green  leaves,  usually  slightly  downy 
on  the  under  side.  The  flower-cluster  is  sweet-scented  and 
composed  of  numerous,  very  small,  cream- white  flowers, 
the  conspicuous  parts  of  which  are  the  stamens,  white  and 
larger  than  the  petals,  giving  a  feathery  appearance  to  the 
whole  cluster.  The  fruit  is  a  light-red  berry,  very  finely 
sprinkled  with  dark-red  dots.  This  fine  tall  plant  is  very 
decorative  and  is  common  in  rich  moist  woods.  The  name 
was  given  in  honor  of  Wagner. 

A  gracefully  bending  plant,  from  one  to 
Star-flowered  twQ  feet  h«  h  spring{ng  from  a  slender 
Solomon's  Seal  '  ' 

Vdgncra  root-stock.    The  bright  light-green  leaves, 

sessilifolia  without  leaf-stalks  and  clasping  at  base, 

(Smilacina)  have   a    slight    "bloom"    like    some    lily 

leaves  and  are  handsome  and  conspicuous, 
West  but  not  at  all  coarse,  and  are  usually  very 

smooth,  but  sometimes  minutely  downy. 
The  small,  delicate,  cream-white  flowers,  on  a  very  slender,  | 
angled  flower-stalk,  grow  in  a  loose  cluster  and  the  berries  I 
arc  reddish-purple  or  nearly  black.      This  charming  plant   \ 
sometimes  forms  large  patches  in  moist,  rich  soil  in  shady" 
places  and  its  pretty  foliage  is  often  very  noticeable  beside 
the  railroad  tracks  in  Utah. 


Star-flowered 
Solomons  Seal 
V.sessilifolia 


False  Solomon's  Seal 
[Vagnera  amplexicaulis 


LILY  FAMILY.    Liliaceae. 


Fairy  Bells  are  graceful  plants,  growing  in  rich,  moist, 
mountain  woods,  with  smoothish,  or  slightly  hairy,  branch- 
ing stems,  leafy  above  and  with  scaly  bracts  below,  springing 
from  slender  root-stocks;  leaves  netted-  veined,  alternate, 
without  leaf-stalks,  smooth  and  thin  in  texture  and  often 
clasping  the  stem;  rather  small,  bell-shaped  flowers,  hang- 
ing from  under  the  leaves,  with  six  stamens  and  a  slender 
style,  with  one  or  three  stigmas;  the  fruit  a  yellow  or  red 
berry.  Disporum  is  from  the  Greek  meaning  "double- 
seed,"  as  in  some  kinds  there  are  two  seeds  in  each  cell  of 
the  ovary. 

A    very    attractive    mountain    plant, 

Fairy  Bells  growing  near  streams.     It  is  from  nine  to 
Drops  of  Gold 

Disporum  trachy-  twenty-four  inches  tall,  with  an  angled 

cdrpum  stem,  pale  green  above  and  reddish  below. 

(Prosartes)  The  delicate  flowers,  about  half  an  inch 

Yellowish-white  j           with      three_lobed  green  stigma  and 
Spring,  summer 

yellow  anthers,  grow  singly  or  in  clusters  of 


two  or  three,  nodding  shyly  under  the  pretty 
leaves,  which  are  dull  above  and  very  shiny  on  the  under 
side,  with  oddly  crumpled  edges  and  set  obliquely  on  the 
stem.  The  berry  when  unripe  is  orange  color  and  sug- 
gested the  name  Drops  of  Gold,  but  becomes  bright  red 
when  it  matures  in  June.  D.  Hookeri  is  similar,  but  the 
style  is  not  three-lobed  and  the  leaves  are  slightly  rough 
to  the  touch  and  are  not  so  thin  or  crumpled.  They 
spread  out  so  flat  that  they  make  a  green  roof  over  the 
flowers,  completely  screening  them  from  the  passer-by. 
This  grows  in  shady  woods,  but  not  near  streams, 


54 


F&iryBells. 

Disporam 
tr&chyc&rpum. 


Drops  of  Gold. 

Disporum 
Hookeri. 


LILY  FAMILY.    Lllla^ae. 


Perhaps  the  most  characteristic  western  flowers  are  the 
members  of  the  genus  Calochortus.  They  grow  freely  all 
through  the  West,  as  far  north  as  British  America,  and 
down  into  Mexico,  but  they  never  get  east  of  Nebraska,  so 
these  gay  and  graceful  flowers  may  be  considered  the  pecu- 
liar property  of  the  West.  Calochortus  means  "beautiful 
grass"  and  the  leaves  are  usually  grasslike,  the  stems 
slender  and  the  flowers  bright  in  color,  decorative  and  in- 
teresting in  form.  They  have  three  sepals,  often  greenish, 
and  three  large,  colored  petals,  with  a  honey-gland,  usually 
covered  with  hairs,  at  the  base  of  each.  They  are  allied  to 
true  Tulips,  so  the  popular  name  is  suitable,  and  they  fall 
into  three  groups:  Globe  Tulips,  with  nodding,  globular 
flowers,  and  nodding  capsules;  Star  Tulips,  with  erect,  star- 
like  flowers  and  nodding  capsules;  and  Mariposa  Tulips, 
with  large,  somewhat  cup-shaped  flowers  and  erect  cap- 
sules. Mariposa  means  "butterfly"  in  Spanish  and  is 
appropriate,  for  the  brilliant  hairy  spots  on  the  petals  are 
wonderfully  like  the  markings  of  a  butterfly's  wing  and  the 
airy  blossoms  seem  to  have  but  just  alighted  on  the  tips  of 
their  slender  stalks.  They  usually  grow  on  dry  open  hill- 
sides and  their  leaves  have  often  withered  away  before  the 
flowers  bloom.  The  various  forms  run  into  each  other,  so 
that  it  is  impossible  to  determine  all  the  different  species. 
They  have  solid  bulbs,  some  of  which  are  edible,  considered 
a  delicacy  by  the  Indians  and  called  Noonas. 

A   charming    plant,    with    pale    bluish- 
Golden  Lily  Bell  n  foliage   wjth  a  beautiful  "bloom," 
Yellow  Globe          _..  .  ^  ,,        , 
1>uiip                     which  sets  off  the  clear-yellow  blossoms  to 

Caiochdrtus  perfection.  There  are  from  two  to  twenty 

amtibilis  flowers  on  each  stem  and  the  petals  are 

smooth,  except  for  a  neat,  stiff  fringe  of 
California  hairs  along  the  margins  and  the  matted 

hairs  on  the  glands,  which  are  often  red- 
dish. These  lovely  flowers,  common  in  northern  California, 
are  peculiarly  fresh  in  color  and  when  growing  among  the 
grass  in  the  shade  of  oak  trees  they  have  the  springlike 
charm  of  Daffodils  in  English  woods. 


Yellow 
Globe  Tulip. » 


C&lochortus 


LILY  FAMILY.    Liliaceae. 


Satin-bell.    White       Beautiful  and   P°Pular  flowers>   with  a 
Globe  Tulip  great    deal    of    individuality    and    quite 

Calochdrtus  dibus    Japanese  in  the  decorative  arrangement  of 
White  the  graceful  stems  and  glossy,  rich  green 

,,p'!?g  .  foliage.     The  narrow  root- leaf  is  over  a 

California 

foot  long  and  spreads  on  the  ground  and 

other  smaller  leaves  are  disposed  along  the  bending  stem, 
which  is  from  one  to  two  feet  tall  and  hung  with  pretty 
light-green  buds  and  beautiful  drooping  blossoms,  over  an 
inch  long,  pearly  white,  sometimes  tinged  with  lilac,  with  a 
satiny  sheen  and  delicate  yet  crisp  in  texture.  The  papery 
sepals  are  greenish-white  and  the  petals  are  sometimes 
tinged  with  purple  at  the  base  and  are  prettily  fringed  with 
hairs  along  the  edges  and  often  cross  their  tips  in  a  very 
engaging  way.  They  are  covered  inside  with  long,  silky, 
white  or  yellow  hairs  and  the  glands  are  crescent-shaped, 
with  close,  short,  sticky,  white  or  yellow  hairs,  and  form 
pale-green  humps  on  the  outside  of  the  petals;  the  anthers 
are  cream-color  and  the  pistil  whitish.  The  capsule  is  one 
or  two  inches  long,  with  a  short  beak  and  brown  seeds. 
These  plants  grow  on  shady  banks  in  the  Coast  Ranges  and 
have  several  pretty  common  names,  such  as  Lantern  of  the 
Fairies  and  Alabaster  Tulip,  as  well  as  the  misleading 
name  Hairbell,  which  causes  this  flower  to  be  confused  with 
the  Harebell  or  Campanula. 


S&tin 
Bell. 


LILY  FAMILY.    Liliaceae. 


__  ,A    _A  This  is  a  delicate  and  charming  little 

White  Star  Tulip  . 

Calochdrtus  niidus  flower,  growing  best  in  meadowy  places  in 
White  the  woods  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains 

Summer  at   moderate   altitudes,    sometimes    to   a 

California  height  of  over  seven  thousand  feet.     The  J 

single,  ribbonlike  leaf  is  much  taller  than  the  flower-stalk, 
which  is  only  a  few  inches  high  and  bears  several  pretty 
flowers,  measuring  over  an  inch  across,  with  pale-green 
sepals  and  three  pure- white  or  pale-lilac,  fan- shaped  petals, 
with  a  little  notch  in  the  edge,  almost  without  hairs  and 
marked  with  a  lilac  crescent  at  the  base;  the  honey-gland 
is  divided  crosswise  by  a  toothed  scale  and  the  anthers 
are  light  blue.  The  nodding  capsule  is  pointed  at  both 
ends. 

A  charming  little  plant,  with  lovely 
White  Pussy's  jittle  flowers  aDOut  an  inch  across,  with 
Ears 

Colochdrtus  white  or  pale-lilac  sepals  and  white  petals, 

Mawe&nus  hairy  all  over  inside,  often  lilac  at  the  base. 

White,  gray  the  crescent-shaped  gland  covered  with 

violet  hairs  and  the  anthers  and  pistil  lilac,  j 
Usually  the  general  effect  is  of  a  most 
delicate  shade  of  gray  and  the  little  blossoms  do  not  droop, 
but  look  straight  up  at  one  from  among  the  grass.    This  is 
common  in  northern  California. 

Much  like  the  last  in  character,  from 

Yellow  Pussy's  three  to  seven  inches  tall  hh  bluish. 
Ears.  Yellow  ' 

Star  Tulip  green,  stirnsn  leaves  and  a  few  quaintly 

Calochortus  pretty  flowers.  They  are  about  an  inch 

Benthami  across,  clear  light-yellow,  with  smooth 

sepals  and  the  petals  thickly  covered  with 
California  yellow  hairs  and  sometimes  brown  at  the 

base.  This  is  common  in  the  Sierra  foot- 
hills. 


60 


Pussy's  Ears. 


C&lochortus  nudusASsC.M&weanus. 


LILY  FAMILY,    Ltllaceac. 


The  commonest  kind  in  northern  Call* 

Butterfly  Tulip  fomi  found  in  both  the  gierra  Nevada 
Manposa  Tulip 

Calochdrtus  luteus  and  Coast  Mountains,  and  one  of  the  most 
var.  oculatus  beautiful  of  all  the  Mariposas.  The  broad 
Many  colors  petals,  each  about  an  inch  and  a  half  long, 

Spring,  summer  are  usually  white  lilac  or  yellowish,  with 
California 

an     eye    like  that  on  a  peacock  s  feather, 

giving  the  name  oculatus.  Occasionally  they  are  deep  rose- 
color,  as  in  the  colored  picture,  though  this  is  not  typical, 
and  have  a  vivid  blotch  of  shaded  maroon  and  crimson  and 
an  orange  spot  on  each  petal,  with  some  maroon-colored 
hairs  at  the  base.  The  sepals  are  striped  with  pink  and 
maroon  and  twist  into  spirals  as  they  fade;  the  pistil  and 
the  blunt  anthers  are  mauve;  the  honey-gland  narrowly 
crescent-shaped;  the  leaves  pale-green  and  the  delicate 
stem  over  a  foot  tall.  This  Mariposa  is  extremely  variable 
and  seems  sometimes  to  merge  into  C.  venustus,  a  similar 
kind,  and  gorgeous  varieties  of  both  may  be  seen  along  the 
Yosemite  road  on  the  down  grade  to  Wawona.  There  are 
many  similar  Mariposas,  but  the  casual  flower-lover  who 
finds  any  of  these  beautiful  flowers  will  probably  be  satis- 
fied to  know  that  they  are  Butterfly  Tulips,  without  going 
into  the  technical  peculiarities  which  differentiate  them. 

A  fine  robust  plant,  about  a  foot  tall, 
Yellow  Mariposa 


Cochdrtus  luteus  and  exceedingly  handsome  flowers,  over 
var.  dtrtnus  two  inches  across.  The  sepals  are  yellow- 

Yellow  ish,  with  a  black  spot  and  streaks  of  brown, 

^p"fg  .  and   the   petals   are    deep   lemon-yellow, 

California 

each  with  a  nch  maroon  spot  near  the 

center  and  a  hairy,  brown,  crescent-shaped  gland  below, 
often  flecked  with  maroon  at  the  margins  and  base,  with 
cream-colored  anthers  and  a  yellowish  pistil.  This  is  very 
much  like  a  Tulip  in  character  and  looks  very  gay  and 
cheerful  growing  in  green  fields.  The  typical  C.  luteus  is 
similar,  but  smaller  and  duller  in  color. 


Yel  low 

posai.  Tulip 


GaJochortus  luteus 
var.  Citrinus. 


LILY  FAMILY.    Ullaccac. 


A  wonderful  flower,  exceedingly  brilliant 
Marip°sa  and  unusual  in  color,  not  quite  like  any- 
Calochdnus  thing  else  in  nature.    The  stout,  firm  stem 

Kennedyi  is  from  two  inches  to  over  a  foot  tall  and 

Orange-red  the  leaves  are  dark-green,  with  a  delicate 

Spring  bluish  "bloom."     The  flowers  are  about 

Cal.,  Ariz.  . 

two  inches  across,  with  pale-green  sepals, 

bordered  with  pale-pink  and  orange  inside,  and  beautiful 
petals,  thick  in  texture  and  easily  bruised,  delicate  peach- 
color  outside  and  bright  orange- vermilion  within,  each 
petal  ornamented  with  a  purplish  gland,  covered  with 
matted  hairs  and  crossed  with  a  band  of  long  vermilion 
hairs.  When  the  stems  are  very  short  the  flaming  flowers 
look  like  Crocuses,  sprouting  out  of  the  barren  desert  soil, 
but  when  they  are  tall  they  have  the  gorgeous  effect  of 
Tulips.  These  plants  grow  in  the  Mohave  Desert,  but  are 
rather  rare  in  California.  They  are  very  abundant  in  the 
foothills  and  on  the  mountain  slopes  of  Arizona,  giving  a 
beautiful  orange-red  color  to  the  landscape  for  miles  in 
spring,  there  being  literally  thousands  in  a  small  area. 

These   pretty    flowers   are    about    two 

Sego  Lily  inches  across,  their  white  petals  tinged 
Manposa  Tulip 

Calochortus  Wlt^  yellowish-green  or  lilac,   and  often 

Nuttdllii  delicately  fluted  at  the  edges,  often  with 

White,  pale  lilac  hairy  spots  inside  the  petals  at  their  base, 

the  Wh°le  fl°Wer  Veiy  variable  in  coloring. 

These  Mariposas  grow  all  through  the 
Southwest.  In  the  Grand  Canyon  they  begin  to  come  out 
early  in  May,  among  the  dry  grasses  halfway  down  the 
Bright  Angel  trail,  and  are  a  lovely  shade  of  clear  lilac.  The 
slender  stem,  about  a  foot  tall,  often  bears  a  small  bulb  near 
the  base.  It  is  called  Sego  Lily  (pronounced  Sego)  in  Utah 
and  is  the  "State  flower. "  Its  bulbs  formed  a  substantial 
part  of  the  food  of  the  early  Mormon  pioneers  when  they 
crossed  the  desert  and  the  flower  is  therefore  held  in  great 
esteem  in  Utah. 


64 


Seqo 

Lily 


CsJochortus 
NuttaJlii. 


IRIS  FAMILY.     Iridaceae. 


IRIS  FAMILY.     Iridaceae. 

A  large  family,  widely  distributed  and  found  throughout 
our  continent.  Perennial  herbs,  with  bracts;  the  leaves 
long,  narrow,  toothless,  and  sheathing ;  the  flowers  showy, 
perfect  and  regular,  twisted  in  the  bud,  not  falling  off  in 
withering,  of  three  and  six  parts;  the  three  stamens  on  the 
base  of  the  sepals,  their  anthers  turning  outward;  the 
single  style  with  three  branches;  the  ovary  inferior,  be- 
coming a  three-celled,  usually  three-angled,  many-seeded 
capsule.  This  family  is  noticeably  distinguished  from  the 
Lily  family  by  the  inferior  ovary,  and  from  the  Amaryllis 
family  by  the  three  stamens. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Iris.  To  the  casual  observer 
the  flowers  appear  to  have  nine  petals  of  different  sizes, 
but  in  reality  there  are  three  sepals,  three  petals,  and  three 
petal-like  branches  of  the  style.  The  three  outer  divisions, 
or  sepals,  are  large  and  spread  or  turn  down;  the  three 
inner  divisions,  or  petals,  are  usually  narrower  and  are 
erect;  the  style  branches  arch  over  and  under  each  is  a 
stamen.  The  sepals  and  petals  have  claws,  which  are 
united  below  and  form  a  tube;  the  capsule  is  large  and 
contains  many,  flat,  black  seeds,  in  one  or  two  rows  in 
each  cell;  the  large  rootstock  is  usually  fleshy.  Iris  is 
from  the  Greek  for  "  rainbow, "  in  allusion  to  the  variegated 
tints,  and  Flower-de-luce  from  the  French  "fleur-de-lis,"  or 
"lily-flower."  Many  odd  and  beautiful  kinds  are  culti- 
vated from  the  Old  World.  Orris-root  is  made  from  the 
roots  of  a  Florentine  species. 

A  very  handsome  and  decorative  plant, 

growing  in  large  clumps,  in  damp  situa- 

Iris  Missouriensis  tions>  from  stout,    creeping    rootstocks. 

Violet,  blue  The    stiff,    sword-shaped    leaves,    mostly 

Spring,  summer     shorter  than  the  stems,  are  smooth  and 

Wash  ^Tnd^re       Hght    bluisn-green    and    tne    stout    stems, 

from  one  to  two  feet  high,  bear  usually 

two,  pale- violet  flowers,  about  three  inches  long,  emerging 

from  thin,  papery  bracts.     The  sepals  are  white,  or  pale 

blue,  delicately  veined  with  violet,  with  a  yellow-veined 

rib  down  the  middle,  the  petals  are  pale  blue  or  pale  violet, 

veined  with  purple,  and  the  buds  are  yellowish,  veined 

with  brown.     This  grows  in  profusion  in  the  Yosemite 

66 


Western  Blue  Flag- 
Iris  Missouriensis. 


IRIS  FAMILY.     Iridaccac. 


meadows,  at  the  foot  of  El  Capitan,  and  is  delicately 
beautiful,  but  would  be  more  effective  if  the  coloring  were 
a  little  stronger. 

Douglas  Iris  ^  beautiful  kind,  very  common  in  the 

Iris  Douglasibna  Coast  Ranges.  It  grows  in  patches,  or 
Purple,  lilac,  singly,  and  has  rather  dark  green  leaves, 

longer  than  the  flower-stalks,  and  lovely 
Spring,  summer 
Cal.,  Oreg.  flowers,  which  vary  exceedingly  in  color. 

Near  the  coast  they  are  usually  bluish-pur- 
pie,  but  in  mountain  woods  they  run  from  violet  and  mauve 
to  pink,  yellow,  and  white.  They  are  often  striped  with 
white  and  yellow,  delicately  veined  with  purple,  and  measure 
three  or  four  inches  across.  In  the  redwood  forests,  in  north- 
ern California,  they  are  peculiarly  large  and  beautiful,  their 
delicate  tints  of  cream  and  straw-color,  tinged  with  mauve 
and  marked  with  reddish-purple,  and  wonderfully  set  off  by 
their  dark  forest  background.  This  kind  often  blooms 
throughout  the  rainy  season,  but  chiefly  in  early  spring. 
__  .  This  odd  and  pretty  little  Iris  grows  in 

Iris  #af/tt*gT       half -dry,  open  forests,  in  the  Sierra  Nevada 
Yellow  and  violet  Mountains.     The     many      flower-stems,  , 
Summer  from  six  to  twelve  inches  tall,  are  over-  • 

California  topped  by  some  of  the  long,  narrow  leaves  ; 

and  the  flowers  are  from  one  and  a  half  to  two  inches  long, 
either  yellow,  veined  with  violet,  or  pale- violet,  veined 
with  purple.  The  two  color  forms  often  grow  together 
and  attract  much  attention  from  tourists.  They  look 
very  pretty,  springing  from  a  carpet  of  fallen  pine-needles, , 
in  the  forests  along  the  Wawona  road  near  Yosemite. 

A  beautiful  kind,  forming  low  clumps 
Ground  Ins  . 

iris  macros\phon  of  many,  very  narrow  leaves,  from  five  to  > 
Blue,  purple  twenty  inches  long  and  much  taller  than 

Spring,  winter  the  flower-stalks.  The  handsome  flowers 
are  over  three  inches  across,  bright  pur- 
plish-blue, the  sepals  veined  with  darker  color  and  marked 
with  a  white  stripe.  This  is  common  on  grassy  hills  near 
the  coast  and  farther  inland  becomes  taller  and  paler  in  i 
color.  The  flowers  are  slightly  sweet-scented  and  begin 
to  bloom  in  January.  The  Hupa  Indians  used  the  leaves 
for  making  twine  and  rope  for  their  nets  and  snares. 
There  are  many  other  beautiful  western  Irises. 

68 


Iris    N^    Y  Douglasiana. 


IRIS  FAMILY.     Iridaceae. 


There  are  numerous  kinds  of  Sisyrinchium,  attractive 
little  plants,  all  American,  many  from  South  America? 
with  fibrous  roots;  grasslike  leaves;  slender,  flat  stems, 
sometimes  branching;  papery  and  green  bracts  and  pretty 
flowers,  that  soon  wither,  on  very  slender  pedicels,  the  six 
spreading  divisions  all  alike;  the  filaments  of  the  stamens 
united;  the  style  branches  slender,  the  capsule  roundish, 
containing  round  seeds. 

The  deep  blue  stars  of  this  pretty  plant 
Blue-Eyed  Grass 

Sisyrinchium  are  a  beautiful  feature  of  the  fields  near 
bellum  Santa  Barbara,  and  in  other  parts  of 

Blue  California,  in  summer;  in  fact  they  are  so 

plentiful  in  some  places  that  they  are  a 
menace  to  the  farmers.  They  grow  in 
clumps,  about  a  foot  tall,  among  the  grass.  The  stems 
are  somewhat  branching,  the  leaves  are  shorter  than  the 
stem,  and  the  bracts  are  about  an  inch  long,  green  and 
sheathing.  There  are  about  seven  flowers  on  each  stem,  in 
a  loose  cluster,  each  about  an  inch  across  and  handsomer 
than  their  relations  in  the  East.  They  vary  in  tint  from 
bright  blue  to  purple,  with  a  yellow  "eye, "  and  their  divi- 
sions are  prettily  notched  at  the  tips,  with  a  little  prong. 
The  anthers  are  arrow-shaped,  the  style  short,  with  three 
very  small  stigmas,  and  the  small,  oddly-shaped,  little 
capsule  is  dark-brown  when  ripe,  and  perhaps  suggested 
one  of  the  common  names,  Nigger-babies.  It  is  called 
Azulea  and  Villela  by  Spanish-Calif ornians. 

This  is  very  much  like  Blue-eyed  Grass, 

Grits  n~Eyed  but  the  flowers  are  briSht  yellow,  the 
Sisyrinchium  stems  are  about  a  foot  tall,  broadly  winged 
Californicum  and  not  branching,  and  the  leaves  are 

Yellow  somewhat   broader.     The   pretty   flowers 

Spring,  summer  ^Q  nearl  an  inch  acrosg  and  there  ^Q 
Cal.,  Oreg. 

from  three  to  seven  in  a  cluster.     The 

filaments  are  united  at  the  base  only,  the  style  is  cleft  to 
below  the  middle,  and  the  small  capsule  is  rather  oblong. 
This  grows  in  swampy  places  near  the  ocean.  S.  A  rizbni- 
cum  has  yellow  flowers  and  branching  stems  and  grows  in 
Arizona.  S.  Elmeri  also  has  yellow  flowers,  with  purple 
lines,  and  is  found  in  wet  places  in  the  Sierras.  When 
pressed  and  dried  the  yellow-flowered  Sisyrinchiums  stain 
the  paper  reddish-purple. 

70 


Blue-eye 
Grass. 


Sisyrinchium 
bellum. 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orchidaccae. 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orchidaceae. 

A  very  large  family,  most  abundant  in  the  tropics; 
curious  plants,  with  oddly  beautiful  flowers.  Perhaps 
because  they  are  also  rather  rare  they  seem  to  have  a 
peculiar  fascination  for  the  public;  in  fact  almost  any 
strangely-shaped  flower  is  apt  to  be  dubbed  an  orchid  by 
the  passer-by.  They  are  perennial  herbs,  with  various 
kinds  of  roots,  some  of  them  parasitic,  usually  with  alter- 
nate, toothless  leaves,  the  lower  ones  sheathing  the  stem. 
In  some  kinds  the  leaves  have  dwindled  to  scales.  The 
flowers  are  perfect,  irregular,  with  six  divisions;  the  three 
sepals  are  alike  and  colored  like  petals;  two  of  the  three 
petals  are  alike,  but  the  central  one  differs  in  size  and  shape 
and  is  called  the  lip.  This  is  conspicuously  colored,  often 
spurred,  and  contains  nectar  for  the  attraction  of  "  long- 
tongued"  insects,  on  which  these  plants  depend  mostly  for 
cross-pollination.  The  mechanism  for  this  purpose  is 
curious  and  interesting.  The  stigma  is  usually  a  broad 
sticky  surface  and  its  style  is  united  with  the  filaments  and 
forms,  in  front  of  the  lip,  a  column  which  is  usually  capped 
by  a  single  two-celled  anther,  containing  two  clusters  of 
pollen,  one  in  each  cell.  Each  cluster  consists  of  a  few 
waxy  grains,  held  together  by  cobweb-like  threads,  which 
run  together  and  terminate  in  a  sticky  disk.  These  disks 
adhere  to  the  insects,  which  push  in  to  get  the  nectar,  and 
are  transported  to  the  gummy  stigma  of  another  flower. 
The  inferior  ovary  develops  into  a  three-valved  capsule, 
containing  numerous  minute  seeds.  Orchis  is  the  ancient 
Greek  name. 

There  is  only  one  kindcf  Cephalanthera  in  North  America; 
with  creeping  rootstocks;  flowers  in  terminal  spikes,  with 
bracts;  sepals  and  petals  nearly  equal;  petals  somewhat 
united  and  hooded;  lip  more  or  less  pouched. 

In  dense  mountain  forests  these  strange 
Phantom  Orchis 

plants  shimmer  like  pallid  ghosts  among 


Austinae  the  dark  trees.     They  are  pure  translucent 

White  white  throughout,  stem  and  all,  and  the 

leaves  have  shrunk  to  white  sheaths,  an 
inch  or  two  long.     The  stems  are  one  to 
two  feet  tall  and  bear  spikes  of  numerous  flowers,  each  over 
half  an  inch  long,  with  the  lip  shorter  than  the  sepals  and 
72 


Phantom 
Orchis- 


Austinae. 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orchtdaccae. 


petals,  which  are  alike.  They  are  beautiful  and  yet  not 
quite  pleasing,  for  we  feel  instinctively  that  there  is  some- 
thing unnatural  about  them  and,  indeed,  the  strange 
absence  of  any  green  coloring  matter  in  their  make-up 
indicates  that  they  are  incapable  of  making  their  own 
food  from  the  elements  and  draw  their  nourishment  from 
decaying  vegetation,  or  are  parasitic  on  other  plants. 
They  range  northward  from  Yosemite  but  are  nowhere 
very  abundant.  I  found  several  growing  near  the  trail 
from  Little  Yosemite  Valley  to  Cloud's  Rest  and  a  good 
many  in  the  woods  near  the  foot  of  Mt.  Shasta,  where  they 
seem  to  be  quite  common. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Serapias,  widely  distributed; 
tall,  stout  herbs,  with  creeping  rootstocks  and  leafy  stems; 
the  leaves  plaited  lengthwise  and  clasping  at  base;  the 
flowers  with  leafy  bracts,  in  terminal  racemes.  The 
flowers  have  no  spur;  the  sepals  and  petals  are  separate 
and  nearly  equal;  the  lip  broad,  free,  concave  below, 
constricted  near  the  middle. 

A    handsome    plant,     decorative    and! 
Stream  Orchis        curious  in  form  and  unusual  in  coloring. 

Serai's  granted    Jt  is  from  one  to  four  feet  tall»  with  a  stout» 

(Epipactis)  leafy  stem  bearing  three  to  ten  flowers  and 

Reddish  and  smoothish  leaves,  with  prominent  veins. . 
greenish-yellow  The  lg  are  reddish  or  greenish-yellow 
Summer  .  ,  .  ,  .  ^  .  , 

West,  etc.  an(*    tne    petals    pinkish,    veined    with ) 

maroon.  The  lip  is  pouched  at  the  base, , 
with  a  winged  margin  and  a  pendulous  tip,  which  swings 
freely  as  if  on  a  hinge,  so  that  it  quivers  when  the  plant  is 
shaken.  Although  the  flowers  are  very  handsome  this 
curious  tremulous  motion,  which  makes  them  seem  almost 
alive,  gives  them  a  quaint  likeness  to  an  old  woman  in  a : 
sunbonnet,  with  a  hooked  nose  and  chattering  jaw.  They 
have  a  slight  scent  and  the  plant  is  quite  common  along 
streams  and  in  wet  places,  in  the  West  and  in  Colorado  and 
Texas.  Some  botanists  think  it  is  identical  with  a  variety 
which  grows  in  the  Himalaya  Mountains.  It  was  named 
for  the  Egyptian  deity,  Serapis. 


74 


Serapiasgigantea. 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orchidaceac. 


There  are  several  kinds  of  Corallorrhiza,  widely  dis* 
tributed  in  the  north  temperate  zone  and  growing  in  dense 
woods;  pinkish  or  straw-colored  plants,  more  or  less 
parasitic,  with  large  roots  resembling  branches  of  coral; 
the  leaves  all  reduced  to  sheathing,  papery  scales;  the 
flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  without  bracts,  on  short 
pedicels,  which  turn  down  in  fruit,  mostly  with  a  short 
spur,  the  sepals  and  petals  about  equal,  the  upper  ones 
curving  in. 

The  curious  knobby  rootstock,  shaped 

Coral-root  Jike  a  bit  of  CQral      iveg  the  name  to  thig 

Corallorrhiza  .      ,  . 

multifldra  strange  and  rather  unwholesome  looking 

Reddish-yellow  plant.  From  living  on  decayed  vegetation 
Summer  it  has  lost  its  green  leaves,  and  has  only  a 

Cal^u'tah™8*'        feW  PaPery  sheaths  in  their  place,  and  the 

thick,  translucent  stem  is  pale  and  smooth, 

from  one  to  two  feet  tall,  pink  at  the  base,  shading  to 

golden-brown  towards  the  top.     The  flowers,  less  than 

half  an  inch  across,  are  usually  yellow,  with  reddish-brown 

tips,  and  the  white,  three-lobed  lip  is  spotted  with  purple. 

The  buds  are  yellow  and  brown  and  the  whole  color  effect 

is  very  pretty,  as  if  the  plant  were  trying  to  match  the 

russet  tints  of  the  floor  of  the  forest.     The  flowers  vary 

from  several  to  many  and  grow  in  a  long  cluster,  hanging 

down  when  their  seeds   begin  to  ripen.      This  is  widely 

distributed,  growing  also  in  the  East,  but  nowhere  common. 

This  is  a  similar  plant,  but  handsomer, 

with  much  larger  flowers,  duller  in  coloring 

Corallorrhiza  .    1 

Bigelowii  anc*   striped   not   spotted.     Instead   of  a 

Reddish-yellow  spur  the  base  of  the  sepals  is  swollen  over 

Summer  the  ovary,  which  develops  gradually  into 

"        an  oblong  f ruit  to  which  th^  flower  stiU 
clings,  so  that  the  older  flowers,  on  the 

lower  part  of  the  stalk,  give  an  odd  effect  of  having  long, 
swollen  necks.  The  seeds  are  small  and  numerous. 
There  are  other  kinds,  similar  in  general  effect. 


Flowers  of 
C.Bigelowii. 


Coral-1 
CoraJlorrhiza 


root- 
\muHiflop3u 


ORCHID  FAMILY.     Orchidaceae. 


There  are  numerous  kinds  of  Limnorchis;  the  lowen 
leaves  clasping  or  sheathing  the  stem  ;  the  flowers  mostly  in 
spikes  or  racemes;  sepals  nearly  equal,  petals  mostly 
smaller  than  the  sepals;  lip  spreading  or  drooping,  not 
toothed  or  lobed,  with  a  spur.  The  Latin  name  means 
"marsh-dweller.  " 

Often  in   some  favorable  corner  of  a 

Sierra  Rein  Orchis  marsh     near    the    wood       we  see    a 

Limnorckis  . 

leucositichys  dozen  of  these  lovely  plants,  their  robust 

(Habenario)  leafy  stalks  sometimes  as  much  as  four 

White  feet  tall,   rearing  their  delicate  spires  of 


a"""©™       Washbl°°m 

'narrow     leaves     are     bright-green      and 

smooth  and  the  numerous,  small,  delicate  blossoms, 
sprinkled  thickly  along  the  stem,  are  pure  white,  each  with 
a  very  long  spur  like  a  little  tail,  each  with  a  green  bract 
at  the  base  of  its  little  pedicel,  and  deliciously  fragrant. 
There  are  several  similar  kinds,  mostly  with  green  flowers; 
this  is  the  handsomest  and  least  rare. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Cypripedium,  with  large,  broad 
leaves  and  one  or  several,  large,  drooping  flowers,  with  two 
fertile  anthers,  with  short  filaments,  one  on  each  side  of 
the  column  below  the  stigma,  and  a  conspicuous,  petal- 
like,  sterile  anther,  arching  over  the  stigma.  They  are 
easily  known  by  the  curious  lip,  which  is  a  large  inflated 
sac,  suggesting  both  the  common  names,  Lady's  Slipper 
and  Indian  Moccasin,  and  the  Greek,  meaning  "foot  of 
Venus." 

Beautiful  and  decorative,  with  a  stout, 
Mountain  Lady's    hairy  stem>  Qne  to  twQ  feet  tall  and  a  few, 

Cypripedium  handsome  flowers,  rich  and  harmonious 
monttinum  though  not  brilliant  in  coloring,  with  a 

Brown  and  white  lip  about  an  inch  long,  dull-white,  veined. 
Summer  witk  purpie  and  brownish  or  purplish 

Northwest 

sepals  and  petals,  very  long,  narrow,  and 

twisted.  This  grows  in  mountain  woods  and  is  found 
around  Yosemite.  There  is  a  picture  in  Miss  Parsons's 
Wild  Flowers  of  California.  C.  Calif  ornicum  is  similar,  but 
with  more  flowers,  the  sepals  and  petals  greenish-yellow, 
the  lip  pinkish.  C.  parviflbrum  has  a  yellow  lip  and 
purplish  sepals  and  grows  in  northern  woods,  across  the1! 
continent.  None  of  these  plants  is  common. 


Sierra 
ReinOrchis 


i  Limnorchis 
leuchostachys. 


LIZARD-TAIL  FAMILY.     Saururaceac. 


LIZARD-TAIL.     Saururaceoe. 

A  small  family ;  ours  are  perennial  astringent  herbs,  with 
alternate,  toothless  leaves,  with  leaf -stalks;  flowers  perfect, 
with  bracts,  in  a  dense,  terminal  spike,  without  calyx  or 
corolla;  stamens  generally  three  or  six;  ovary  with  one  to 
five  stigmas;  fruit  a  capsule  or  berry. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  Anemopsis. 
__    .     ,,  This  plant  bears  several,  large,  cream- 

Yerba  Mansa 

Anem6psis  white  flowers,  which  at  the  first  glance 

CaUfdrnica  appear  to  have  from  five  to  eight  petals 

White  and  a  long,  projecting  knob  in  the  center, 

?p"n?  .  but  what  appears  to  be  a  corolla  is  in 

Cal.,  Ariz. 

reality  an  involucre,  about  an  inch  and  a 

half  across,  and  surrounding  the  base  of  a  long,  conical 
spike  of  numerous,  small,  greenish  flowers.  These  are 
half -sunk  in  the  fleshy  substance,  of  the  spike  and  have  no 
sepals  or  petals,  but  each  has  a  small,  white  bract  at  its 
base,  so  that  the  spike  appears  to  be  covered  with  scales 
symmetrically  arranged.  The  flower  has  from  six  to  eight 
-stamens  on  the  base  of  the  ovary  and  from  three  to  four 
stigmas.  The  ovaries,  which  are  superior,  form  small  pods, 
opening  at  the  top  when  ripe,  so  that  in  the  end  the  spike 
is  neatly  pitted  with  holes.  The  rather  thick,  hollow, 
reddish  stems  are  from  six  inches  to  two  feet  tall,  covered 
with  hair,  and  the  smooth,  light-green  leaves,  from  two  to 
ten  inches  long,  are  mostly  from  the  root,  with  leaf- 
stalks which  broaden  at  the  base  and  partly  sheathe  the 
stem.  The  creeping  rootstocks  are  peppery  and  acrid, 
used  medicinally,  and  considered  exceedingly  valuable  by 
Spimish-Californians.  These  pretty,  odd-looking  plants 
grow  in;  alkaline  or  salty  swamps jn  the  south.  The  name 
is  from  the  Greek  meaning  "anemone"  and  "appearance," 
but  the  flowers  do  not  look  very  much  like  Anemones. 


80 


Yerba 


Anemopsis  CaJifornica. 


SANDALWOOD  FAMILY.     Santalaceac. 


SANDALWOOD  FAMILY.     Santaloceae. 

This  is  a  very  small  family  in  this  country,  for  the} 
prefer  the  tropics,  and  in  those  regions  some  are  trees. 
Ours  are  usually  parasitic  on  the  roots  of  their  neighbors. 
They  have  toothless,  mostly  alternate  leaves,  mostly 
without  leaf-stalks  or  stipules,  and  small  flowers,  with  a 
four-  or  five-lobed  calyx  and  no  corolla.  The  four  or  five 
stamens  are  opposite  the  calyx  lobes,  at  the  edge  of  a 
fleshy  disk,  and  the  ovary  is  one-celled  and  inferior,  with 
one  style,  developing  into  a  one-seeded  fruit. 

There  are  four  kinds  of  Comandra,  one  of  them  European; 
smooth,  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  flowers 
in  clusters,  without  bracts.  The  calyx  is  more  or  less 
bell-shaped,  usually  with  five  lobes,  its  tube  lined  with  a 
disk,  the  stamens  inserted  at  base  of  the  lobes  and  the 
anthers  attached  to  the  lobes  by  tufts  of  hairs. 

This  is  a  rather  pretty  plant,  growing 
Pale  Comandra  .  '  & 

Comandra  pdllida   from   a   few   mches   to   about   a   foot    talL 

Flesh-color,  branching  and  rather  woody  below,  with 

greenish,  purplish  pale-green,  smooth,  slightly  thickish, 
Spring,  summer  rather  stiff  ieaves,  which  are  reduced  to 
Northwest,  Nev., 

Utah,  Ariz.  pinkish  scales  on  the  lower  stem.     The 

flowers  are  small,  usually  flesh-color, 
thickish  in  texture,  with  slender  pedicels,  and  form  ter- 
minal, rather  flat-topped  clusters.  The  fruit,  which  is 
about  the  size  of  a  small  pea,  is  crowned  by  the  remains  of 
the  calyx,  like  a  rose-hip.  This  is  common  on  dry  plains 
and  hillsides  and  is  noticeable  because  of  its  pale  and 
somewhat  peculiar  coloring. 


PaleComandra-         [f  C.pallida 


BIRTHWORT  FAMILY.    Artstolochiaceae. 


BIRTHWORT   FAMILY.     Aristolochiaceae 

A  rather  small  family,  chiefly  of  warm  countries,  buti 
widely  distributed ;  herbs  or  shrubs ;  the  leaves  alternate  or 
from  the  root,  with  leaf-stalks,  more  or  less  heart-shaped, 
without  stipules;  the  flowers  perfect,  mostly  large,  sym- 
metrical or  irregular  in  form,  with  or  without  a  corolla;  the 
calyx  with  three  or  six  lobes,  or  irregular;  the  stamens  six 
to  many,  inserted  on  the  pistil ;  the  ovary  wholly  or  partly 
inferior;  the  fruit  a  mostly  six-celled  capsule,  containing 
many  seeds. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Asarum. 

The  handsome  leaves  of  this  perennial 
Wild  Ginger 

Asarum  Hartwegi  are  lts  conspicuous  feature.     They  have 
Brown  long,    hairy    leaf-stalks    and    are    heart- 

Spring  shaped  and  toothless,  from  three  to  five 

*'    rcg"  inches  broad,   dark   rich   green,   prettily 

veined  and  often  also  beautifully  mottled  with  white, 
smooth  on  the  upper  surface  and  hairy  on  the  under.  We 
notice  them  immediately  in  the  damp,  dark  woods  they 
live  in,  but  unless  we  look  carefully  we  miss  the  single, 
large,  strange,  purplish-brown  flower,  the  color  of  dead 
leaves,  which  nestles  close  to  the  ground  as  if  trying  to 
hide  itself.  This  has  twelve  stamens,  with  stout  filaments, 
and  six  styles,  united  at  the  base.  There  are  no  petals, 
but  the  hairy  calyx  has  three  lobes,  which  are  sometimes 
an  inch  and  a  half  long,  and  have  long  points  like  tails. 
The  seed-vessel  is  roundish,  crowned  by  the  withered 
calyx  and  stamens.  The  rootstock  cannot  be  used  as  a  < 
substitute  for  ginger,  but  smells  and  tastes  very  aromatic 
and  pungent.  This  resembles  the  Wild  Ginger  of  th« 
East,  but  is  handsomer. 


Y  2&v,,,  /  ,vlsM  v  vx^W//;//M<   7    }>-^l 


Wild  Ginger-     As^rum  Hartwegi. 


BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.    Polygonaceae. 


BUCKWHEAT    FAMILY.     Polygonoceae. 

A  large  family,  widely  distributed,  mostly  herbs  or  low 
shrubs,  with  toothless  leaves,  often  with  stipules  sheathing 
the  swollen  joints  of  the  stem.  The  small  flowers  have  no 
petals,  the  calyx  usually  resembles  a  corolla  and  has  from 
three  to  six  divisions.  There  are  from  four  to  nine  stamens 
and  a  superior,  mostly  triangular,  ovary,  with  two  or  three 
styles  or  stigmas,  becoming  a  dry,  one-seeded  fruit,  gener- 
ally brown  or  black.  The  kind  from  which  flour  is  made  is 
cultivated  from  northern  Asia,  and  the  name  Buckwheat, 
from  the  German,  means  "beech- wheat,"  because  the 
grain  resembles  minute  beech-nuts.  There  are  several 
common  "weeds"  belonging  to  this  family,  such  as  Dock, 
Sorrel,  and  Smartweed. 

Chorizanthes  are  low  herbs,  with  branching  stems, 
without  stipules,  the  leaves  forming  a  rosette  at  the  base 
and  withering  early.  The  small  flowers  have  six  sepals 
and  are  clustered  in  small  heads,  usually  one  flower  in  each 
papery  involucre,  which  has  from  two  to  six  teeth,  with 
bristles  at  the  tips;  stamens  usually  nine,  on  the  base  of  the 
perianth ;  styles  three,  with  round-top  stigmas. 

An    odd,    dry-looking    plant,    makings 
Turkish  Rugging         tt     patches  of  purpiish  color  on  dryi 

Chonzanthe  ^  *_ 

fimbritta  mesas.     The  stiff,  roughish,  purplish  stemi 

Piak  is  a  few  inches  tall,  springing  from  a  few<| 

Spring  dull-green  or  reddish  root-leaves,  branch- 

California  ing  abruptiy  an(j  widely  towards  the  top; 

and  bearing  many  small  flowers.  The  involucres  are 
deep-red  or  purple,  with  very  prickly  teeth,  the  sepals 
bright-pink,  prettily  fringed  with  white  and  striped  with 
deeper  color,  and  the  filaments  are  long  and  threadlike, 
with  purple  anthers.  The  flowers  are  exceedingly  pretty 
when  closely  examined,  though  too  small  to  be  very  effec- 
tive, but  the  plant  as  a  whole  is  conspicuous  both  in  color 
and  form.  C.  staticoides  is  similar,  but  the  sepals  are  not 
fringed. 


86 


Turkish 
Rugging 


Chorizanthe 


BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.     Polygonaccae. 


There  are  many  kinds  of  Rumex,  or  Dock,  coarse  herbs, 
with  leafy,  branching,  grooved  stems,  sheathed  with  con- 
spicuous, papery  stipules,  strong  tap-roots  and  acid  or 
bitter  juice.  The  large  leaves  are  alternate,  with  smooth 
or  wavy  edges;  the  flowers  small,  greenish  or  reddish,  on 
jointed  pedicels,  in  branching  clusters;  the  stamens  six; 
the  styles  three,  the  stigmas  shield-shaped,  with  a  tuft  of 
hairs  at  the  tip.  The  six  divisions  of  the  flower  are  in  twc 
sets,  the  three  outer  small  and  green,  the  inner  ones  larger, 
colored  and  becoming  veiny  and  larger  in  fruit,  forming 
valves  or  wings,  (often  with  a  grain  on  the  back  of  one  or 
all  of  them,)  which  closely  cover  the  three-sided  fruit. 
These  wings  make  the  fruits  of  Docks  more  conspicuous 
than  the  flower.  The  Latin  name  comes  from  a  word 
meaning  "to  suck,"  because  the  Romans  sucked  the  leaves 
to  allay  thirst. 

In  favorable  situations  this  is  a  very 
Sand  Dock  ..  ,    . 

Rumex  vendsus       handsome  member  of  a  rather  plain  genus, 

Greenish  about  a  foot  tall,  with  a  smooth,  stout 

Spring,  summer  reddish  stem  and  smooth,  pale,  blue-green 
West  leaves,  that  feel  like  'thin  rubber,  with  *\ 

prominent  mid-vein  front  and  back.  The  small  incon- 
spicuous flowers  develop  into  clusters  of  showy  valves  or 
wings,  wonderfully  odd  and  beautiful  in  coloring,  resem- 
bling Begonia  flowers.  At  first  these  wings  are  pale  green, 
but  they  gradually  brighten  until  they  are  all  shades  of 
salmon,  rose-color,  and  red,  fading  to  brown,  and  forming 
lovely  combinations  of  vivid  color,  particularly  against  the 
arid  background  of  the  sand  hills  they  frequent,  and  they 
last  a  long  time  in  water  and  are  exceedingly  decorative. 
If  these  wings,  which  are  nearly  an  inch  across,  are  pulled 
apart,  a  three-sided  akene,  like  a  little  nut,  will  be  found 
inside  them. 


88 


Sand  Dock 


Rumex  venosus. 


BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.     Polygonaceac 


There  are  many  kinds  of  Eriogonum,  herbs  or  shrubs, 
natives  of  America,  mostly  western,  growing  in  dry  places, 
very  numerous  and  difficult  to  distinguish.  The  leaves, 
without  sheaths  or  stipules,  are  often  covered  with  white 
down  and  usually  grow  in  a  spreading  cluster  at  the  base  of 
the  stem.  The  numerous  small  flowers,  on  very  slender 
little  pedicels,  have  six  sepals,  thin  in  texture  and  usually 
colored,  and  form  clusters  of  various  shapes,  which  emerge 
from  more  or  less  bell-shaped  or  top-shaped  involucres, 
with  six  teeth.  There  are  nine  stamens,  with  threadlike 
filaments,  often  hairy,  and  a  three-parted  style  with  round- 
top  stigmas.  The  name  is  from  the  Greek  meaning 
"  wooly  knees, "  in  allusion  to  the  wooly  joints  of  the  stem. 
This  is  a  most  extraordinary  looking 
Eriogonum  plant,  with  queer  inflated,  hollow  stalks, 

inflatum  about  two  feet  high,   swelling  larger  to- 

Yellow  wards  the  top,  and  the  branches,  which 

pnng  are  also  swollen,  sticking  out  awkwardly 

Southwest  ... 

in  all  directions  and  bearing  a  few  minute, 

yellow  flowers.  The  stalks,  which  are  pale  bluish-green, 
suggest  some  strange  sort  of  reed,  but  the  dark-green 
leaves,  growing  in  a  rosette  at  the  base,  are  something  like 
the  leaves  of  cultivated  violets  and  seem  entirely  out  of 
keeping  with  the  rest  of  the  plant.  This  grows  on  the 
plateau  in  the  Grand  Canyon  and  in  similar  places. 

This  is  about  a  foot  and  a  half  tall  and 
Swollen-stalk 

Eriogonum  cltoum  fche  stem  1S  swollen,  but  not  so  much  so  as 
White,  pink  the  last,  and  the  flowers  are  more  con- 

Summer  spicuous,  forming  rather  flat-topped  clus- 

Northwest  ier^    akout    three-quarters    of    an    inch 

across.  The  tiny  flowers  are  cream-white  or  pinkish,  the 
buds  are  deep-pink,  and  the  stamens  are  long,  with  tiny, 


Swol  len-  stalk 
El.  el^tum. 


Bottle-plant- 


inf  latum. 


BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.     Polygonsiccac. 


pinkish  anthers.  The  leaves  are  dull-green  on  the  upper 
side  and  pale  with  close  down  on  the  under  and  grow  in  1 
cluster  at  the  base. 

These  are  attractive  plants,  with  pretty 
Snow  Balls  '  °^  little  balls  of  flowers,  and  are  very 
Eridgonum  conspicuous  on  dry,  rocky  mesas.  They 

orthocaulon^  have  a  number  of  slender,  pale,  downy 

Yellow,  white         stems,    about   ten    inches    tall,    springing 

Spring,  summer 

Northwest  from  a  close  clump  of  small,   dull-green 

leaves,  pale  with  down  on  both  sides  and 
the  smaller  ones  almost  white,  and  bearing  at  the  tip  a 
dense  flower-cluster,  about  an  inch  and  a  half  across,  which 
is  very  fuzzy  and  pretty.  The  little  flowers  have  cream- 
color,  downy  involucres,  the  outer  sepals  are  broader  than 
the  inner,  and  the  pedicels,  stamens,  and  pistil  are  all  the 
same  color  as  the  sepals,  either  very  bright  sulphur-yellow 
or  cream-white,  but  not  mixed  on  the  same  plant,  and 
sometimes  tinged  with  red.  These  flowers  are  very  popu- 
lar with  children  in  Idaho  and  they  make  necklaces  of  the 
fuzzy  balls,  something  like  "daisy  chains." 

This  is  a  big  handsome  plant,  with  a 

Endgonum  .  .   „ 

compositum  thicK,  smooth  stem,  one  or  two  feet  tall 

White,  yellow  and   woody   at   base,   and   with   thickish 

Summer  leaves,  slightly  downy,  dark  green  in  color 

Northwest  Qn   ^  upper  g^e  an(j   white   wjth   ciose 

down  on  the  under.  The  flowers  form  feathery,  cream- 
white  or  yellow  clusters,  often  more  than  six  inches  across, 
with  red  buds,  and  are  beautiful  and  conspicuous  on  bare 
mountainsides,  smelling  of  honey. 


92 


~&A$ys 


Eriogonum 
compositum 


BUCKWHEAT  FAMILY.     Polygonaceae. 


_    ,    .  In  favorable  situations  this  is  an  attrac- 

Buckwheat  Bush,     . 

Flat-top  tlve  snrub,  from  two  to  four  feet  nigh, 

Eridgonum  with    shreddy,    reddish    bark    and    long, 

fasciculatum  straight  branches,  standing  stiffly  up  and 

^hite  crowded    with    small,     thickish,     stiffish 

Spring,  summer 

Southwest  leaves,  dark  olive-green  on  the  upper  side 

and  pale  with  down  on  the  under,  with 
rolled-back  margins.  The  flowers  are  about  three-eighths 
of  an  inch  across,  dull-white  or  pinkish,  with  pink  buds, 
forming  large,  feathery,  flat-topped  clusters,  on  long,  stiff, 
bare,  reddish  flower-stalks,  standing  up  stiffly  all  over  the 
bush.  This  is  a  very  valuable  bee-plant  and  grows  on 
mesas  and  mountain  slopes. 

This  plant  is  quite  pretty  and  conspic- 
Sulphur  Flower 

Eridgonum  BZkeri  uous»  as  the  nowers  are  bright  in  color  and 
Yellow,  Summer  a  peculiar  shade  of  sulphur  yellow.  The 
Ariz.,  Utah,  New  stem  is  downy  and  often  reddish,  about  a 
Mex.,  Col.,  Wyo.  foQt  ^  with  twQ  Qr  three  branches  at 

the  top,  each  bearing  a  cluster  of  numerous  small  sweet- 
scented  flowers  with  pretty  stamens.  The  gray-green 
leaves  grow  mostly  in  a  rosette  on  the  ground  and  are 
covered  with  close  white  down  on  the  under  side.  Their 
soft  tints  tone  in  well  with  the  bright  color  of  the  flowers 
and  the  pale  sandy  soil  in  which  they  grow.  E.  flavum  is 
similar  and  widely  distributed.  E.  incdmim  is  the  same 
color  but  much  smaller,  often  tinged  with  red,  the  gray 
leaves  forming  a  dense  velvety  mat,  and  it  grows  at  high 
altitudes,  in  sandy  spots  on  rocks,  and  is  found  around  the 
Yosemite  Valley.  The  alpine  form  is  very  small.  There 
are  several  other  kinds  of  Sulphur  Flower . 


94 


Buckwheat  Bush- 


Eriogonum 

fasciculatum. 


Sulphur 
Flower- 

E.Bakeri. 


PIGWEED  FAMILY.    Chenopodiaceac. 


A  pretty  desert  variety  of  Wild  Buck* 
Wild  Buckwheat        .'.,£.  •      f 

Eriogonum  wheat.     The   pale   downy   stem   is   from 

racemdsum  one  to  two  feet  tall,  rather  stout,  with  two 

Pink,  white  Or  three  erect  branches  at  the  top,  and  the 

leaves  are  all  from  the  base,  gray-green  in 
color  and  covered  with  close  white  down 
on  the  under  side.  The  small  white  and  pink  flowers  are 
clustered  along  the  branches  in  small  heads,  with  reddish 
involucres,  forming  a  spike  about  three  inches  long.  The 
whole  effect  of  the  plant  is  curiously  pale,  but  quite  pretty. 
It  grows  plentifully  on  the  rim  of  the  Grand  Canyon. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Polygonum,  East  and  West, 
many  of  them  insignificant,  some  aquatic,  some  woody  at 
base,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  sheathing  stipules;  the 
sepals  four  or  five;  the  stamens  five  to  nine;  the  style  with 
two  or  three  branches  and  round-top  stigmas.  The  name 
is  from  the  Greek,  meaning  "many  knees,"  in  allusion  to 
the  swollen  joints  of  some  kinds. 

This  is  about  two  feet  tall,  very  pretty 
Knot-weed 

Alpine  Smartweed and  rather  conspicuous,  and  the  general 
Polygonum  effect  of  the  smooth  stem  and  sheathing, 

bistoriotdes  green  leaves  is  somewhat  grasslike.     The 

flowers,  which  are  small  and  cream-white, 
West  with  pretty  stamens  and  pinkish  bracts, 

grow  in  close,  roundish,  pointed  heads,  an 
inch  or  two  long,  at  the  tips  of  the  stalks.  The  buds  are 
pink  and  the  heads  in  which  the  flowers  have  not  yet  come 
out  look  as  if  they  were  made  of  pink  beads.  This  is  an 
attractive  plant,  growing  among  the  tall  grasses  in  moun- 
tain meadows,  and  smells  deliciously  of  honey. 

PIGWEED  FAMILY.     Chenopodiaceae. 

A  large  family,  widely  distributed,  growing  usually  in 
salty  or  alkaline  soil;  herbs  or  shrubs,  generally  succulent 
and  salty  or  bitter,  often  covered  with  white  scurf  or  meal, 
without  stipules;  leaves  thick,  usually  alternate,  sometimes 
.none;  flowers  perfect  or  imperfect,  small,  greenish,  without 
petals;  calyx  with  two  to  five  sepals,  rarely  with  only  one, 
pistillate  flowers  sometimes  with  no  calyx;  stamens  as 
many  as  the  sepals,  or  fewer,  and  opposite  them;  ovary 
mostly  superior  with  one  to  three  styles  or  stigmas;  fruit 
small,  dry,  with  one  seed,  sometimes  with  a  bladder-like 
96 


Wild 
Buckwheat 


inogonum 
racemosum. 


Alpine 
Smartweed- 

Polygonum 
bistortoides 


PIGWEED  FAMILY.    Chenopodiaceae. 


covering.  Spinach  and  Beets  belong  to  this  family;  many 
are  "weeds,"  such  as  Lamb's  Quarters. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  Grayia,  named  after  Asa  Gray; 
low  shrubs;  the  stamens  and  pistils  in  separate  flowers,  on 
the  same  or  on  different  plants. 

An    odd    and    beautiful    desert    shrub, 

op  Sage  about  three  feet  high,  very  dense  in  form, 

Grayta  spinosa  .        .                .                 ' 

(G.  polygaloldes)  Wlth  interlacing,  angular,  gray  branches, 

Greenish,  with  spiny  and  crowded  with  small,  alternate, 

red  bracts  toothless  leaves,  pale-green  and  thickish, 

5prjf g  T  but  not  stiff.     The  flowers  are  small  and 

Calif.,  Ney., 

Utah,  Ariz.  inconspicuous,  but  the  pistillate  ones  are 

enveloped  in  conspicuous  bracts,  which 
enlarge  and  become  papery  in  fruit,  something  like  those 
of  Docks,  and  often  change  from  yellowish-green  to  all 
sorts  of  beautiful,  bright,  warm  tints  of  pink,  or  to  magenta, 
and  the  branches  become  loaded  with  beautifully  shaded 
bunches  of  these  curious  seed-vessels,  giving  a  strange, 
crowded  look  to  the  shrub,  which  in  favorable  situations, 
such  as  the  Mohave  Desert,  makes  splendid  masses  of 
color,  especially  when  contrasted  with  the  pale  gray  of 
Sage-brush. 

There  is  only  one  kind  of  Cycloloma;  leaves  alternate, 
smooth  or  downy,  irregularly  toothed;  flowers  perfect  or 
pistillate,  with  five  sepals,  five  stamens,  and  two  or  three 
styles;  fruit  winged  horizontally. 

Very  curious  round  plants,  six  to 
Tumbleweed  twenty  inches  high,  usually  purple  all 
Cycloloma  .  •«_•... 

airiplidfolium  over»  sometimes  green  and  rarely  white, 
Purple  or  green  giving  a  brilliant  effect  in  the  fall  to  the 
Summer  sandy  wastes  they  inhabit.  They  are  a 

West  of  Mis-  mass  Q£  interlacing  branches,  with  hardly 
sissippi  River 

any  leaves,  except  at  the  base,  and  very 

small  flowers.  When  their  seeds  are  ripe,  and  they  are 
dry  and  brittle,  the  wind  easily  uproots  them  and  starts 
them  careening  across  the  plain,  their  seeds  flying  out  by 
the  way.  They  turn  over  and  over  and  leap  along,  as  if 
they  were  alive,  bringing  up  at  last  against  a  wire  fence,  or 
some  such  obstacle,  where  perhaps  a  traveler  sees  them 
from  the  train  and  wonders  at  the  extraordinary-looking, 
dry,  round  bunches.  There  are  other  Tumble-weeds, 
such  as  Tumbling  Mustard,  Sisymbrium  allissimum,  and 
Amardnthus  dlbus,  not  of  this  family. 


Hop 


polyqaloides. 


FOUR-O'CLOCK  FAMILY.     Nyctaginaucac. 


FOUR-O'CLOCK  FAMILY.     Nyctaginaceac. 

A  rather  large  family,  widely  distributed,  most  abun- 
dant in  America.  Ours  are  herbs,  often  succulent,  with 
no  stipules;  stems  often  fragile,  swollen  at  the  joints; 
leaves  opposite,  usually  toothless,  often  unequal;  flowers 
perfect,  with  no  petals,  but  the  calyx  colored  like  a  corolla, 
with  four  or  five  lobes  or  teeth,  and  more  or  less  funnel- 
shaped;  one  or  several  flowers  in  a  cluster  with  an  in- 
volucre; stamens  three  to  five,  with  slender  filaments; 
style  one,  with  a  round-top  stigma;  the  green  base  of  the 
calyx  drawn  down  around  the  ovary,  making  it  appear 
inferior,  and  hardening  into  a  nutlike  fruit ;  seeds  sometimes 
winged. 

Quamoclidions  have  the  odd  habit  of  opening  in  the 
afternoon,  hence  the  common  name,  Four-o'clock.  The 
flowers  usually  have  five  stamens,  and  are  grouped  several 
together  in  a  cluster,  which  emerges  from  an  involucre 
so  much  resembling  a  calyx  that  it  is  often  mistaken  for  one. 
The  effect  is  of  the  flowers  having  clubbed  together  and 
made  one  calyx  do  for  the  lot.  The  fruit  is  hard,  smooth, 
and  roundish. 

Four-o'clock  The  leaves  of  this  low,  stout,  and  spread- 

QuamocUdion  ing  perennial  are  an  inch  or  two  long,  light 
multifldrum.  bluish-green,  somewhat  heart-shaped, 

(Mirabilis)  rather  rough  and  coarse,  and  the  stems 

Pink,  purple  _.       .  ,. 

Spring  are  °ften  hairy  and  sticky.     The  foliage 

Southwest  and  contrasts  strikingly  in  color  with  the 
Col.  gaudy  pink  or  magenta  flowers,  an  inch 

across  and  slightly  sweet-scented,  the  shape  of  Morning- 
glories  and  resembling  them,  as  they  have  the  same  stripes 
of  deeper  color.  The  long  stamens  droop  to  one  side,  the 
pistil  is  long  and  purple  and  the  bell-shaped  involucre 
contains  about  six  flowers.  These  plants  are  conspicuous 
and  quite  handsome.  They  grow  on  the  plateau  in  the 
Grand  Canyon. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Hesperonia,  much  like  Quamo- 
clidion,  but  the  bell-shaped  involucre  contains  only  one 
flower,  which  is  also  bell-shaped,  usually  with  five  separate 
stamens.  The  fruit  is  roundish,  not  angled  or  ribbed, 
usually  smooth. 

100 


Four  o'clock-        Quamoclidion  multiflorurru 


FOUR,.0'CtOCK  FAMILY.     Nyctaglnaceae. 


This    is    very    common    in    southern 

California  and  forms  <}uite  larSe'  low 
Hesperdnia  clumps  cf  rather  yellowish  green,  sticky 

\^Cvlif6rnica.  and  hairy  foliage,  sprinkled  with  numbers 

\Mirabilis)  of   bright   little   flowers,   opening   in   the 

Magenta,  pink       afternoon.     The  base  is  woody  and  the 

Spring,  summer  . 

California  weak,  hairy  stems  are  supported  on  bushes, 

?.s  if  climbing  over  them.  The  leaves 
are  rather  thick,  about  an  inch  long,  and  the  flowers  are 
open  bell-shaped,  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  across, 
usually  magenta,  but  often  pink  of  various  shades,  some- 
times quite  pale  in  tint  with  long  stamens  drooping  to  one 
side,  and  the  involucre  is  often  purplish  and  very  hairy  and 
sticky.  The  effect  at  a  distance  is  gay  and  attractive, 
though  the  plant  is  not  quite  so  pretty  close  by. 
Hesperdnia  This  has  a  straggling,  hairy,  sticky 

glutindsa  var.         stem,  over  a  foot  long,  and  thickish,  dull- 
grddlis  green    leaves,     hairy    and    sticky.     The 

White,  pinkish        flowers  are  about  half  an  inch  longf  white 

Arizona  or  tinged  with  pink,  and  are  rather  delicate 

and  pretty,  though  the  plant  is  not  es- 
pecially attractive.  It  blooms  at  night,  the  flowers 
gradually  closing  with  the  morning  sun.  This  variety  is 
common  in  the  southern  part  of  the  state,  in  mountain 
canyons,  and  Hesperonia  glutinosa  is  common  in  the 
north. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Abronia,  all  American,  with 
branching,  usually  sticky-hairy  stems,  thick,  toothless 
leaves,  with  leaf-stalks,  in  pairs  and  one  of  each  pair 
somewhat  larger  than  the  other.  The  flowers  are  more 
or  less  salver-form,  with  five  lobes,  a  threadlike  style,  and 
from  three  to  five,  unequal  stamens,  on  the  tube  of  the 
perianth  and  not  protruding  from  it.  They  are  numerous 
and  in  clusters,  with  involucres,  on  long  flower-stalks, 
from  the  angles  of  the  leaves.  The  fruit  is  winged.  The 
name  is  from  the  Greek  meaning  graceful,  but  most  of  these 
plants  are  rather  awkward  in  their  manner  of  growth. 


102 


Hesperonia 
glutinos^ 


FOUR-O'CLOCK  FAMILY.    Nyctaginaceae. 


Sand  Puffs  This  plant  is,  as  a  whole,  so  delicately 

Abrdnia  sdlsa  tinted  and  so  decorative  in  form,  that  it  is 

White  most  attractive,  particularly  against  the 

Spring,  summer,  gandy  ^  where  it  grows>  deserving  the 

Utah  Greek  name  more  than  some  of  its  slightly 

awkward  sisters.  It  is  about  fourteen 
inches  tall,  with  a  stoutish,  rather  straggling,  prostrate 
stem,  which  is  pale,  pinkish,  sticky  and  fuzzy.  The  leaves 
have  long  leaf-stalks  and  are  pale  bluish-green,  leathery 
and  smooth,  but  fuzzy  on  the  mid-vein  of  the  under  side, 
and  the  flowers  are  numerous,  rather  small,  in  handsome 
roundish  clusters,  which  are  about  two  inches  across,  with 
a  papery,  pinkish  or  yellowish  involucre,  of  about  five, 
separate,  rounded  bracts.  The  calyx  is  corolla-like  and 
salver-form,  with  a  long,  yellowish  or  greenish  tube  and 
five  lobes,  prettily  crinkled  at  the  edges.  The  seed- 
vessel  is  very  curious,  resembling  a  round,  yellowish 
sponge,  with  hooks  sticking  out  of  it,  and  the  flowers  are 
deliciously  sweet-scented.  This  is  sometimes  called  Snow- 
ball. 

The  coloring  of  this  plant,  one  of  the 
Pink  Sand-Ver-  .  r   •       i  •    j     •       ±  -1  • 

bena  prettiest  of  its  kind,  is  staking  and  un- 

Abrdnia  vtlldsa       usual,    and   makes   it   very   conspicuous, 
Pinkish-lilac          growing  in  the  sand  near  the  sea  or  in  the 

Arl^Cal  Utah  desert-  The  thickish  leaves  are  light 
bluish-green  and  the  thick  stem,  which 
straggles  rather  awkwardly  over  the  ground,  is  a  peculiar 
shade  of  pink  and  sticky  and  hairy,  as  are  also  the  in- 
volucres. The  small  delicate  flowers  are  an  odd  tint  of 
pinkish-lilac,  light  but  vivid,  in  striking  contrast  to  the 
coloring  of  stems  and  foliage,  and  form  very  pretty  clusters, 
with  an  involucre  of  five  to  fifteen  papery  bracts.  They 
are  very  fragrant  and  look  much  like  garden  Verbenas,  sc 
the  name  is  not  so  unhappy  as  some.  A.  umbellata  has 
slender  stems  and  almost  smooth  leaves,  sometimes  with 
wavy  margins,  about  an  inch  long,  narrowed  at  base  to  a 
slender  leaf -stalk,  and  deep-pink  flowers.  It  is  common  all 
along  the  California  coast  and  blooms  in  the  summer  and 
autumn.  A.  maritima  is  found  from  Santa  Barbara  to 
San  Diego  and  is  a  very  stout,  coarse,  sticky  plant,  with 
«mall,  deep-magenta  flowers. 

104 


S&nd    Puffs- 
Abronia 


FOUR-O'CLOCK  FAMILY.    Nyctaglnaccae. 


bellow  Sand-  Pretty  at  a  distance,  but  rather  coarse 

Verbena  close  by,   a  straggling   plant,  with  long, 

Abrdnia  latifdlia     thick,  rubbery  stems,  lying  on  the  ground, 

Yellow  thickish  leaves,  and  small  yellow  flowers, 

Spring,  summer,       ,..-.,         -  j      r         • 

autumn  slightly     fragrant     and     forming     pretty 

Wash.,  Oreg.,       clusters  about  an  inch  and  a  half  across, 
Cal.  with  five  bracts.     This  is  common  along 

the  seashore,  blooming  more  or  less  all  through  the  year. 
It  has  a  long,  thick  root,  which  is  eaten  by  the  Indians. 

There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Allionia,  one  Asiatic, 
the  rest  American.  The  bell-shaped  flowers  have  unequal 
stamens,  usually  three,  on  the  receptacle.  The  peculiar, 
five-lobed  involucre,  which  becomes  large  and  papery 
after  flowering,  contains  from  three  to  five  flowers.  The 
fruit  is  ribbed  and  often  hairy.  The  shape  of  the  involucre 
probably  suggested  the  common  name  Umbrella-wort. 

A  pretty  plant,  one  to  four  feet  tall, 
Narrow-leaved 

Umbrella-wort       Wlth  a  slender  stem  and  long,   narrow, 
Allionia  line&ris     bluish-green  leaves,  with  somewhat  wavy 
Purple,  pink,          margins,  and  almost  no  leaf-stalks.     The 
:  flowers  are  fragile  and  pretty,  of  various 

Utah,  Ariz.,  etc.  shades  of  pink,  the  shape  of  small  Morning- 
glories,  half  an  inch  across,  the  stamens 
and  style  protruding.  There  are  from  three  to  five  in  a 
cluster,  in  a  purple  and  green  involucre.  This  involucre 
is  curious,  for  before  the  flowers  come  out  it  is  closed 
around  a  bunch  of  buds,  looking  as  if  it  were  itself  a  pretty 
five-angled  bud,  and  one  would  not  suspect  that  there  were 
other  little  buds  inside  it.  When  the  flowers  bloom  and 
drop,  which  they  do  very  soon,  this  involucre  unfolds  and 
expands  until  it  becomes  an  exceedingly  thin,  papery, 
five-lobed  disk,  three-quarters  of  an  inch  across,  veined 
with  purple,  very  pretty  and  delicate,  looking  like  an  odd 
little  flower  without  a  heart.  The  smooth  stem  forks 
towards  the  top  and  the  branches,  which  are  slightly  hairy, 
bear  numerous  clusters  of  involucres  with  flowers  inside 
them.  This  grows  in  dry  soil,  is  widely  distributed  and 
Sound  as  far  east  as  Illinois. 


106 


Involucre  of 
Allionia  linearis. 


Yellow  Sand  Verberm 
Abronialatifolia. 


CARPET-WEED  FAMILY.    Aizoaceae 


CARPET- WEED  FAMILY.     Aizoaceae. 

Not  a  very  large  family,  mostly  natives  of  warm  regions. 
Ours  are  branching  herbs,  lying  mostly  on  the  ground; 
leaves  mostly  opposite  or  in  whorls;  flowers  perfect;  sepals 
four  or  five;  petals  numerous,  small  or  none;  stamens  few 
or  many,  usually  on  the  calyx;  ovary  sometimes  superior; 
fruit  a  capsule.  In  this  country  most  of  this  family  are 
dull  little  plants,  with  inconspicuous  flowers. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Mesembryanthemum,  mostly 
African;  ours  are  smooth,  very  succulent  perennials; 
without  stipules;  leaves  opposite;  calyx-lobes  unequal  and 
leaf-like;  petals  long,  narrow  and  very  numerous,  inserted 
with  the  innumerable  stamens  on  the  calyx-tube;  ovary 
with  ten  or  twelve  styles,  becoming  a  sort  of  berry,  con- 
taining many  minute  seeds,  and  opening  at  the  top  in 
rainy  weather.  The  terribly  long  name  is  from  the  Greek, 
meaning  "noonday  flower." 

One  of  the  queerest  looking  plants  that ' 
it  is  possible  to  imagine,  the  stout  stems 

Mesembryanthc-  ' 

mum  crystdllinum  and  larSe  flat  leaves  thickly  encrusted 
White,  pinkish  with  millions  of  small  translucent  beads, 
Spring  resembling  glass  or  ice  and  giving  a 

California  glistening  effect  to  the  whole  plant.    They 

cluster  especially  thickly  along  the  wavy  margins  and  under 
sides  of  the  leaves,  and  on  the  calyxes,  and  feel  quite  hard 
to  the  touch,  but  when  they  are  crushed  underfoot  they 
exude  a  watery  juice,  which  is  said  to  be  alkaline  and 
injurious  to  shoe-leather.  The  stems  and  leaves  are  light 
bright-green,  the  tips  and  margins  tinged  with  bright 
pinkish-red,  especially  on  dry  mesas,  where  this  plant 
sometimes  covers  the  ground  for  long  distances  with  flat 
rosettes,  forming  a  thick,  red  carpet,  beautiful  in  color. 
In  shadier,  damper  places,  such  as  the  crevices  in  the  sea- 
cliffs  at  La  Jolla,  it  becomes  quite  a  large,  tall  plant, 


108 


Ice-plant 
Mesembryahthemum  cryst^llinum. 


. 


CARPET- WEED  FAMILY.    Aizo&ce&c. 


scarcely  tinged  with  red  and  very  glistening.  The  flowers 
are  about  an  inch  across,  with  a  greenish  center,  surrounded 
by  numerous,  small,  yellowish  anthers  and  a  single  row  of 
many,  white  or  flesh-colored  petals,  suggesting  the  tentacles 
of  a  sea-anemone.  In  fact  the  whole  plant  is  curiously 
suggestive  of  some  low  form  of  animal  life.  It  is  very 
troublesome  to  farmers  in  the  south  near  the  sea,  and  also 
flourishes  in  the  Mohave  Desert,  in  France  and  the  Canary 
Islands. 

A  very  strange  and  conspicuous  plant, 
Sea  Fig,  Fig-  .  /      . 

marigold  often  clothing  sandy  slopes  with  a  cun- 

Mescmbrydnthe-  ous  mantel  of  trailing,  fleshy  stems  and 
mum  aequilatcrale  foliage  thickly  sprinkled  with  thousands 

of  gaudy  flowers.  The  stems  are  stout 
California  an(^  flattish,  several  feet  long;  the  leaves 

three-sided,  with  flat  faces,  tipped  with  a 
small  reddish  point;  the  calyx-lobes  three-sided  like  the 
leaves.  The  stems,  leaves,  and  the  calyx-lobes  are  all  pale 
bluish-green  with  a  "bloom"  and  exceedingly  succulent, 
the  watery  juice  running  out  in  large  drops  when  the  plant 
is  broken.  The  twigs  seem  to  be  fitted  into  a  sort  of 
socket,  from  which  they  come  out  very  easily,  so  that  the 
plant  comes  apart  almost  at  a  touch.  The  fragrant 
flowers  are  two  or  three  inches  across,  bright  but  crude 
in  color,  the  numerous,  purplish-pink  petals  resembling 
the  rays  of  a  composite  and  encircling  a  fuzzy  ring  ot 
innumerable  stamens,  with  white,  threadlike  filaments 
and  small,  straw-colored  anthers,  around  a  dark-green 
center,  composed  of  the  top  of  the  calyx  and  the  six  to  ten 
styles  of  the  ovary.  This  accommodating  plant  is  very 
useful  and  ornamental  in  hot,  sandy  places,  where  not 
much  else  will  grow,  and  may  be  seen  hanging  its  long  stems 
over  the  sea-cliffs  all  along  the  coast,  from  Patagonia  to 
Marin  County  in  California.  It  also  grows  in  x\frica  and 
is  extensively  cultivated.  The  fruit  is  edible,  with  pulp 
and  tiny  seeds  something  like  a  fig. 


TIO 


Sea  Fig^ 
Mesembry^nihemum      aequilaterale. 


PINK  FAMILY.     Caryophyllaceae. 


PINK  FAMILY.     Caryophylloceoe. 

A  large  family,  widely  distributed,  most  abundant  in 
the  northern  hemisphere,  including  both  the  handsome 
Pinks  and  the  insignificant  Chickweeds.  They  are  herbs, 
with  regular,  mostly  perfect  flowers,  with  four  or  five  sepals; 
usually  with  four  or  five  petals,  sometimes  with  none; 
stamens  as  many,  or  twice  as  many,  as  the  petals;  ovary 
superior,  one-celled;  styles  two  to  five  in  number;  fruit  a 
capsule,  containing  several  or  many,  kidney-shaped  seeds, 
opening  by  valves,  or  by  teeth,  at  the  top;  leaves  opposite, 
toothless;  stems  usually  swollen  at  the  joints.  The  name 
Pink  comes  from  the  petals  of  some  kinds  being  cut  into 
points,  or  "pinked." 

There  are  numerous  kinds  of  Arenaria,  widely  dis- 
tributed, difficult  to  distinguish,  with  small,  white -flowers 
with  five  petals,  usually  not  notched,  ten  stamens  and 
usually  three  styles;  leaves  usually  long  and  narrow,  often 
stiff  and  growing  in  tufts;  capsule  roundish,  splitting  into 
usually  three  valves,  each  with  two  parts.  These  plants 
often  grow  in  dry,  sandy  places,  some  at  very  high  altitudes, 
some  by  the  sea,  hence  the  Latin  name  meaning  "sandy," 
and  the  common  one,  Sandwort. 

Fendler's  Sand-         This    has    Pretty    little    white    flowers, 
wort  about  half  an  inch  across,  and  is  variable. 

Arenfrria  Fendleri  Sometimes    the    stem    is    roughish,    only 
three  or  four  inches  tall,  springing  from  a ' 
Utah,  Ariz.,  etc.     ^u^    °^    small    leaves,    stiff    and    almost 
prickly.     Sometimes  the  stem  is  smooth, 
six  or  eight  inches  tall,  and  the  leaves  resemble  rather  fine, 
stiff  grass.     This  grows  on  dry  hills  and  mountains,  up  to 
thirteen  thousand  feet,  from  Nebraska  and  Wyoming  to 
Utah,  Arizona,  and  New  Mexico. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Silene,  widely  distributed,' 
more  or  less  sticky  plants,  hence  the  common  name, 
Catchfly;  flowers  mostly  rather  large;  calyx  inflated  or 
tubular,  with  five  teeth;  petals  five,  with  long  claws,  which 
often  have  scales  at  the  top,  forming  a  "crown";  stamens 
ten;  styles  usually  three;  capsule  opening  by  three  or  six 
teeth  at  the  tip ;  seeds  numerous. 


112 


Sandwort-         Arenaria.  Fendleri. 


PINK  FAMILY.     Caryophyllaceac. 


Moss  Campion.  An  attractive  little  dwarf,  living  only 
Cushion  Pink  in  the  high  mountains.  It  has  a  long  tap- 
SHene  acdulis  rOot  and  many  spreading  stems,  crowded 

with  tiny,  stiff,  pointed,  dark-green  leaves, 
Alpine  regions  forming  close  tufts,  from  six  to  twenty 

inches  across,  resembling  cushions  of 
harsh  moss  and  spangled  all  over  with  pretty  little  flowers. 
They  are  less  than  half  an  inch  across  with  a  bell-shaped 
calyx  and  five  bright  pinkish-purple  petals,  occasionally 
white,  with  a  "crown"  of  small  scales.  We  find  this  brave 
little  plant  crouching  on  bleak  mountain  tops,  blossoming 
gayly  at  the  edge  of  the  snows  that  never  melt,  in  arctic 
alpine  regions  across  the  world,  up  to  a  height  of  thirteen 
thousand  feet.  It  is  variable.  There  is  a  picture  in  Mrs. 
Henshaw's  Mountain  Wild  Flowers  of  Canada. 
Windmill  Pink  ^  rather  inconspicuous  "weed"  from 

Silene  Anglica  Europe,  common  in  fields  and  along  road- 
(5.  Gallica)  sides,  with  a  slender,  hairy  stem,  about  a 

^h.ite  foot   tall,   and   hairy   leaves.     The   small 

Northwest,  etc.      flowers  grow  in  a  one-sided  cluster  and 

have  a  purplish  calyx,  sticky  and  hairy, 
and  white  or  pinkish  petals,  with  a  small  "crown,"  each 
petal  twisted  to  one  side  like  the  sails  of  a  windmill.  This 
is  widely  distributed  in  nearly  all  warm  temperate  regions. 
Indian  Pink  From  six  inches  to  over  a  foot  tall,  with 

Silene  Califdrnica  a  thick,  perennial  tap-root,  one  to  two 
Red  feet  long,  and  branching,  half-erect  stems,  j 

both  leaves  and  stems  covered  with  fine 
Northwest 

down,   the  dull-green  foliage  contrasting 

well  in  color  with  the  vivid  vermilion  of  the  gorgeous 
flowers.  They  are  more  than  an  inch  across,  the  petals 
usually  slashed  into  two  broad  lobes,  flanked  by  two 
narrower,  shorter  points  at  the  sides,  the  "crown"  con- «j 
spicuous.  The  flowers  are  even  more  brilliant  in  color 
than  S.  laciniata  and  are  startlingly  beautiful,  glowing 
like  coals  of  fire  on  the  brown  forest  floor,  in  the  open 
mountain  woods  they  usually  frequent.  It  is  widely 
distributed  in  the  Coast  Ranges  and  Sierra  Nevada 
Mountains,  but  nowhere  very  common.  5.  Hookeri  has 
beautiful  large  pink  flowers,  often  more  than  two  inches 
across,  sometimes  white,  and  grows  on  shady  hillsides  io 
the.  Northwest,  except  in  Idaho. 
114 


i  Windmill  Pink- 
Silene    Anglic^ 


Indian  Pink- 
SileneGalifornica. 


PINK  FAMILY.     Caryophyllaccac. 


Indian  Pink  This  has  handsome  conspicuous  flowers, 

Sillne  lacini&ta      dear    vermiHon     or     pinkish-scarlet     in 
Summer  color,  about  an  inch  and  a  half  across,  with 

California  the  five  petals  prettily  slashed  at  the  ends 

into  four  long  divisions.  Each  petal  has 
two  little  crests,  which  form  a  pretty  "crown "  in  the  throat 
of  the  corolla.  The  roughish,  slender  stems,  from  one  to 
over  two  feet  high,  have  several  branches,  the  flowers 
growing  two  or  three  at  the  ends.  The  leaves  are  long, 
narrow,  and  rather  rough  and  the  whole  plant  is  hairy  and 
sticky.  This  is  common  around  Pasadena  and  other 
places  in  southern  California  and  is  beautiful  on  Point 
Loma,  where  the  brilliant  flowers  gleam  among  the  under- 
brush like  bits  of  flame.  S.  laciniata  var.  Greggii  is  common 
in  Arizonia  and  New  Mexico. 

Rather    pretty,    with    a    slender    stem 

White  Lya//*          about  a  foot  tall>   smooth»   bluish-green 
Summer  leaves,  and  flowers  about  three-quarters  of 

Northwest  an  inch  across;  the  calyx  much  inflated, 

yellowish-white  and  papery,  with  brownish 
veins,  and  the  petals  cream-color,  with  two  lobes  and  a 
"crown." 

There  are  a  few  kinds  of  Vaccaria,  of  Europe  and  Asia,  . 
smooth  annuals,  with  clasping  leaves  and  red  or  pink 
flowers  in  terminal  clusters;  calyx  five-angled  and  inflated 
in  fruit,  five- toothed,  without  bracts;  petals  longer  than  the 
calyx,  without  appendages;  stamens  ten;  styles  two. 
Both  the  Latin  and  common  names  allude  to  the  value  of 
some  kinds  for  fodder. 

.  Quite  pretty,   with  a  leafy,  branching 

VQac~caria  vacc&ria    stem>  from  one  to  three  feet   tall»  bluish- 
(Saponaria)  green  leaves,  and  flowers  less  than  an  inch 

Pink  long,     with     a     ribbed,     yellowish-green 

Summer  calyx,  with  reddish  teeth,  and  the  petals 

Across  the  conti-  ,  .*", 

nent  a  very  pretty  and  unusual  shade  01  deep, 

warm  reddish-pink,  veined  with  deeper 
color.  This  is  a  European  "weed,"  common  in  waste 
places  and  cultivated  fields. 


116 


PINK  FAMILY.     Caryophyllaccae. 


There  are  many  kinds  of  Alsine,  widely  distributed,  low 
herbs,  liking  moist  ground  and  shady  places,  with  smalU 
starry  white  flowers;  with  four  or  five  sepals;  four  or  five 
petals,  deeply  two-lobed  or  none;  three  to  ten  stamens  and 
three  to  five  styles;  capsule  roundish  or  oblong,  rather 
shorter  than  that  of  Cerastium,  splitting  to  below  the 
middle,  with  twice  as  many  valves  as  there  are  styles  and 
many  seeds.  Many  of  these  plants  are  weeds.  They  are 
often  called  Stitchwort.  The  Greek  name  means  "grove," 
the  home  of  some  kinds. 

An  attractive  little  plant,  with  smooth 
Tall  Chickweed  .  .    r       .   ' 

Alsine  longipes.  stems,  from  six  to  fifteen  inches  tall,  and 

(Stellario)  pretty  little  flowers,  less  than  half  an  inch 

White  across,  growing  singly,  or  in  loose  clusters,^ 

Summer  ^^  w|1{te  pctals  which  are  deeply  two4 
Northwest,  Nev.,  .  _ 

Utah  etc  lobed,  so  that  they  appear  to  be  ten.    The 

capsule  is  almost  black  when  ripe.     This 
is  common  in  moist  and  grassy  places  in  Yosemite  and  I 
when  growing  in  the  shade  is  taller  and  more  slender  than  ; 
in  the  open.     It  reaches  an  altitude  of  ten  thousand  feet 
and  is  found  in  the  East  and  in  Asia. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Cerastium,  abundant  in  the  ! 
temperate  zone,  resembling  Alsine,  but  usually  downy  and  ; 
therefore  called  Mouse-ear  Chickwecds.     The  flowers  are 
white,  usually  with  five  sepals,  five  petals  notched  at  the 
tips  or  with  two  lobes,  ten  or  five  stamens  and  five  stigmas. 
The  cylindrical   capsule,  often   curved,  splits  at  the  top 
into  ten  teeth. 

On  the  ledges  moistened  by  the  mist  and  i 
Field  Chickweed 
Cerastium  arvense   SPray  that  blow  from  the  ^OSemite  water-  - 

White  falls,  among  the  glistening,  wet  grasses,  , 

Spring,  summer     these  pretty  little  white  flowers  are  quite 
u*  s*  conspicuous.     They    smell    pleasantly    of 

honey,  measure  about  half  an  inch  across,  and  iiave  more 
or  less  downy  stems,  from  five  to  ten  inches  tall.     This  is  • 
the  prettiest  Cerastium,  though  not  so  "mousy"  as  some, 
and  grows  in  dry  as  well  as  moist  situations. 


118 


Field  Chickweed- 
Cerastium  arvense. 


Tall  MgChickweed- 
Alsine  Wlongipes. 


PURSLANE  FAMILY.     Portulacaceae. 


PURSLANE    FAMILY.     P ortulacaceoc. 

A  rather  small  family,  mostly  American;  herbs,  usually 
with  thick,  succulent  leaves  and  stems,  with  flowers  open- 
ing only  in  sunlight.  They  usuaJly  have  only  two  sepals, 
but  the  petals  number  from  two  to  five  or  more;  the  sta- 
mens are  sometimes  numerous,  but  when  they  are  of  the 
same  number  as  the  petals  they  are  opposite  them;  the 
one-celled  ovary  is  superior,  becoming  a  many-seeded 
capsule.  Pusley,  or  Purslane,  is  one  of  the  commonest 
garden  weeds;  everybody  knows  how  difficult  it  is  to  keep 
the  spreading  rosettes  out  of  gravel  walks,  and  we  are  all 
familiar  with  the  gaudy,  ephemeral  flowers  of  the  culti- 
vated Portulaca.  The  Purslane-tree,  or  Spek-boom,  of 
South  Africa  is  often  the  principal  food  of  elephants  and 
its  foliage  gives  the  characteristic  coloring  to  the  landscape. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Montia,  closely  related  to 
Claytonia,  mostly  natives  of  North  America,  rather 
succulent  plants,  very  smooth  and  often  with  a  "bloom.'* 
The  flowers  are  white  or  pinkish,  with  two  sepals;  the  five 
petals,  equal  or  somewhat  unequal,  separate  or  more  or 
less  united  at  base;  the  stamens  five  or  three;  the  style 
branches  three;  the  capsule  with  three  valves  and  one  to 
three,  shiny,  black  seeds,  which  when  ripe  are  shot  out  of 
the  capsule  by  the  elastic  closing  of  the  valves. 

-_.  The  Indians  gather  these  pretty  succu- 

Mmer's  Lettuce 

Montia  parvifldra  lent  llttle  plants  for  salad  and  indeed  the 
White  tender,  bright-green  leaves  look  as  if  they 

Spring,  summer  would  taste  very  nice.  They  grow  in  a 
West,  except  Anz.  loose  bunch,  with  several  stems,  a  few 
inches  to  a  foot  high.  The  root-leaves  have  long  leaf- 
stalks and  vary  very  much  in  size  and  shape,  the  earliest 
being  long  and  narrow,  like  little  green  tongues,  but  the 


J3Q 


Miner's 
Lettuce- 


Montis 

•j?i 
parvrflorew 


PURSLANE  FAMILY.     Portulacaceae. 


later  ones  oval,  round  and  kidney-shaped,  and  they  vary 
also  in  tint,  in  dry  places  being  sometimes  a  dull  yellowish- 
pink.  The  stem-leaves  are  quite  odd,  for  a  single  pair 
have  united  around  the  stem  and  become  a  circular  or  i 
somewhat  two-lobed  disk,  one  or  two  inches  broad,  the 
stalk  piercing  right  through  its  center.  This  leaf  forms  a 
pretty,  shallow  saucer,  with  a  small,  loose  cluster  of  tiny 
flowers,  on  slender  flower-stalks,  springing  from  the  middle. 
This  is  common  everywhere  in  orchards  or  vineyards,  and 
in  shady  places  in  the  foothills  and  canyons,  and  has  long 
been  cultivated  in  England  for  salad.  It  is  also  called 
Indian  Lettuce  and  Squaw  Cabbage.  M.  perfoliata  is 

similar. 

This   charming   little   flower   resembles 

M6n*a  pann^dlia  the  SPrinS  Beauty  of  the  East,  Claytonia 
White  and  pink  Virginica,  and  blooms  in  late  spring, 
Spring  among  the  ferns  and  wet  grasses  near  the 

Northwest  Yosemite  waterfalls  and  in  similar  places. 

The  white  flowers,  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  across, 
are  often  tinged  with  pink  and  the  five  stamens  are  violet. 
The  tender  stems,  about  eight  inches  tall,  are  weak  and 
almost  trailing  and  the  pale-green  leaves  are  smooth,  the 
lower  ones  slightly  thick  and  succulent,  with  little  bulblets 
in  the  axils,  which  drop  off  in  drying;  the  capsule  mostly 
has  only  one  seed. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Claytonia,  resembling  Montia. 
A  pretty  little  plant,  three  or  four  inches 
Spring  Beauty       hi  h        ith          -   j         reddish    stem    and 
Claytonia  ?    '.  .   .J        J '        .    . 

tanceolaia  thickisn,    bluish-green,    juicy   leaves,    the 

Pink  and  white  root-leaf  narrow,  the  two  stem-leaves 
Spring  broader.  The  flowers,  over  half  an  inch 

Northwest,  Cal.,  across  are  white  tinged  and  delicately 
Nev.,  and  Utah  .,-.,•  , 

veined  with  pink,  with  a  little  yellow  at 

the  base  of  the  petals ;  the  pistil  and  stamens  pink ;  the  two 
sepals  yellowish-green.  ,  This  grows  on  moist  mountain 
slopes,  up  to  an  altitude  of  nine  thousand  feet,  some* 
times  at  the  edge  of  the  snow,  is  pretty  and  delicate  and 
also  resembles  the  eastern  Spring  Beauty. 


Spring  Beauties 
Glaytonialanceotata.    Montis 


PURSLANE  FAMILY.    Portulacaceae. 


There  are  only  one  or  two  kinds  of  Spraguea,  natives  of 
North  America;  low  herbs,  not  very  succulent,  with  fleshy 
roots;  the  leaves  alternate,  or  from  the  root;  the  small 
flowers  in  coiled  clusters;  the  two  sepals  and  the  four  petals 
all  papery;  the  stamens  one,  two,  or  three  in  number;  the 
style  long,  with  two  stigmas;  the  capsule  roundish,  with 
two  valves,  containing  few  or  many,  shining,  black  seeds. 

Sandy  spots  in  the  mountains  are  often 
Pussy-paws  brightened  by  lovely  patches  of  the  soft 

umbeliata  Pink  blooms  °f  tm's  attractive  and  odd- 

(Calyptridium)  looking  little  plant.  Near  Wawona,  on 
Pink  the  Glacier  Point  trail,  I  saw  at  least  half 

Summer,  autumn  an  acre  of  sand  carpeted  with  beautiful 
Northwest 

rose-color.     In    moderate    altitudes    the 

plants  are  about  ten  inches  tall,  but  they  get  dwarfish  as 
they  climb  and  on  the  mountain-tops  they  are  only  an 
inch  or  so  high,  with  close  mats  of  small  leaves.  They 
have  strong  tap-roots  and  the  leaves  are  dull  gray-green, 
rather  thick  and  stiff  but  hardly  succulent,  and  grow 
mostly  in  rosettes  at  the  base,  those  on  the  stem  having 
shrunk  to  mere  bracts,  with  several,  smooth,  reddish 
stalks  springing  from  among  them.  Each  stem  bears  a 
close,  roundish  head,  two  or  three  inches  across,  consisting 
of  many  tightly-coiled  tufts  of  shaded  pink,  each  composed 
of  innumerable,  small,  pink  flowers,  the  papery,  pink  and 
white  sepals  and  bracts  being  the  most  conspicuous  part. 
They  overlap  each  other  and  have  daintily  ruffled  edges. 
The  three  stamens  are  long  and  protruding  and  the  style 
long  and  threadlike.  The  flower-clusters  are  like  soft 
pink  cushions,  so  the  pretty  little  name  of  Pussy-paws  is 
appropriate,  both  to  form  and  coloring.  Chipmunks  are 
very  fond  of  the  small,  black  seeds. 


124 


Pussy- paws-  Spraguea  umbellata. 


BUTTERCUP  FAMILY.    Ranunculaccae. 


BUTTERCUP  FAMILY.     Ranunculoceot. 

The  members  of  this  large  and  handsome  family  vary  so 
much  in  appearance  that  it  is  difficult  for  the  amateur  to 
realize  that  they  are  nearly  related.  In  fact  they  have  no 
very  distinctive  characteristics.  They  are  all  herbs, 
except  Clematis,  which  is  shrubby,  and  all  have  bitter 
juice,  which  is  never  milky  or  colored,  numerous  stamens 
and  usually  several  pistils,  which  are  superior  and  one- 
celled,  bearing  a  single  style,  and  all  the  parts  of  the  flower 
are  separate  from  each  other  and  inserted  on  the  receptacle. 
The  flowers  are  often  of  eccentric  forms,  with  spurs  or 
hoods;  sometimes  they  dispense  with  petals  altogether 
and  instead  have  colored  sepals  which  resemble  petals. 
The  leaves  are  of  all  sorts  and  shapes,  usually  more  or  less 
lobed  and  cut,  but  have  no  stipules  and  often  their  bases 
clasp  the  stem.  The  fruit  is  an  akene,  pod,  or  berry. 
Many  of  our  most  beautiful  and  popular  garden  flowers 
are  included  in  this  family,  which  is  large  anpl  distributed 
throughout  the  world,  but  not  abundant  in  the  tropics. 

There  are  numerous  kinds  of  Ranunculus,  mostly 
perennials,  with  fibrous  roots,  growing  in  temperate  and 
cold  regions.  Ours  have  yellow  or  white  flowers,  with 
three  to  five  sepals  and  from  three  to  fifteen  petals,  each 
of  the  petals  with  a  nectar-gland  at  its  base;  the  numerous 
pistils  developing  into  a  roundish  or  oblong  head  of  akenes. 
The  leaves  are  variously  cut  and  lobed,  the  stem  leaves 
alternate.  Some  sorts  grow  in  the  water  and  some  have 
creeping  stems.  Some  kinds  of  Ranunculus  are  liable  to 
be  confused  with  some  sorts  of  Cinquefoils,  but  the  calyx  of  a 
Buttercup  has  no  bractlets,  as  has  that  of  a  Cinquefoil.  The 
Latin  name  means  "  little  frog,"  as  these  plants  like  marshes. 
The  commonest  kind  and  attractive, 
Common  Western  often  coloring  the  fields  for  miles  with 

Buttercup  bright  gold,  but  the  flowers  are  not  so 

Ranunculus 

Califdrnicus  pretty   as   some   common   eastern   kinds. 

Yellow  The  stems  are  branching  and  more  or  less 

Winter,  spring       hairy,  nine  inches  to  a  foot  and  a  half  tall, 

Wash.,  Oreg.,        ^^  ^ark-green  leaves,  smooth,  hairy  or 

velvety,  and   velvety,  hairy   buds.     The 

flowers  are  about  an  inch  across,  with  from  nine  to  sixteen, 

bright-yellow,  shiny  petals  and  pale-green  sepals,  turned 

126 


Common  Western 

Buttercup- 


Ranunculus 

Californicus. 


BUTTERCUP  FAMILY.     Ranunculaceae. 


closely  back.  The  akenes  have  hooked  beaks.  This  runs 
into  many  scarcely  distinguishable  varieties. 

Few  flowers  are  more  beautiful  and  interesting  in  color 
and  construction  than  Larkspurs.  We  are  all  familiar 
with  their  tall  spires  of  oddly-shaped  blossoms,  growing  in 
gardens,  and  we  find  them  even  more  charming  in  their 
natural  surroundings,  glowing  like  sapphires  on  desert 
sands,  or  adorning  mountain  woods  with  patches  of  vivid 
color.  There  are  many  kinds;  ours  are  perennials,  with 
palmately-divided  leaves  and  usually  blue  or  white  flowers, 
very  irregular  in  form,  with  five  sepals,  resembling  petals, 
the  upper  one  prolonged  into  a  spur  at  the  back,  and 
usually  four  petals,  two  of  which  are  small  and  inside  the 
calyx-spur,  the  larger  two  partly  covering  the  pistils  and 
the  numerous  stamens.  The  pistils,  from  one  to  five,  be- 
come many-seeded  pods.  Some  Larkspurs  are  poisonous 
to  cattle.  The  Latin  name  is  from  a  fancied  resemblance 
of  the  flower  to  the  dolphin  of  decorative  art.  Spanish 
Californians  call  it  Espuela  del  caballero,  Cavalier's  spur. 

Though  sometimes  rather  small,  this  is 
Blue  Larkspur  _       .       _          ,   _ 

Delphinium  extremely  pretty.     In  the  Grand  Canyon, 

scapdsum  on  the  plateau,  it  is  about  a  foot  tall,  with 

Blue  rather    leathery,    brownish-green    leaves, 

Summer  mostly  from  the  root,  and  from  five  to 

Ariz.,  New  Mex.  J 

twelve  flowers  in  a  cluster.     They  measure 

nearly  an  inch  across  and  are  brilliant  and  iridescent  in 
coloring,  as  except  for  two  small  whitish  petals,  they  are  the 
deepest,  brightest  blue,  exquisitely  tinted  with  violet,  with 
brown  anthers.  At  Tucson,  among  the  rocks  above  the 
Desert  Laboratory,  it  grows  to  over  a  foot  in  height,  with  a 
cluster  over  six  inches  long  and  light  dull-green  leaves, 
slightly  stiff  and  thick,  with  long  leaf-stalks,  the  lobes 
tipped  with  a  bristle,  forming  a  handsome  clump.  This 
grows  on  dry  plains  and  rocky  hillsides,  up  to  seven  thou- 
sand feet.  The  picture  is  from  a  Grand  Canyon  plant. 

_  If  the  flowers  were  a  little  less  pale  in 

Larkspur 

Delphinium  color  this  would  be  a  gorgeous  plant,  for 

Hdnseni  it  sometimes  grows  nearly  four  feet  high. 

White,  pinkish       The    branching    stem    springs     from     a 

Summer  cluster    of    thick,    tapering    roots,    each 

California 

branch   terminating   in   a  long,   crowded 

duster  of  twenty  or  thirty  flowers,  opalescent  in  tint, 
128 


Larkspur- 
Delphinium 

Hanseni. 


BUTTERCUP  FAMILY.     Ranunculaceae. 


either  white,  with  a  bluish  or  greenish  spot  on  the  tip  of 
each  sepal,  or  very  pale  pink,  with  a  purplish  or  bluish 
spot.  The  dull,  yellowish-green  leaves  are  rather  thickish 
and  downy,  the  pods  erect.  This  grows  in  dryish  places, 
at  moderate  altitudes,  and  freely  around  Yosemite. 

A  splendid   flower    when    at    its    best, 

orfrom  six  inches  to  a  foot  and  a  half  tall» 
Blue  with  a  smooth  stem,  reddish  below,  and 

Spring,  summer  smooth,  bright-green  leaves,  pale  on  the 
Northwest  and  under  side>  round  in  generai  outline,  the 

lower  ones  with  long,  reddish  leaf-stalks 
sheathing  the  stem,  the  roots  thick  but  not  tuberous. 
The  beautiful  flowers  are  sometimes  an  inch  and  a  half 
across,  on  long,  rather  spreading  pedicels,  few  or  many,  in 
a  long  loose  cluster,  the  buds  slightly  downy.  The  general 
effect  of  the  flowers  is  deep  bright-blue,  but  when  we 
examine  them  more  closely  we  find  that  the  slightly 
woolly  spurs  are  purplish,  the  blue  sepals  have  on  the  back 
protuberances,  which  are  pinkish  on  the  front  and  greenish 
on  the  back,  the  two,  small,  upper  petals  are  white, 
delicately  striped  with  purple,  and  the  lower  ones,  which 
are  fuzzy  with  tufts  of  white  down  and  two-cleft,  are  deep 
pinkish-purple;  sometimes  the  whole  flower  is  much  paler 
in  color.  The  anthers  are  large  and  green  at  first,  be- 
coming small  and  yellow,  their  threadlike  filaments  curling. 
This  grows  on  dry  hills.  D.  Pdrryi,  of  California,  is  about 
two  feet  tall,  similar  in  coloring,  but  even  handsomer,  with 
a  cluster  nearly  a  foot  long,  closely  crowded  with  beautiful 
flowers,  each  an  inch  and  a  half  across.  The  lower  leaves 
are  slashed  nearly  to  the  center,  into  seven  divisions,  each 
with  three,  long,  narrow  lobes. 


Blue    Larkspur- 
Delphinium     bicolor. 


BUTTERCUP  FAMILY. 


Very  handsome,  over  a  foot  tall,  the 
Sacramento  upper  stem  downy,  the  lower  more  or  less 

Larkspur  hairy  and  the  leaves  more  or  less  velvety. 

Delphinium  J 

variegatum  Trie  flowers  are  an  inch  or  more  long  and 

Purple  rather  few,  with  long  pedicels,  forming  a 

Spring,  summer  loose  cluster.  They  are  downy  on  the 
California  outside,  all  bright-purple,  except  the  two 

upper  petals,  which  are  white  tipped  with  purple,  the 
lower  petals  edged  and  tipped  with  hairs,  the  spur  stoutish 
and  wrinkled.  These  flowers,  though  described  as  blue, 
seem  to  me  to  have  more  true  purple  than  most  Larkspurs. 
They  probably  vary  a  good  deal  in  color.  This  grows  in 
the  Coast  Ranges  and  the  Sacramento  Valley.  There  are 
many  similar  blue  Larkspurs. 

Scarlet  seems  an  odd  color  for  a  Lark- 
Scarlet  Larkspur,  but  thele  are  twQ  TQ(^  oneg  in  the 
Christmas-horns 

Delphinium  West-     Thls     1S     an     exceedingly     airy, 

nudicaule  graceful  plant  and  suggests  a  Columbine 

Red  more    than    a    Larkspur.     The    stem    is 

S?n^g  ^  .  slender  and  branching,  from  one  to  over 

Wash.,  Oreg.,  Cal. 

two  reet  tall,  with  a     bloom    ;  the  leaves 

thickish,  smooth,  dark  rich  green  on  the  upper  side  and 
pale  on  the  under.  The  flowers  are  far  apart,  from  two  to 
twelve,  on  long  pedicels,  forming  a  very  loose,  open  cluster. 
Each  flower  is  about  an  inch  long;  the  sepals  scarlet 
shading  to  yellow,  the  spur  tipped  with  deeper  red,  the 
petals  yellow  tipped  with  crimson,  not  woolly,  the  two 
upper  notched  and  much  larger  than  the  two  lower  ones, 
which  are  small  and  slashed  into  two  points,  the  edges  of 
both  sepals  and  petals  more  or  less  hairy;  the  buds  pale 
yellowish-green,  tinged  with  pink  and  red.  These  charm- 
ing flowers  have  an  elfin  look  all  their  own,  as  they  swing 
their  little  pointed  red  caps  in  the  light  shade  of  cool 
canyons  along  the  mountain  streams  they  love.  In 
southern  California  we  find  D.  card  indie,  a  handsomer 
plant,  sometimes  six  feet  tall,  its  flowers  larger  and  deeper 
red  and  forming  a  larger,  closer  cluster. 


132 


Scarlet  Larkspur- 
Delphinium  nudicaule. 


BUTTERCUP  FAMILY.     Ranunculaceac. 


The  picturesque  Columbine  gets  its  melodious  name 
from  the  Latin  for  "dove,"  because  the  spurs  suggest  a 
circle  of  pretty  little  pigeons,  and  this  common  name  is 
less  far-fetched  than  the  Latin  one,  Aquilegia,  which  comes 
from  a  fancied  resemblance  of  the  spurs  to  an  eagle's  claws. 
These  plants  are  well  known  and  easily  recognized  by  the 
peculiar  shape  of  the  flowers.  Everything  about  them  is 
decorative  and  beautiful,  the  foliage  is  pretty  and  the 
flowers  large,  brightly  colored,  and  conspicuous.  They 
are  all  perennials,  with  branching  stems  and  compound 
leaves;  the  flowers  usually  nodding,  with  five  sepals  all 
alike  and  resembling  petals,  and  five  petals,  also  all  alike, 
with  conspicuous,  hollow  spurs.  The  stamens,  the  inner 
ones  without  anthers,  are  numerous  and  the  five  pistils 
develop  into  a  head  of  five,  erect,  many-seeded  pods. 
There  is  honey  in  the  spurs,  which  can  be  reached  only 
by  "long-tongued"  insects  or  humming  birds,  which  thus 
assist  in  cross-pollination,  and  bees  obviate  the  difficulty 
of  having  short  tongues  by  ingeniously  cutting  holes  in 
the  spurs.  There  are  a  good  many  beautiful  kinds,  both 
East  and  West. 

This  charming  plant  grows  from  one  to 
Scarlet  Columbine  •     , 

Aquilt&o  trunctta  over  three  feet  hl&h'  1S  branching  and 
Red  and  yellow  smooth,  and  has  pretty  light-green  leaves 
Spring  and  nodding  flowers,  which  are  over  an 

Wash.,  Oreg.,  Cal.  inch  and  &  half  across>     The  outside  of 

the  corolla  is  pale-scarlet,  veined  and  tipped  with  yellow, 
the  inside  is  yellow  and  the  spurs  are  erect  and  three 
quarters  of  an  inch  long.  The  flower  resembles  the  Scarlet 
Columbine  of  the  East,  but  the  plant  is  taller,  with  fewer 
flowers.  It  is  co'mmon  in  moist,  rich  woods  in  Yosemite 
and  the  Coast  Ranges,  from  the  foothills  well  up  to  the 
alpine  zone. 

An     exceedingly     beautiful     flower,    a 
white  sister  of  the  large  Blue  Columbine, 
which  is  the  "State  flower"  of  Colorado, 
White  and   sometimes    sufficiently    tinged    with 

Summer  blue   to   show   the   relationship.     It  is  a 

rather  slender  Plant'  usually  with  several 
stems,    from   one    to    two   feet    tall,    the 

foliage  rather  bluish-green,  the  flowers  large  and  usually 

pure-white,  and  is  found  in  the  mountains. 
134 


Scarlet  Columbine-        Aquilegia  truncate. 


BUTTERCUP  FAMILY.     Ranunculaceae. 


Monkshoods  have  almost  as  much  charm  as  their  cousins 
Columbine  and  Larkspur,  with  a  quaintness  and  individ- 
uality all  their  own.  There  are  a  good  many  kinds; 
mountain  plants,  growing  in  temperate  regions,  with 
rather  weak  stems  and  leaves  much  like  those  of  Larkspur. 
The  blue  and  white  blossoms  have  a  "  hood,"  which  gives 
these  plants  their  very  appropriate  name.  This  is  formed 
by  the  upper  and  larger  one  of  the  five,  petal-like  sepals 
arching  over  and  forming  a  hood,  or  helmet,  under  which 
the  two  small  petals,  with  spurs  and  claws,  are  hidden; 
sometimes  there  are  three  or  more  petals  below,  which  are 
minute  and  resemble  stamens.  The  real  stamens  are 
numerous  and  ripen  before  the  pistils,  thus  ensuring  cross- 
pollination,  and  the  fruit  consists  of  a  head,  of  from  three  to 
five,  many-seeded  pods.  The  thick  or  turnip-shaped  root 
is  used  medicinally  and  is  virulently  poisonous,  so  these 
plants  are  sometimes  called  Wolfsbane.  Aconite  is  the 
ancient  Greek  name  and  other  common  names  are  Blue- 
weed  and  Friar's-cap. 

This  handsome  perennial,  from  two  to 
Monkshood  . 

Acomtum  Slx  ^ee^  tall,  grows  near  streams,  in  moun- 

Columbitinum  tain  meadows  or  open  woods.  The 
Blue  and  white  flowers  measure  from  half  an  inch  to  over 
Summer  an  jnc^  \ong  an(j  are  mostly  bright-blue 

and  white,  tinged  with  violet,  but  shade 
from  almost  white  to  deep-blue,  veined  with  purple. 
They  are  paler  inside  and  grow  on  slender  pedicels,  in  a 
long  loose  cluster,  on  a  somewhat  bending  stem.  The 
two,  small,  hammer-shaped  petals  are  nearly  concealed 
under  the  hood.  The  leaves  are  alternate,  the  lower  ones 
with  long  leaf-stalks,  and  deeply  cleft  into  three  or  fiver 
toothed  or  lobed,  divisions.  This  reaches  an  altitude  of 
twelve  thousand  feet. 


136 


Monkshood- 
Aconiium  Columbi^num. 


BUTTERCUP  FAMILY.     Ranunculaceae. 


There  are  two  kinds  of  Peony.     This  is  a 
Wild  Peony 

Paednia  Brbwnii  robust  and  very  decorative  perennial,  rich 
Dark-red  and  unusual  in  coloring,  the  fine  foliage  set- 

Winter,  spring  ting  off  the  dark  flowers  to  perfection.  The 
Wash.,  Oreg.,  Cal.  roots  are  WOody,  the  stems  smooth,  from 
eight  inches  to  a  foot  and  a  half  tall,  and  the  leaves  are 
smooth,  rich  green,  but  not  shiny.  The  nodding  flowers 
are  an  inch  and  a  half  across,  with  five  or  six  greenish- 
purple  sepals,  five  or  six  petals,  rich  deep-red,  tinged  and 
streaked  with  yellow  and  maroon;  dull-yellow  stamens  and 
green  pistils.  The  whole  flower  is  quite  thick  and  leathery 
in  texture  and  rather  coarse,  sometimes  so  dark  that  it  is 
almost  black.  The  flowers  are  often  fragrant,  but  the 
plant  has  a  disagreeable  smell,  something  like  Skunk- 
cabbage,  when  crushed.  The  large  seed-pods,  usually  five, 
are  thick,  leathery  and  smooth,  with  several  seeds  and  are 
a  very  conspicuous  feature,  the  stems  drooping  as  they 
ripen  and  the  pods  resting  on  the  ground  in  big  bunches. 
The  whole  plant  is  rather  succulent  and  the  foliage  and 
stems  are  more  or  less  tinged  with  red  and  have  a  "bloom," 
especially  on  the  sepals.  This  grows  in  all  sorts  of  places, 
in  the  hot  plains  of  the  south  and  at  the  edge  of  the  snow,  in 
northern,  mountain  canyons.  In  the  south  it  blooms  in 
January  and  is  sometimes  called  Christmas-rose.  The 
root  is  used  medicinally  by  the  Spanish-Californians  and 
by  the  Indians,  "to  give  their  horses  long  wind."  These 
plants  were  named  in  honor  of  Paion.  the  physician  of  the 
e;ods. 


138 


Wild  Peony-  Paeonia  Brownii. 


BUTTERCUP  FAMILY.     Ranunculacc&c. 


There  are  only  a  few  kinds  of  Actaea,  tall  perennials, 
with  large,  alternate,  thrice-compound  leaves  and  small, 
white  flowers,  in  short,  terminal  clusters.  The  sepals 
number  about  four  and  resemble  petals;  the  petals  are 
from  four  to  ten,  or  sometimes  none,  with  claws;  the 
stamens  are  numerous,  with  conspicuous  white  filaments; 
the  one  pistil  has  a  broad,  somewhat  two-lobed,  stigma,  and 
the  fruit  is  a  large,  showy,  red  or  white,  somewhat  poisonous 
berry,  containing  many,  smooth,  flat  seeds. 

This  is  a  fine  plant,  from  one  to  two 
Actata  arguta  ^eet  ta^»  with  a  stoutish,  smooth,  branch- 
White  ing  stem  and  handsome  leaves,  prettily 
Spring,  summer  cut,  with  pointed  teeth,  thin  and  soft  in 
West,  except  Ariz.  texture>  with  conspicuous  veins.  The 

sepals  and  petals  of  the  small  cream-white  flowers  are  less 
conspicuous  than  the  numerous  white  stamens,  which  give 
a  very  feathery  appearance  to  the  flower-cluster,  which  is 
one  or  two  inches  long  and  speckled  with  the  dark  tips  of 
the  pistils.  The  sepals  and  petals  drop  off  early  and  the 
stamens  lengthen,  so  that  the  cluster  becomes  very  airy 
and  delicate.  The  general  effect  of  the  plant,  which  grows 
near  shady  mountain  streams,  is  striking  and  graceful. 
It  grows  also  in  the  East  and  is  sometimes  slightly  sweet- 
scented,  but  often  has  an  unpleasant  smell.  The  hand- 
some, poisonous  berries  are  oval  or  round,  red  or  white, 
with  a  polished  surface,  and  contain  many  seeds.  This 
reaches  an  altitude  of  ten  thousand  feet.  A  very  similar 
kind,  A .  viridiflbra,  grows  in  the  mountains  of  Arizona. 


140 


B&neberry- 


ar 


gute. 


BUTTERCUP  FAMILY.     Ranunculaccac. 


This  is  our  only  kind  of  Trollius.     It  is 
Globe-flower  ..   ,    _ 

Trollius  Idxus  an  exceedingly  beautiful  flower,  particu- 
"Vhite  larly  when  found  growing  in  the  snow,  or 

Spring  near  the  edge  of  a  field  of  melting  ice,  in 

S*  high  mountains  and  along  the  margins  of 

glaciers.  The  handsome,  toothed  leaves  are  palmately- 
iobed  or  divided,. the  lower  ones  with  long  leaf -stalks,  rich 
green  and  glossy  and  setting,  off  ,the«flowers,  which"  grow 
singly  at  the  tips  of  smooth,  rather  weak  stems,  from  one  to 
two  feet  tall,  and  measure  about  an  inch  and  a  half  across. 
The  sepals,  from  five  to  seven  in  number,  are  large,  cream- 
white,  slightly  greenish  outside,  and  are  the  conspicuous 
part  of  the  flower,  for  the  petals  are  very  small  and  yellow, 
so  that  they  resemble  stamens.  From  fifteen  to  twenty- 
five  of  these  little  petals,  in  a  row,  surround  the  numerous, 
real  stamens  and  form  a  beautiful  golden  center.  The 
fruit  is  a  head,  measuring  an  inch  across,  composed  of 
eight  to  fifteen  small  pods,  with  beaks,  containing  many, 
smooth,  oblong  seeds.  This  plant  looks  very  much  like 
an  Anemone  but  it  has  these  small  yellow  petals  and 
Anemones  have  none,  and  the  center  is  larger  and  brighter 
yellow  and  the  foliage  coarser. 

There  are  three  kinds  of  Trautvetteria,  two  American 
and  one  Asiatic. 

A  handsome  plant,  with  a  smooth,  pale- 
False  Bugbane  .  , 
Trautvetteria  green  stem,  from  two  to  three  feet  tall,  and 
grandis  fine  large  leaves,  prettily  cut,  smooth  and 
White  rather  bright  green,  the  lower  ones  some- 
Summer  times  eight  inches  across.  The  white 
flower  clusters  are  large,  very  pretty,  airy 
and  feathery,  consisting  of  numerous  small  flowers,  with 
small  petal-like  sepals,  usually  four,  and  no  petals,  the 
numerous  stamens,  with  white  filaments,  being  the  con- 
spicuous part  and  forming  a  little  pompon.  The  akenes 
are  numerous,  inflated  and  four-angled,  and  form  a  head. 
It  is  a  pity  that  this  attractive  plant  has  such  a  horrid 
name.  It  grows  in  moist  woods  at  Mt.  Rainier  and  in 
similar  places. 


142 


F^lse 


Bugb&ne- 


Tr^utvetteria 
gr&ndis. 


BUTTERCUP  FAMILY.     Ranunculaceae. 


Anemones  grow  in  temperate  and  cold  regions  every, 
where.  They  have  no  petals,  but  their  sepals,  numbering 
from  four  to  twenty,  resemble  petals.  The  stem-leaves 
are  in  whorls,  forming  a  kind  of  involucre  below  the  flower. 
There  are  many  kinds;  some  have  nearly  smooth,  pointed 
akenes,  some  densely  woolly  ones,  and  in  some  the  akenes 
have  feathery  tails.  The  name,  pronounced  anem6ne  in 
Latin  and  in  English  anemone,  is  appropriate  to  the  fragile 
kinds,  such  as  the  eastern  Wood  Anemone,  for  it  means 
"  flower  shaken  by  the  wind." 

An  attractive  plant,  eight  inches  to  a 

Canyon  Anemone  ' 

Anemone  *oot  ta^»  Wlt^  Pretty  flowers  and  foliage. 

sphenophylla          The  flowers  are  white,  tinged  with  pink, 

White  less  than  an  inch  across,  often  downy  out- 

side, and  the  head  of  fruit  is  oblong,  sleek, 
and  silky  downy.  This  grows  on  dry, 

rocky  slopes  in  the  Grand  Canyon,  above  the  plateau. 

Around  Tucson  the  flowers  are  less  pretty,  but  the  foliage 

handsomer. 

Delicate,  pale  flowers,   conspicuous  in 
Three-leaved  '  ^ 

Anemone  dark  mountain  woods,  with  slightly  downy, 

Anemone  dcltoldea  purplish  stems,  from  eight  to  ten  inches 
White  tall,  and  pretty  leaves,  thin  in  texture, 

Summer  thc   involucre-lcaves   without   leaf-stalks, 

Wash.,  Oreg.,  Col. 

rather  light-green,  dull  on  the  upper  side, 

paler  and  shiny  on  the  under.  The  pretty  flowers  are  an 
inch  and  a  half  to  over  two  inches  across,  with  five,  pure- 
white  sepals,  usually  two  of  them  larger  and  longer  than 
the  others,  and  a  light  bright-yellow  center.  This  is 
abundant  at  Mt.  Rainier.  A.  quinquefblia  var.  Grdyi,  of 
the  Coast  Ranges,  is  similar,  the  flower  often  tinged  with 
blue,  the  involucre-leaves  with  leaf -stalks. 
Northern  ^  Pretty  little  plant,  with  a  rather  hairy, 

Anemone  reddish  stem,  from  four  to  twelve  inches 

Anemone  tall,  glossy,  dark-green  leaves,  paler  and 

parm flora  downy  on  the  under  side,  and  flowers  about 

Summer  na^  an  mc^  across,  cream-white,  tinged 

Northwest  with  purple  or  blue  on  the  outside;  the 

akenes  very  woolly.  This  reaches  a* 
altitude  of  ten  thousand  five  hundred  feet,  growing  in 
the  East  and  in  Asia  and  is  the  smallest  of  the  mountain 
Anemones. 

144. 


Northern  Anemone- 
A-  parviflora. 


Three-leaved  Anemone- 
A.deltoidea. 


Canyon 
A.  spheno ! 


Anemone 
phylla. 


BUTTERCUP  FAA\ILY.     Ranunculaceae. 


These  beautiful  mountain  flowers  bloom 
Western  in  early  spring,  sometimes  poking  their 

Anemone  pretty  faces  right  through  a  hole  melted  in 

Anemone  11  j   ,1       t  vxj.i      ,,  • 

ocddent&lis  a  snow-bank,  and  the  brave  little  things 

White  are  quite  thickly  covered  with  silky  wool 

Spring  all  over,  as  if  to  keep  themselves  warm. 

Northwest  The  flowcrs>  which  often  bloom  beforc  the 

leaves  expand,  are  about  two  inches  across,  with  five  to 
eight,  cream-white  sepals,  tinged  with  blue  and  hairy  on 
the  outside,  and  are  much  less  delicate  looking  than  most 
Anemones.  The  stout  stems  are  very  woolly,  from  six  to 
eighteen  inches  tall,  and  the  leaves  arc  beautiful,  cut  into 
numerous,  very  fine  divisions,  exceedingly  feathery  and 
pretty.  The  akencs  have  long,  feathery  tails  and  form 
very  large,  silky,  fluffy  heads,  which  are  very  handsome 
and  conspicuous. 

There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Caltha,  succulent 
marsh  plants,  of  temperate  and  arctic  regions;  the  leaves 
undivided,  mostly  from  the  base  and  more  or  less  heart- 
shaped;  the  flowers  with  large,  petal-like  sepals  and  no 
petals.  This  is  the  Latin  name  of  the  Marigold. 

A  pretty  little  mountain,  marsh  plant 
White  Marsh  .  ' 

Marigold  Wlt^  a  smo°th,  stout,  purplish  stem  from 

Cdliha  leptosepala  four  to  eight  inches  tall,  and  smooth,  light- 
White  green  leaves,  often  veined  with  purple  on 
Summer  thc  un(jcr  s^e>  The  flowers  are  an  inch 
Northwest  . 

and  a  quarter  across,  with  eight  or  ten, 

cream-white  sepals,  tinged  with  blue  on  the  outside,  and 
pretty  golden  centers  of  numerous  stamens.  This  blooms 
at  the  edge  of  the  retreating  snow  and  reaches  an  altitude 
of  twelve  thousand  feet.  C.  palustris,  the  Yellow  Marsh 
Marigold,  found  in  the  Northwest  and  common  in  the 
East,  has  beautiful  yellow  flowers,  resembling  large  Butter- 
cups. 


Western  White  M&rsh 

Anemone-  Marigold- 

Anemone  occidentoJis      C&ltha  leptosepaJa. 


BUTTERCUP  FAMILY.     Ranunculaceae. 


There  are  many  varieties  of  Clematis,  or  Virgin's  Bower, 
familiar  to  us  all,  both  East  and  West,  and  general  favorites, 
widely  distributed  and  flourishing  in  temperate  regions; 
perennials,  woody  below,  which  is  unusual  in  this  family. 
Usually  they  are  beautiful  trailing  vines,  which  climb  over 
bushes  and-  rocks,  holding  on  by  their  twisting,  curling 
leaf-stalks.  The  flowers  have  no  petals,  or  only  very 
small  ones,  but  their  sepals,  usually  four,  resemble  petals; 
the  stamens  are  numerous.  The  numerous  pistils  form  a 
round  bunch  of  akenes,  their  styles  developing  into  long 
feathery  tails,  and  these  gray,  plumy  heads  are  very 
conspicuous  and  ornamental,  when  the  flowers  are  gone. 
The  leaves  are  opposite,  which  is  unusual  in  this  family, 
with  slender  leaf -stalks,  and  are  usually  compound.  Some 
plants  have  only  staminate  flowers  and  some  only  pistillate 
ones,  and  the  appearance  is  quite  different,  the  flowers  with 
starnens  being  handsomer. 

Near  the  summit  of  Mt.  Lowe,  and  in 

similar  Places»  we  find  this  beautiful  vine 
Clematis  clambering  over  the  rocks.  The  flowers 

lasidniha  measure  an  inch  and  a  quarter  to  over  two 

White,  pale-          inches  across  and  they  vary  in  tint  from 
almost  pure  white  to  a  lovely  soft  shade  of 
California  pale-yellow,  the  handsome  clusters  form- 

ing a  beautiful  contrast  to  the  dark-green 
foliage.  The  stamens  and  pistils  are  on  different  plants. 
The  flowers,  leaves,  and  stems  are  all  more  or  less  velvety 
and  the  akenes  have  tails  an  inch  long,  forming  a  head, 
about  two  inches  across.  The  flowers  are  often  so  numer- 
ous as  to  make  conspicuous  masses  of  pale  color  on  canyon 
sides,  in  the  Coast  Range  and  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains. 


148 


Virgin's  Bower-  Clematis   ksi&ntha. 


BUTTERCUP  FAMILY.     Ranunculaccae. 


There  are  a  few  kinds  of  Atragene,  resembling  Clematis. 

This   is   peculiarly   attractive,    as    the 
Purple  Clematis 

Airdgcnt  ocd-  flowers  are  large  and  beautiful  and  the 
dentalis  (Clematis)  foliage  very  pretty.  The  leaves  are 
Violet,  blue  divided  into  three,  pointed  leaflets,  which 

We^r"  arc  thin  in  texture,  light  bright-green  and 

prettily  cut  or  lobed,  and  the  trailing  or 
climbing  stems  are  almost  smooth,  slender  and  purplish 
above  and  woody  below.  The  flowers,  which  are  not  in 
clusters,  measure  from  two  to  three  inches  across,  with 
four,  sometimes  five,  violet  or  blue  sepals,  spreading  widely 
as  the  flower  grows  older,  and  the  outer  stamens  are  broad 
and  resemble  small  petals.  The  flowers  are  followed  by 
handsome  feathery  heads,  which  are  large  and  silky.  This 
pretty  vine  is  found  in  the  Grand  Canyon,  not  far  below  the 
Rim,  and  in  many  mountain  places.  The  foliage  varies 
somewhat  in  different  climates. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Thalictrum,  not  easily  dis- 
tinguished, widely  distributed,  a  few  in  the  Andes,  India, 
and  Africa;  perennials,  with  tall  stems,  from  a  short  root- 
stock,  and  handsome,  compound  leaves;  the  flowers  perfect 
or  imperfect,  many,  small,  in  clusters,  with  four  to  seven 
sepals  and  no  petals;  the  akenes  tipped  with  the  long  styles 
and  forming  a  head.  Some  of  these  plants  have  a  disagree- 
able smell.  They  grow  in  moist  places,  both  East  and  West. 

Though  its  flowers  are  small  and  color- 
Meadow  Rue         ,         _•  .  . 
Thalictrum            less,  this  plant  is  conspicuous  tor  delicacy 

Fendleri  and  grace.     The  leaves  of  tender  green 

Greenish-white  suggest  the  fronds  of  Maidenhair  Fern 
Summer  and  are  oimosi  as  beautiful,  while  the 

flowers  are  odd  and  pretty.  A  shower  of ! 
numerous,  pale-yellow  stamens,  with  purplish,  threadlike 
filaments,  falls  from  the  center  of  four,  greenish-white 
sepals  and  forms  a  charming  little  tassel.  These  tassels 
hang  on  the  ends  of  very  slender  pedicels,  in  loose  clusters, 
The  smooth  stems  are  from  one  to  three  feet  tall  and  the 
smooth  leaves  are  thin  in  texture,  thrice-compound,  withj 
many,  rounded  leaflets,  the  lower  leaves  with  long  leaf-] 
stalks.  This  Meadow  Rue  has  its  pistils  and  stamens  on : 
different  plants,  the  flowers  with  tassels  of  stamens  being 
prettier  and  more  conspicuous  than  the  small,  green,  pis-i 
tillate  ones.  The  variety  Wrightii  is  common  in  Arizona, 
150 


Meadow 

Rue- 


Thajictrum 

Feadleru 


BARBERRY  FAMILY.     Berberidaceae. 


BARBERRY  FAMILY.     Berberidaceae. 

Not  a  large  family,  widely  distributed;  shrubs  or  herbs; 
leaves  alternate  or  from  the  root;  flowers  perfect;  sepals 
and  petals  few,  many,  or  none,  generally  in  several  over- 
lapping rows;  stamens  on  the  receptacle,  usually  as  many 
as  the  petals  and  .opposite  them;  pistil  one,  with  a  short 
style,  or  none;  fruit  a  berry  or  capsule. 

There  are  several -.kinds  of  Vancouveria,  perennial  herbs 
with  slender,  creeping  rootstocks;  named  after  Vancouver 
the  explorer. 

A  charming  woodland  plant,  its  airy 
Inside-out  Flower,  flower  cluster  which  has  much  the  effect 
Barrenwort  _  . 

Vancouveria  °*  an  Alum-root,  in  beautiful  contrast  to 

parvi flora  the  crisp,   evergreen  foliage.     The  large 

White,  lilac  leaves  are  all  from  the  root,  with  wiry, 

Spring  purplish  leaf -stalks  and  beautifully-shaped 

Wash.,Oreg.,Cal.  f     _F 

leaflets,  each  an  inch  or  more  broad,  pale 

on  the  under  side,  the  older  leaves  dark,  rich  green,  leathery 
and  very  glossy  and  the  younger  ones  bright  apple-green 
and  thinner  in  texture.  They  form  a  handsome  cluster, 
varying  a  good  deal  in  size,  and  the  general  effect  suggests 
some  very  crisp  and  sturdy  sort  of  Maidenhair  Fern. 
The  stern  is  from  one  to  two  feet  tall,  wiry,  purplish,  and 
hairy,  and  bears  a  very  loose  cluster  of  tiny,  drooping, 
white  or  lilac-tinged  flowers.  The  six,  white  sepals 
resemble  petals;  the  six,  white  petals  are  smaller  than  the 
sepals,  lined  with  yellow,  and  there  are  six  to  nine  bracts, 
resembling  sepals,  and  six  stamens.  The  minute  buds  are 
purplish  and  the  little  flowers  are  exceedingly  pretty  and 
odd,  when  we  examine  them  closely,  for  the  sepals  turn 
back  so  abruptly  from  the  tiny  petals,  and  from  the  pro- 
jecting cluster  of  stamens,  that  the  name  Inside-out  Flower 
is  appropriate.  The  fruit  is  a  kind  of  capsule  with  many 
seeds.  This  grows  in  shady  woods,  especially  among 
redwoods,  up  to  seven  thousand  feet.  V.  hexdndra  has 
thinner  leaflets,  not  evergreen,  and  the  leaflets  of  V.  chrys- 
dniha  have  white  margins. 


152 


Inside-out 
Flower- 


Wncouveri^ 

p^rviflora. 


BARBERRY  FAMILY.     Berbertdaceae. 


There  are  many  kinds  of  Barberry,  widely  distributed; 
shrubs,  with  yellow  wood;  the  leaves  often  spiny  and  the 
flowers  yellow;  the  sepals  six  to  nine,  with  bracts  and 
resembling  petals;  the  petals  six,  in  two  overlapping  rows, 
each  with  two  glands  at  the  base;  the  stamens  six,  with 
anthers  that  open  by  little  valves  like  trap-doors,  hinged 
at  the  top,  sensitive  and,  when  they  are  touched,  closing 
around  the  shield-shaped  stigma;  the  fruit  a  berry,  with 
one  or  few  seeds. 

This  does  not  look  much  like  the  corn- 
Oregon  Grape,  mon  cuitivate(i  ^nds  of  Barberry,  for  it 
Trailing  Barberry  .  . 

Berberis  ripens       grows  close  to  the  ground  in  a  straggling 
Yellow  bunch.     In    favorable    situations   it   is  a 

Spring  handsome  and   conspicuous  plant.     The 

CaL,  Ariz.,  Utah,     leaves>  with  f rom  three  to  seven  leaflets, 

are  stiff,  prickly,  and  evergreen  like  Holly, 
and  the  yellow  flowers  are  in  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the 
stems,  with  opposite  bracts.  The  six  sepals,  petals,  and 
stamens  are  all  opposite,  that  is,  with  a  petal  in  front  of 
each  sepal  and  a  stamen  in  front  of  each  petal.  In  Ari- 
zona the  flowers  are  rather  small  and  the  clusters  short,  but 
in  Utah  they  are  far  handsomer,  rich  golden-yellow  and 
sweet-scented,  forming  clusters  two  inches  long.  The 
fruit  is  a  handsome  blue  berry  with  a  "bloom,"  the  color 
of  wild  grapes,  contrasting  well  with  the  foliage  when  it 
turns  red  in  the  autumn,  and  delicious  jelly  is  made  from 
them.  B.  aquifblium,  of  Oregon  and  Washington,  is  sim- 
ilar, with  much  more  beautiful,  very  shining  leaves.  B. 
Fendleri,  of  the  Southwest,  is  from  three  to  six  feet  high, 
the  branches  smooth  and  shiny  as  if  varnished,  the  leaves 
with  smooth  edges  or  spiny  teeth,  and  the  flowers  in  nu- 
merous drooping  clusters.  The  calyx  has  conspicuous, 
red  bracts  and  the  berry  is  red. 


Oregon 
Gr^pe- 


Berberis 

repens. 


WATER  LILY  FAMILY.     Nymphaeaceae. 


The  only  kind,  an  attractive  perennial, 
Sweet-after- 
Death  popular  on  account  of  its  sweet-smelling 

Achlys  triphylla  foliage,  which,  however,  is  not  fragrant 
White  until  the  leaves  are  dried.  It  has  a  very 

Summer  slender  rootstock  and  only  one  large  leaf, 

Wash.,  Oreg.,  Cal.         -  i      j        i      r    *   11 

with  a  very  long,  slender  leaf-stalk  and 

three,  oddly-shaped  leaflets,  from  two  to  six  inches  across, 
bright-green,  smooth  and  thin  in  texture,  but  not  glossy. 
The  single,  very  slender  flower-stalk,  from  one  to  two  feet 
tall,  bears  a  crowded  spike  of  many,  tiny,  scentless,  white 
flowers,  without  either  calyx  or  corolla,  but  consisting  of 
a  cluster  of  stamens,  with  long,  threadlike  filaments,  the 
outer  ones  broader,  and  a  pistil  with  a  broad  stigma  and 
no  style.  The  effect  of  the  cluster  is  feathery  and  pretty 
and  the  broad  leaf  is  very  conspicuous,  on  account  of  its 
size  and  shape.  The  crescent-shaped  fruit  contains  one 
seed,  is  at  first  fleshy,  but  becomes  dry  and  leathery.  This 
grows  in  the  woods  in  the  Coast  Ranges,  from  near  sea- 
level  up  to  seven  thousand  feet.  It  is  also  called  Vanilla 
Leaf  and  Deer-foot. 


WATER  LILY  FAMILY.     Nymphaeaceae. 

A  small  family,  widely  distributed  in  fresh-water  lakes 
and  streams;  aquatic,  perennial  herbs,  with  thick,  horizon- 
tal rootstocks,  or  with  tubers,  large,  floating,  or  erect 
leaves,  and  large,  solitary  flowers,  with  long  flower-stalks; 
sepals  three  to  twelve;  petals  three  to  many;  stamens  six 
to  numerous;  ovary  superior,  stigmas  distinct  or  united 
into  a  disk.  We  have  no  white  Water  Lilies  in  the  West. 

Like  the  eastern  Spatter-dock,  this  is  a 
coarse'  but  rather  handsome  and  decora- 
Nymphoiopoly-  tive  Plant-  The  leathery  leaves  ^  are 
sepala  (Nuphar)  shaped  like  a  rounded  heart  and  sometimes 
Yellow  a  foot  long.  The  cup-shaped  calyx,  two 

Summer  ^Q  £Qur  inches  across    js  the  conspicuous 

Cal.,  Oreg.,  Wash.,  .  £     * 

Col    Wyo  part  or  the  flower,  consisting  or  seven  to 

twelve,  thickish  sepals,  yellow  and  petal- 
like,  the  outer  greenish.     There  are  twelve  to  eighteen 


156 


l/fllk 


/ Sweet-  ^fter-  De^ih- 

Achlys  triphyila. 


STRAWBERRY  SHRUB  FAM.     Calycanthace&c. 


petals,  half  an  inch  long,  resembling  stamens.  The  real 
stamens  have  dark-red  anthers,  but  yellow  pollen,  and 
both  petals  and  stamens  are  densely  crowded  around  the 
ovary.  The  round  fruit  has  a  narrow  neck,  concave  top, 
and  many  seeds.  In  quiet  mountain  ponds  we  find  these 
yellow  flowers,  on  stout  stems  standing  up  out  of  the  water, 
the  lily-pads  floating  idly  on  its  surface.  Indians  grind 
the  seeds  into  meal  for  porridge,  or  else  roast  them  and 
eat  them  like  popcorn. 

STRAWBERRY  SHRUB  FAMILY.     Calycanthaceae. 

A  very  small  family,  of  only  two  genera,  one  North 
American,  one  Japanese;  aromatic  shrubs,  with  opposite, 
toothless  leaves,  with  short  leaf-stalks,  without  stipules; 
flowers  large,  solitary,  at  the  ends  of  leafy  branches;  sepds, 
petals,  and  stamens,  indefinite  in  number,  in  many,  over- 
lapping series,  passing  one  into  the  other,  so  that  one 
cannot  tell  which  is  which,  and  all  borne  on  the  receptacle, 
which  is  hollow,  resembling  a  rose-hip,  almost  enclosing 
the  numerous  pistils;  stamens  short,  the  inner  ones  without 
anthers;  receptacle  becoming  a  large,  leathery,  oblong  or 
pear-shaped  fruit,  containing  few  or  many,  smooth,  shining 
akenes. 

There  are  three  kinds  of  Calycanthus  in  this  country, 
two  of  them  eastern;  flowers  purple  or  ved,  stamens  in- 
serted in  several  rows. 

This  resembles  the  familiar  shrub  of 
Strawberry  Shrub     g-  *     .  ;         ,  j  j^.t.n 

Calycdnthus  old-fashioned    gardens    and    the    flowers 

occident&lis  have  the  same  pleasant  and  elusive  aroma, 

Red  something  like  strawberries,  much  more 

Summer  {       when  crushed.     The  shrub  is  four 

California  .        ,  .   ,         .  , 

to  ten  feet  high,  with  rather  coarse,  harsh 

foliage  and  large,  handsome  flowers,  two  or  three  inches 
across,  warm  maroon  in  color,  shading  to  brown  and 
purple,  with  yellow  stamens.  This  is  handsome  and 
conspicuous,  because  of  the  uncommon  and  rich  coloring 
of  its  flowers,  and  grows  along  watercourses  in  the  canyons 
of  the  foothills  and  is  most  common  in  northern  California. 
It  has  many  other  names,  such  as  Sweet  Shrub,  Carolina 
Allspice,  Wineflowers,  etc. 

158 


Strawberry 
Shrub- 


CeJyc^rvthus 
occidentalis. 


POPPY  FAMILY.     Papaveraceae 


POPPY  FAMILY.     Papaveraceae. 

A  rather  large  family,  widely  distributed,  most  abun- 
dant in  the  north  temperate  zone;  herbs,  rarely  shrubs, 
with  milky,  mostly  yellow  juice  and  narcotic  or  acrid 
properties;  the  leaves  mostly  alternate,  without  stipules; 
the  parts  of  the  flower  usually  all  separate  and  distinct, 
borne  on  a  top -shaped  receptacle.  There  are  usually  two 
sepals,  which  fall  off  when  the  blossom  opens,  and  usually 
four  petals,  overlapping  and  crumpled  in  the  bud;  the 
stamens  are  usually  numerous  and  conspicuous,  with 
thread-like  filaments;  the  superior  ovary  becomes  a  many- 
seeded  capsule. 

There  are  only  two  kinds  of  Romneya,  much  alike, 
smooth,  stout,  perennial  herbs,  several  feet  high,  with 
colorless  sap,  the  leaves  alternate  and  more  or  less  divided; 
three  sepals,  each  with  a  broad  wing  on  the  back;  six,  large, 
white  petals;  many  stamens;  the  ovary  covered  with 
bristles.  These  plants  are  nowhere  common,  but  are 
found  from  Santa  Barbara  south,  and  in  lower  California 
sometimes  grow  in  great  profusion.  They  are  extensively 
cultivated  and  much  admired  abroad. 

This  is  often  considered  the  handsomest 

Matilija  Poppy,       flower  {n  the  West  and  it  wQuld  be  hafd 
Oiant  .Poppy 

Romntya    "  to    ^n(^    anything    more    beautiful    and 

trichocalyx  striking    than   its   magnificent   blossoms. 

White  The  plant  has  somewhat  the   effect  of  a 

Peony-bush,  sometimes,  in  cultivation,  as 
California  J 

much  as  five  feet  high,  with  many  smooth 

stems  and  handsome,  smooth,  light-green  foliage,  the 
leaves  cut  and  lobed,  those  near  the  top  with  a  few  prickles. 
The  splendid  flowers  are  enormous,  from  five  to  nine 
inches  across,  with  diaphanous,  white  petals,  crinkled  like 
crepe  tissue-paper,  and  bright  golden  centers,  composed  of 
hundreds  of  yellow  stamens  surrounding  a  greenish-white 
pistil.  The  blossoms  remain  open  for  several  days.  The 
hard,  round  buds  are  covered  with  short,  brown  hairs. 
This  is  the  true  Matilija  Poppy,  (pronounced  Matfliha,) 
as  it  is  the  kind  that  grows  in  the  canyon  of  that  name, 
but  the  tremendous  floods  of  1914  drowned  most  of  these 
beautiful  plants  in  that  locality.  R.  Cbulteri  is  similar, 
but  the  buds  are  smooth  and  the  stems  more  robust. 
160 


Poppy-         Romneya  trichoceJyXi 


POPPY  FAMILY.     Papaveraceae. 


There  are  several  kinds  of  Argemone,  natives  of  th* 
warmer  parts  of  America,  with  bitter,  yellow  juice,  spiny- 
toothed  leaves  and  large,  conspicuous  flowers,  the  buds 
erect;  sepals  two  or  three,  with  odd  little  horns;  petals 
twice  as  many  as  the  sepals;  stamens  numerous;  style  very 
short,  with  a  radiate  stigma;  capsule  prickly,  oblong, 
opening  at  the  top,  containing  numerous  seeds. 

The  prickly,  bluish-green  foliage  of  this 
Milk  Thistle  '  decorative  and  handsome  plant  is  thistle- 
Argembne  hispida  like  both  in  form  and  color.  The  leafy, 
White  branching  stems,  two  or  three  feet  high, 

Summer  are  covcre(j  w{th  dense,  white  or  yellowish 

Southwest  .   ,  ,  1    1        1      n 

pnckles  and  bear  several  lovely  flowers, 

over  three  inches  across,  with  delicately  crumpled,  white 
petals  and  beautiful  golden  centers,  composed  of  numerous 
yellow  stamens,  both  stem  and  leaves  having  a  bluish 
"bloom."  The  three  prickly  green  sepals  each  have  a 
spine-like  beak  and  form  a  queer-looking,  three-horned 
bud;  the  pistil  has  a  purplish,  cap-shaped  stigma,  with  six 
lobes,  and  the  prickly  ovary  becomes  a  very  prickly  cap- 
sule. This  grows  in  dry  places  and  looks  very  beautiful 
and  striking  when  we  find  its  fragile  flowers  waving  in  the 
wind  against  a  background  of  hot  desert  sand.  It  varies 
a  good  deal  in  prickliness  and  in  the  form  both  of  plant  and 
flower.  When  there  is  only  one  large  flower  in  bloom, 
surrounded  by  a  circle  of  prickly  buds,  it  suggests  a  fairy 
princess,  guarded  by  a  retinue  of  fierce  warriors.  The 
flowers  are  often  quite  broad  and  flat,  and  then  are  some- 
times given  the  prosaic  name  of  Fried-eggs. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Papaver;  with  milky  juice, 
leaves  lobed  or  cut,  nodding  flower  buds,  showy  regular 
flowers,  with  two  or  three  sepals  and  four  to  six  petals. 
The  stigmas  are  united  to  form  a  disk  with  rays  and  the 
fruit  is  a  round  or  oblong  capsule,  opening  near  the  top. 
Both  the  Latin  and  common  name,  Poppy,  are  ancient. 
Opium  is  made  from  P.  somniferum  of  the  Mediterranean* 


162 


Thist!e  P°ppy- 

Arqemone  hispid^ 


POPPY  FAMILY.     Papaveraceae. 


A  slender,  graceful  plant,  one  or  twa 
Papavcr  ^eet  ta^»  w^^  smo°th,  branching,  purplish 

heterophyllum  stems,  smooth  leaves,  variously  cut  and 
Red  lobed,  and  charming  flowers,  gay  yet 

Spring  delicate.     They  are  about  an  inch  and  a 

California  ,      r 

half    across,    usually    with    four,    scarlet 

petals,  each  with  a  spot  of  maroon  at  the  base,  and  a 
bright-green  pistil  and  maroon  filaments  with  pale-yellow 
anthers.  The  buds  and  seed-pods  are  smooth.  This 
varies  a  good  deal,  smells  strong  of  opium  when  picked, 
and  its  flowers  glow  like  jewels  among  the  underbrush  on 
open  hillsides,  but  fall  to  pieces  when  gathered. 

There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Eschscholtzia,  with 
bitter,  watery  juice;  leaves  alternate,  cut  into  many  fine 
divisions;  buds  erect;  flowers  yellow;  receptacle  cuplike, 
often  with  a  rim ;  the  two  sepals  united  to  form  a  pointed 
cap,  which  is  pushed  off  by  the  four  petals  as  they  expand; 
stamens  numerous,  with  short  filaments  and  long  anthers; 
style  very  short,  usually  with  four  stigmas;  pod  long, 
narrow  and  ribbed,  containing  many  seeds.  These  plants 
were  collected  at  San  Francisco  in  1816  by  von  Chamisso, 
a  German  poet  and  naturalist,  and  named  in  honor  of  his 
friend  Eschscholtz,  a  botanist.  - 

Probably  the  most  celebrated  western 
California  Poppy     n 
Eschscholtzia          flower  and  deservedly  popular.     It  varies 

California  a  great  deal  in  general  form  and  coloring, 

Yellow  but  is  usually  a  fine  plant,  over  a  foot  tall, 

CP[1DQ  with  stems  and  leaves  a  beautiful  shade 

of  light  bluish-green,  and  the  flowers 
two  or  three  inches  across,  usually  bright-yellow,  shading 
to  orange  at  the  base,  but  sometimes  almost  cream-color. 
They  open  in  sunlight  and  when  blooming  in  quantities 
are  a  beautiful  sight,  covering  the  hillsides  with  a  cloth  of 
gold.  In  southern  Arizona  a  similar  kind  often  borders 
the  dry  beds  of  streams  with  bright  color,  with  much  the 
same  value  in  the  landscape  as  the  Marsh  Marigolds  along 
New  England  streams.  It  is  the  State  flower  of  Califor- 
nia and  has  many  poetic  Spanish  names,  such  as  Torosa, 
Amapola,  and  Domidera,  besides  Copa  de  Oro,  meaning 
"Cup  of  gold." 

164 


Wind  Poppy- 

Papaver  heterophyllu.Fru 


POPPY  FAMILY.    Papaveraceae. 


There  are  several  kinds  of  Dendromecon,  smooth  shrubs, 
with  alternate,  toothless,  leathery  leaves  and  yellow  flowers, 
with  two  sepals  and  four  petals;  stamens  numerous,  with 
short  filaments;  ovary  with  a  short  style  and  two,  oblong 
stigmas.  The  name  is  from  the  Greek  for  "tree"  and 
"poppy." 

This  is  not  a  true  Poppy,  but  the  flowers 

are  sufficiently  like  to  be  quite  surprising 
rigida  when    we    find   them   growing   on    what 

Yellow  appears  to  be  a  small  willow  tree!     It  is  a 

All  seasons  handsome  and  decorative  shrub,  both  in 

California  .  j.  u^j. 

form  and  color,  two   to  eight  feet  high, 

with  pale  woody  stems,  the  main  stem  with  shreddy  bark, 
and  light  bluish-green  foliage,  the  leaves  something  like 
those  of  willow,  but  quite  stiff  and  leathery,  with  a  little 
pointed  tip,  the  short  leaf-stalks  twisted  so  as  to  bring  the 
leaf  into  a  vertical  position.  Sprinkled  all  over  the  bush 
are  numbers  of  beautiful,  clear  golden-yellow  flowers, 
one  to  three  inches  across,  with  orange-colored  anthers 
and  a  pale-yellow  pistil.  This  grows  on  dry,  sunny  hill- 
sides, at  middle  altitudes,  and  is  common  in  southern 
California,  but  is  particularly  fine  near  Santa  Barbara. 
The  flowers  have  a  slight  smell  like  cucumber  and  may  be 
found  in  bloom  at  all  seasons  of  the  year.  The  ribbed 
seed-pod  is  long  and  narrow. 

There  is  only  one  kind  of  Platystemon,  with  stem  leaves 
opposite  or  in  whorls;  sepals  three,  soon  falling;  petals  six; 
stamens  many,  with  broad,  flat  filaments.  The  numerous 
pistils  are  at  first  partly  united,  forming  a  compound  ovary; 
when  ripe  they  separate  into  knotted  pods,  which  break 
apart  between  the  seeds.  The  name  means  "broad 
stamens." 

Pretty   graceful    plants,    their   creamy 
Platystemon  blossoms     often     whitening     the     spring 

Caiijdrnicus  meadows.     The  slender  hairy  stems  are 

Cream-color  about    a    foot    tall,    the    leaves   and    the 

Cal^Or  A  *  n°dding  buds  light-green  and  hairy,  and 
the  pretty  flowers,  about  an  inch  across, 
are  delicate  cream-color,  the  petals  often  stained  with 
bright-yellow,  either  at  the  tip  or  base,  or  both,  with 
pretty  creamy  centers.  This  is  common  in  the  foothills 
plains,  and  valleys. 

166 


Cream-cups-   Platy  stern  on  CaJifornicus. 


BLEEDING  HEART  FAMILY.     Fumariaceae* 


BLEEDING  HEART  FAMILY.     Fumariaceae. 

A  small  family,  widely  distributed;  very  smooth,  tender, 
perennial  herbs,  with  watery  juice;  alternate,  compound 
leaves,  finely  cut,  lobed  and  fringed  into  many  divisions, 
and  irregular,  perfect  flowers,  of  peculiar  shape,  with  two, 
scale-like  sepals,  and  four  petals,  the  inner  pair  narrower 
than  the  outer  and  united  by  their  tips  over  the  stamens 
and  style.  The  six  stamens  are  in  two,  equal  sets,  the 
filaments  of  each  set  somewhat  united,  the  middle  anther 
of  each  set  with  two  cells,  tne  others  with  only  one.  The 
superior  ovary  develops  into  a  long,  dry,  one-celled  capsule, 
containing  shiny,  black  seeds.  This  family  has  been 
united  to  the  Poppies  by  Bentham  and  Hooker,  because 
the  plan  of  the  flowers  is  similar,  though  their  appearance 
is  unlike. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Bicuculla,  natives  of  North 
America  and  Asia;  perennials,  with  beautiful  foliage  and 
decorative  flowers,  of  the  curious  and  intricate  shape  we 
are  familiar  with  in  old-fashioned  gardens.  The  pedicels 
have  two  bracts;  the  corolla  is  heart-shaped  at  base;  the 
outer  pair  of  petals  are  oblong  and  concave,  with  spreading 
tips  and  spurred  or  pouched  at  base,  the  inner  pair  are 
narrow  and  clawed,  with  crests  or  wings  on  the  back;  the 
style  is  slender,  with  a  two-lobed  stigma,  each  lobe  with 
two  crests.  The  creeping  rootstock  is  surrounded  by  a 
bulb-like  cluster  of  fleshy  grains.  These  plants  are  often 
called  Dutchman's  Breeches,  from  the  shape  of  the  flower, 
which,  of  course,  also  gives  the  pretty  name  Bleeding  Heart. 
Bicuculla  is  from  the  Latin,  meaning  "double-hooded." 

This  is  a  very  beautiful  and  interesting 
Bleeding  Heart 

Bicuculla  formosa   Plant>   about   two  feet   tall»   Wlth  delicate 
(Dicentra)  pale-green    leaves,    beautifully    cut  and 

Knk  lobed,  all  from  the  root,  with  very  long 

CaC'oreg^Wash.  leaf"StalkS>   and  a  feW'   graceful  Sprays  of 

purplish-pink  flowers,  each  about  three~ 

quarters  of  an  inch  long.     This  has  a  fleshy,  spreading 


Bleeding 
He&rF 


BLEEDING  HEART  FAMILY.     Fumariaceae. 


rootstock  and  grows  in  shady  spots,  in  rich,  moist  woods, 
at  moderate  altitudes,  but  is  not  very  common.  It  is 
found  in  the  Yosemite  Valley.  B.  uniflbra  is  a  diminutive 
alpine  plant,  from  one  to  three  inches  high,  usually  with 
only  one  white  or  flesh-colored  flower,  about  half  an  inch 
long,  which  is  often  hidden  among  dead  leaves.  This 
grows  in  rich  soil  on  mountain  sides  in  the  Wasatch  and 
Teton  Mountains  and  in  the  Sierra  Nevada,  and  is  found 
in  the  Yosemite  Valley  and  on  Mt.  Lyall,  at  a  height  of 
ten  thousand  five  hundred  feet.  This  is  called  Squirrel 
Corn  and  Steer's  Head. 

The  general  appearance  of  this  hand- 
some  plant  is  striking  and  Japanese  in 
chrysdntha  effect,  and  the  coloring  of  the  feathery, 

(Dicentra)  pale-green  foliage  and  the  golden-yellow 

Yellow  flowers  is  exceedingly  odd  and  beautiful. 

CalTfTrn'ia  The  lafge>  finely-cut  leaves  are  sometimes 

a  foot  long,  and  resemble  delicate  ferns, 
and  the  smooth,  stout,  rather  coarse  flower-stems  bear  a 
few  pretty  flowers,  which  are  a  soft  shade  of  yellow,  about 
three-quarters  of  an  inch  long,  the  usual  Bleeding  Heart 
shape,  but  not  drooping,  and  with  a  strong  narcotic  odor, 
much  like  that  of  poppies.  This  is  sometimes  as  much  as 
four  feet  high  and  grows  in  sunny  places  on  dry  ridges  in 
the  Coast  Ranges,  but  is  nowhere  common. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Capnoides,  natives  of  the 
north  temperate  zone  and  Africa.  They  have  oddly- 
shaped  flowers,  something  like  Bleeding  Heart,  but  with 
only  one  spur,  at  the  back  on  the  upper  side,  instead  of  two. 
The  name  is  from  the  Greek,  meaning  "smokelike, "  in 
allusion  to  the  odor  of  some  kinds. 


'70 


Golden  Eardrops        /  //Bicuculta  chrys^ntha 


BLEEDING  HEART  FAMILY.     Fumariaceae. 


This  has  hollow,  branching  and  spread- 
Golden  Corydal       . 

CapnoUes  a&reum  ing  stems»  from  S1X  to  fourteen  inches  tall, 
(Corydalis)  with    very    pretty,    delicate,    pale-green 

Yellow  foliage    and    bright-yellow    flowers,  each 

??nng  about  half  an  inch  long,  on  slender  pedi- 

cels, in  a  loose  cluster.  The  spurs  give 
them  a  quaint  and  pert  effect.  The  style  stays  on  the  tip 
of  the  long  curved  capsule,  whicb.  l^oks  like  a  bean-pod, 
drooping  or  sticking  out  at  an  awkward  angle  from  the 
stem.  This  is  especially  fine  in  some  of  the  mountain 
valleys  in  Utah,  making  beautiful  clumps  of  foliage;  it  is 
widely  distributed  and  is  also  found  in  the  East.  In  the 
West  it  is  sometimes  called  Dutchman's  Breeches  and 
confused  with  that  plant,  but  rather  absurdly  so,  for  the 
Dutchman  could  have  only  one  leg ! 

A  very  beautiful  and  decorative  plant, 
Pink  Corydalis        t       Qr  three  f    t  ^    with  j  exceed- 

Capnoides  .  ' 

Scouleri  ingly  graceful  leaves,  vivid  yet  delicate 

(Corydalis)  in  color  and  thin  in  texture,  beautifully 

cut  and  lobed.     The  flowers  are  about  an 

in°h  long'  Pale'Pink  shaded  with  deeper 
color,  each  with  a  long,  cylindrical  spur, 
and  form  pretty  clusters,  which  show  up  very  effectively 
against  the  tender  green  of  the  large  clumps  of  delicate  • 
foliage,  which  are  conspicuously  beautiful.     This  grows  ; 
in  rich  soil,  in  mountain  woods,  and  is  charming  in  the 
forests  in  Mt.  Rainier  National  Park. 


172 


Golden 

CorydaJ-r 

C.aureum 


Pink  •  CorydsJis- 
C^pnoides   Scouleri. 


MUSTARD  FAMILY.     CruclferaG. 


MUSTARD  FAMILY.     Cruciferae. 

A  large  family,  widely  distributed.  Both  the  English 
and  Latin  names  are  appropriate,  for  the  watery  juice  of 
these  plants  is  pungent,  like  mustard,  and  the  flowers 
spread  out  their  four  petals  in  the  form  of  a  cross.  They 
are  herbs,  the  leaves  alternate  or  from  the  root,  usually 
with  no  leaf-stalks.  The  flowers  have  four  petals,  with 
claws;  four  sepals,  the  two  outer  ones  narrow,  apt  to  drop 
off;  six  stamens,  two  of  them  short.  The  ovary  is  superior, 
usually  with  a  single  style  and  stigma,  and  usually  de- 
velops into  a  pod,  divided  in  two  by  a  transparent  parti- 
tion, which  remains  after  the  pod  has  opened  from  below; 
in  some  kinds  the  pod  remains  closed.  The  flowers 
generally  grow  in  clusters  and  though  they  are  often  small 
they  produce  honey  and  so  are  frequented  by  bees  and 
flies.  The  family  is  easily  recognized  by  the  four  petals 
and  in  most  species  by  two  stamens  being  shorter  than  the 
others,  but  the  flowers  are  so  much  alike  that  the  various 
kinds  have  to  be  determined  by  examining  the  fruit. 
Radish  and  Horse-radish,  Mustard  and  Water-cress  all 
belong  to  this  family,  as  well  as  many  familiar  garden 
flowers,  such  as  Sweet  Alyssum,  Candytuft,  Rockets,  and 
Stocks,  and  many  are  common  weeds,  such  as  Peppergrass 
and  Shepherd's  Purse. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Dentaria,  smooth  perennials, 
with  rather  large  white  or  pink  flowers  and  tuberous  root- 
stocks. 

A  charming  plant,  with  a  purplish  stem, 
Milk  Maids,  from  six  inches  to  two  f eet  tall  and  pretty 

Pepper-root 
Denttiria  leaves,  varying  in  shape,  those  from  the 

Calijdrnica  root  being  roundish  in  outline,  or  with 

White,  pink  three  leaflets,  but  the  stem-leaves  with 

^pfin^  three  or   five   leaflets.     The   flowers   are 

Cal.,  Oreg. 

about   three-quarters  of  an  inch  across, 

with  pure-white  or  pale-pink  petals.  This  is  one  of  the 
loveliest  of  the  early  spring  flowers  in  the  Coast  Ranges 
and  usually  found  in  damp  spots,  both  in  woods  and  open 
places,  often  whitening  the  meadows  with  its  blossoms. 


174 


Milk  Maids-  Dentaria  //Californica. 


MUSTARD  FAMILY.     Cruciferae. 


There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Thelypodium,  natives 
of  North  America,  all  western  or  southwestern;  mostly 
smooth  plants,  the  leaves  usually  with  leaf-stalks,  the 
flowers  in  clusters;  stamens  long,  conspicuous,  with  very 
narrow,  arrow-shaped  anthers;  pods  long,  cylindrical  or 
four-sided,  often  twisted,  sometimes  on  a  slender  stalk; 
seeds  oblong,  flatiish,  in  one  row  in  each  cell. 

This  has  small  flowers,  but  often  grows 

Thelypodium  .  on. 

toruldsum  m  suc"  quantities  on  the  flats  near  Salt 

Lilac  Lake  that  it  tints  the  fields  with  purple. 

Spring,  summer     The  purplish  stem  is  from  twelve  to  fifteen 
West,  etc.  inches  tall  and  the  leaves  are  light  bluish- 

green  and  very  smooth,  the  root-leaves  with  long  leaf- 
stalks, and  the  stem-leaves  arrow-shaped  and  clasping  at 
base.  The  flowers  are  about  half  an  inch  across,  with  a 
purplish-tinged  calyx  and  pale  pinkish-lilac  petals,  and  form 
flat-topped  clusters.  The  pods  are  spreading  and  rather 
knobby.  This  usually  grows  on  dry  hills,  reaching  an  al- 
titude of  over  nine  thousand  feet,  as  far  east  as  Wyoming. 
There  are  many  kinds  of  Arabis,  widely  distributed, 
with  small,  white  or  purplish  flowers. 

_     Jt    ,    .  This  is  a  rather  pretty  plant,  a  foot  or 

Fendler's  Arabis  ,     . 

Arabis  Fcndlen       more  tall»  Wlt^  more  or  less  hairv  Stems 

Magenta  and  leaves  and  pretty  clusters  of  magenta 

Spring  flowers,  each  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch 

Anzona  across.     It  grows  on  the  rim  of  the  Grand 

Canyon. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Erysimum,  most  abundant  in 
Europe  and  Asia.  They  are  usually  biennial  or  perennial, 
more  or  less  downy;  mostly  with  yellow  flowers;  the  pods 
long,  narrow  and  squarish  or  flattish,  rarely  round,  with 
numerous  seeds,  in  one  row.  In  Europe  these  plants  often 
grow  in  the  crannies  of  old  walls,  hence  the  common  name. 
The  vivid  glowing  orange  of  these 
fllwer"1  Wal1"  handsome  flowers  is  exceedingly  effective 
Erysimum  among  the  dark  tree-trunks  of  the  moun- 

asperum  tain  forests  where  they  often  grow.     They 

Orange, lemon-      are  widely  distributed  as  far  east  as  Ohio. 
ye  ow  /Pj^  stout   purpiish  stems  are  from  one  to 

Spring,  summer 

West,  etc.  two  -eet  tall  and  the  long,  narrow  leaves, 

often  toothed,  are  apt  to  be  purplish  on 

the  under  side,  and  both  stem  and  leaves  are  rather  rough. 


Thelypodium 
torutosum 


Arabis  Fendleri 


MUSTARD  FAMILY.     Cruciferae. 


The  fragrant  flowers,  each  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch 
across,  form  a  handsome  cluster,  about  three  inches  across. 
The  calyx  is  yellow,  the  pistil  green,  and  the  anthers  brown. 
The  conspicuous,  four-sided  pods  are  spreading  or  erect, 
from  one  to  five  inches  long,  with  a  stout  beak.  In  the 
high  mountains  the  orange-color  gives  way  to  the  variety 
perenne,  with  lemon-colored  flowers,  perhaps  commoner 
than  the  orange,  not  so  tall,  and  wonderfully  handsome  in 
the  Wasatch  Mountains,  around  Mt.  Rainier  and  similar 
places,  and  widely  distributed.  The  Cream-colored  Wall- 
flower, E.  capitdtum,  blooms  early,  growing  near  the  coast; 
the  flowers  large,  handsome,  but  not  sweet-scented. 

There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Thlaspi,  of  temperate 
and  arctic  regions:  smooth  low  plants,  mostly  mountain; 
root-leaves  forming  a  rosette;  stem-leaves  more  or  less 
arrow-shaped  and  clasping;  flowers  rather  small,  white  or 
purplish;  sepals  blunt;  style  slender,  sometimes  none,  with 
a  small  stigma;  pod  flat,  roundish,  wedge-shaped,  or  heart- 
shaped,  with  crests  or  wings. 

A  rather  pretty  little  plant,  with  several 
Wild  Candytuft,  flower.staiks  springing  from  rosettes  of 
Pennycress 

Thldspi  glaucum  leaves,  dull-green,  somewhat  purplish 
White  and  thickish,  smooth  and  obscurely 

Spring,  summer,    toothed,  all  more  or  less  covered  with  a 

autumn  "bloom";     the    flowers    small,     slightly 

Northwest  and  '          . 

utah  fragrant,  forming  clusters  less  than  an  inch 

across,  the  white  petals  longer  than  the 
thin,  greenish  sepals.  This  grows  on  moist,  mountain 
slopes.  T.  alpestre,  of  the  Northwest,  is  similar,  but  with- 
out "bloom." 

There  are  only  a  few  kinds  of  Dithyrea,  grayish,  hairy 
plants,  resembling  Biscutella  of  the  Mediterranean,  with 
yellowish  or  whitish  flowers. 

. ,  A  little  desert  plant,  from  six  to  twelve 

Dithyrea  Wishzem  . 

White  inches  tall,  with  branching  stems;  pale, 

Summer  yellowish-green,  downy  leaves,  about  an 

Ariz., New Mex.,  inch  long,  with  wavy  or  toothed  margins; 
Tex.,Okla.,Ark.  smaU  white  flowers  and  funny  little  seed- 
pods,  sticking  out  at  right-angles  from  the  stem.  This 
grows  at  an  altitude  of  three  to  four  thousand  feet  and  is 
found  in  the  Petrified  Forest. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Streptanthus,  difficult  to  dis- 

178 


Dithyre^ 
Wislizeni. 


Wild  Candyiuft- 
Thlaspi  glaucurrv 


MUSTARD  FAMILY.     Cruciferae. 


tinguish,  smooth  plants,  often  with  a  "bloom";  stems 
branching;  leaves  often  clasping  at  base,  the  lower  ones 
usually  more  toothed  or  lobed  than  the  upper.  The 
flowers  are  very  peculiar  in  shape,  not  like  most  Mustards, 
but  suggesting  the  shape  of  a  Bleeding  Heart  flower;  the 
sepals  usually  colored  like  the  petals,  two  or  all  of  them 
bulging  at  base,  so  that  the  calyx  is  broad  below  and  con- 
tracted above;  the  corolla  regular  or  irregular,  the  petals 
purple  or  white,  with  claws  and  narrow,  wavy  or  crisp 
borders;  the  stamens  four  long  and  two  short,  or  in  three 
unequal  pairs,  the  longest  pair  often  united  below;  the 
pods  long,  narrow,  flattish  or  cylindrical,  on  a  broad 
receptacle;  the  seeds  flat  and  more  or  less  winged.  These 
plants  are  called  Jewel-flower,  but  the  name  does  not  seem 
particularly  appropriate. 

Nothing  about  this  odd-looking  plant  is 
pretty  and  it  almost  seems  as  if  it  were 

Streptanthus  .  .... 

^ortudsus  trying  to  make  up  by  eccentricity  for  its 

Yellowish,  lack  of  beauty.     It  is  common  in  dry, 

purplish  sandy  places  in  the  mountains  and  our 

Summer  attention  is   first  attracted   to   the   tall, 

branching  stalks,  because  they  are  strung 
./ith  such  queer-looking  leaves.  In  summer  the  upper  ones 
are  bright-yellow  or  dull-purple  and  they  clasp  the  stem 
and  curve  over,  so  that  they  look  like  small  brass  shields, 
pierced  by  the  stem.  There  are  three  or  four  of  these 
curving  leaves,  very  smooth  and  shiny,  and  several  more 
below,  which  are  flatter  and  dark-green,  and  the  stem,  from 
six  inches  to  three  feet  high,  is  oddly  twisted  and  leans  to 
one  side.  The  small  flowers  are  yellowish  or  mauve,  veined 
with  purple,  less  than  half  an  inch  long  and  peculiar  in 
shape.  The  contrast  in  color  between  the  flowers  and 
leaves  is  very  odd  and  very  ugly,  but  as  if  this  were  not 
enough,  later  in  the  season  the  curious  thing  hangs  itself 
with  ridiculously  long,  slender  pods,  like  great  hooks,  and 
looks  queerer  and  more  disheveled  than  ever. 

Prettier  and  not  so  queer-looking  as  the 

Arizona  last.     The  leaves  are  arrow-shaped,  clasp- 

Streptanthus 

Streptanthus  ing  at  base»  rather  leathery,  bluish-green, 

Arizdnicus  with  a  "bloom"  and  tinged  with  purple 

White  on  the  backs,  the  lower  ones  toothed,  and  ; 

Spring  tke  p0cjs  are  aDOUt  two  inches  long,  flat 

Arizona 

and  tinged  with  purple.     The  flowers  are 

180 


Arizon^Streptanthus 
Strep-tenth  us  Arizonicus 


'Shield-leaf- 
S.tortuosus, 


MUSTARD  FAMILY.     Cruciterae. 


half  an  inch  long,  pearly-white,  the  petals  yellowish, 
veined  with  purple,  and  are  quite  pretty.  This  grows  in 
dry  places. 

There  are  only  a  few  kinds  of  Stanleya,  all  western; 
tall,  stout,  smooth  perennials,  or  biennials,  with  a  ''bloom"; 
flowers  large,  mostly  yellow,  without  bracts,  in  long,  ter- 
minal, clusters;  sepals  long,  narrow;  petals  long,  narrow, 
with  long  claws;  stamens  six,  very  nearly  equal;  ovary  on  a 
short  stalk,  with  a  short  style  or  none;  pods  long,  narrow 
and  flattish,  with  long  stalks;  seeds  numerous.  Named  for 
Lord  Edward  Stanley,  President  of  the  Linnaean  Society. 
The  pretty  common  name  of  this  tall, 
Plum?  PrinC6'S  handsome  plant  was  given  by  Helen  Hunt 
Stdnleya  Jackson  and  the  long,  feathery  wand  of 

pinnatifiAa  numerous  blossoms  is  beautiful  and  sug- 

Yellow  gests  a  plume.     On  the  other  hand,  the 

Spring  straggling  flowers  have  such  long,  narrow, 

Southwest  and  ,  •«•«.<•« 

New  Mex  curling   petals,    the    threadlike   filaments 

look  so  much  like  curling  antennae  and  the 
long,  thin  pods  stick  out  so  awkwardly,  like  insects'  legs, 
from  among  the  flowers  on  the  lower  part  of  the  stalk,  that 
we  find  the  general  effect  is  rather  weird  and  spidery.  In 
fact  the  plant  I  drew  had  a  large  yellow  spider,  precisely 
the  color  of  the  flowers,  half-concealed  among  them.  The 
stem  is  from  two  to  five  feet  high;  the  leaves  are  smooth, 
pale  bluish-green,  the  lower  ones  with  leaflets  and  a  leaf- 
stalk, and  the  flowers  are  bright-yellow,  or  cream-color, 
about  an  inch  across.  This  grows  usually  in  dampish 
spots,  in  arid  regions.  The  picture  is  of  one  I  found  in 
Indian  Garden  Canyon,  a  branch  of  the  Grand  Canyon. 

The  only  kind,  a  fine  plant,  well  worth 
Dryopelalon 
\uncinatum  cultivation;  smooth  and  branching,  about 

White  two  feet  tall,  with  handsome,  bluish-green 

Sp«ng  leaves,  with  a  "bloom,"  the  root-leave? 

with  long,  purplish  leaf-stalks  and  some- 
times nine  inches  long ;  the  flowers  half  an  inch  across,  with 
a  lilac-tinged  calyx  and  white  petals,  prettily  toothed, 
forming  a  pretty,  rather  flat-topped  cluster.  The  pods  are 
very  slender,  nearly  straight,  one  or  two  inches  long.  This 
grows  among  rocks,  in  protected  situations,  and  is  not 
common.  Only  a  few,  separate  flowers  are  given  in  the 
picture,  as  the  plant  I  found,  near  the  Desert  Laboratory 
at  Tucson,  was  almost  out  of  bloom. 


DryopetaJon  runcin&tum. 


Golden  Prince's    Plume 
Stanleys 


MUSTARD  FAMILY.     Crucifcrac. 


There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Lesquerella,  all  Ameri« 
can ;  low  plants,  more  or  less  hairy  or  scurfy;  flowers  mostly 
yellow,  in  clusters;  petals  without  claws;  pods  roundish, 
more  or  less  inflated,  and  giving  the  common  name,  Blad- 
der-pod, also  used  for  Isomeris  arborea. 

Pretty  little  plants,  often  growing  in 

White  Bladder-      quantities    among     rocks    in    mountain 

Lesquerella  canyons.     The  slender  stems  are  from  a 

purpurea  few  inches  to  over  a  foot  tall,  springing 

White,  pink  from  a  cluster  of  root-leaves,  varying  a 

good  deal  in  shape,  dull-green  and  harsh 

to  the  touch.     The  flowers  are  half  an 

inch  or  more  across,  with  white  petals,  often  tinged  with 

pink,  with  a  little  yellow  in  the  throat,  and  form  a  pretty, 

rather  flat-topped  cluster. 

In  desert  places,  such  as  the  terrible 
YeUow  Bladder-     sandy    wastes    of    the    Petrified    Forest, 

Lesquerella  where  it  seems  a  miracle  that  anything 

Anzdnica  should  grow,  we  find  the  close,  pale,  gray- 

Yellow  green  tufts  of  this  little  plant,  crowned 

Summer  with  racemes  of  small  bright-yellow  flowers. 

The  small,  thickish  leaves  are  long,  narrow 
and  white  with  close  down,  the  stems,  about  three  inches 
high,  branch  at  the  root  and  the  little  pods  are  tipped  with 
a  style  of  about  their  own  length.  L.  Gordoni,  of  Arizona, 
also  has  clusters  of  little  yellow  flowers,  often  covering 
sandy  hillsides  with  bright  color;  the  leaves  slightly  stiff 
and  rough,  the  pods  much  inflated.  It  resembles  L. 
purpurea  in  general  form  and  size. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Brassica,  coarse  "weeds"  in 
this  country.  This  is  the  ancient  Latin  name  for  Cabbage, 
which  belongs  to  this  genus,  as  well  as  Cauliflower,  Turnip, 
and  Brussels  Sprouts. 

A  European   "weed,"  common  every- 
Black Mustard  T^     _   ,..     .   .       . 

Brassica  nlgra        where-     In    California    it    grows    to    an 
Yellow  enormous  -height,  sometimes  twelve  feet, 

Summer  and  when  in  bloom  is  a  beautiful  feature 

u* s<  of  the  landscape,  covering  the  fields  with  a 

shimmering  sheet  of  pale  gold.     The  leaves  are  dark- 
green,  smooth  or  with  a  few  hairs,  all  with  leaf -stalks,  the 

184 


White 

Bladder-pod 


CAPER  FAMILY.     Capparidaccae. 


lower  leaves  large  and  jagged,  cut  into  leaflets,  the  upper 
leaves  mostly  toothless.  ;  The  fragrant  flowers  form  long 
clusters,  each  flower  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  across; 
the  small,  cylindrical  pods  stand  erect,  close  to  the  branch- 
ing stem.  A  valuable,  antiseptic  oil  is  made  from  the 
black,  pungent  seeds,  exported  from  California  by  the  ton. 

CAPER  FAMILY.     Capparidaceae. 

The  flowers  of  this  family  are  much  like  the  Mustards, 
but  the  stamens  are  all  of  equal  length  and  are  often  more 
than  six;  the  leaves  are  alternate  and  consist  of  three  or 
several  leaflets,  with  stalks,  and  the  plant  usually  tastes 
bitter  and  disagreeable  instead  of  pungent.  There  is  no 
partition  in  the  pods,  which  are  on  long,  threadlike  stalks; 
the  ovary  is  superior  and  the  seeds  are  kidney-shaped. 
Many  flowers  have  only  a  rudimentary  pistil  and  never 
produce  fruit.  The  Caper,  of  which  we  eat  the  pickled 
flower-buds  for  a  relish,  is  a  shrub  which  grows  in  the 
Levant.  The  family  is  quite  large  and  flourishes  in  warm 
regions. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Cleomella,  resembling  Cle- 
ome,  except  that  the  pods  are  different. 

This  is  a  handsome,  rather  odd-looking 

Llel^tlia  longipes  Plant»  with  a  stout'  smooth,  yellowish 
Yellow  or  purplish  stem,  sometimes  branching 

Spring  and   over   a    foot    tall.     The   leaves   are 

Nev.,  Cat.,  Oreg.  br|ght  light-green,  smooth,  toothless  and 
slightly  thickish,  and  the  three  leaflets  are  sometimes  each 
tipped  with  a  hair,  and  have  a  tuft  of  small  hairs  at  the 
base  of  the  leaf-stalk,  in  place  of  a  stipule.  The  flowers 
are  about  half  an  inch  across,  and  are  a  beautiful  warm 
shade  of  golden-yellow,  the  long  stamens  being  of  the  same 
color  and  giving  a  very  pretty  feathery  appearance  to  the 
large  cluster.  The  pods  are  queer-looking  little  things  and 
stick  straight  out  from  the  stem.  This  has  a  slightly  un- 
pleasant smell,  but  looks  very  gay  and  pretty  in  the  fields 
and  along  the  edges  of  the  mesas  around  Reno. 


1 86 


Cleomella- 


C.  lonqipes* 


CAPER  FAMILY.     Capparidaceae. 


There  are  many  kinds  of  Cleome;  ours  are  branching 
herbs,  with  palmately-divided  leaves ;  the  flowers  with  four 
sepals,  four  petals,  and  six  stamens.  The  ovary  has  a 
stalk  with  a  gland  at  its  base  and  becomes  a  long  pod,  with 
a  long  stalk  and  many  seeds. 

In  Arizona  this  exceedingly  handsome 
Clecme  serrultita  P^ant  often  covers  the  dry  beds  of  rivers 
Pinkish-lilac,  with  acres  of  beautiful  color.  The 
white  smooth,  branching  stem  is  sometimes  as 

Summer  h  Q{  ht    feet    hj   h       The    upper 

Southwest,  etc. 

leaves  are  long  and  narrow  and  the  lower 

are  larger  and  usually  have  three  leaflets,  but  all  are  bluish* 
green  and  peculiarly  soft  and  smooth  to  the  touch.  The 
buds  are  purple  and  the  delicate  flowers,  with  threadlike 
flower-stalks,  grow  in  a  handsome,  feathery  cluster,  some- 
times a  foot  long,  with  numerous  bracts.  They  have  four, 
pinkish-lilac  or  white  petals  and  six  exceedingly  long, 
threadlike  stamens  with  minute,  curling,  green  anthers. 
The  lilac  pistil  is  also  very  long  and  before  the  flower  drops 
off  begins  to  develop  into  a  small,  flat,  green  pod.  These 
gradually  lengthen,  until  the  stem  is  ornamented  with 
many  hooklike  pods,  with  slender  stalks,  hanging  all  along 
it.  Many  of  the  flowers  do  not  produce  fruit.  The 
foliage  when  it  is  crushed  gives  off  a  rank,  unpleasant  smell, 
which  is  responsible  for  the  local  name  of  Skunk- weed. 
This  is  widely  distributed  and  is  found  in  the  central  and 
northern  part  of  the  United  States,  as  well  as  in  the  South- 
west. 


1 88 


Bee-plant 

Cleome  serrulate 


CAPER  FAMILY.     Capparidaceae. 


An  odd-looking  plant,  with  very  pretty, 
CletoL  plTt^lrpa  feathery  flower-clusters.  The  hairy  stem 
Yellow  is  over  a  foot  tall  and  the  leaves  are  bright 

Spring  yellowish-green  and  mostly  smooth  on  the 

upper  side,  with  hairy  margins  and  hairy 
on  the  under  side.  The  flowers  are  a  warm  shade  of 
bright  golden-yellow  and  form  a  handsome,  rather  flat- 
topped  cluster,  with  long  stamens,  and  the  oblong  pods  are 
an  inch  long  or  less,  flat  and  much  broader  than  those  ot 
the  last.  The  flowers  are  slightly  sweet-scented  and  the 
whole  plant  exudes  a  faint  unpleasant  odor.  This  is 
conspicuous  on  the  dreary  mesas  around  Reno,  often 
growing  with  Cleomella  longipes,  which  it  very  much 
resembles  in  general  appearance,  except  for  the  pods, 
which  are  quite  different. 

There  is  only  one  kind  of  Isomeris. 

This  is  a  shrub  about  three  feet  high, 
Bladderpod 

Jsdmeris  arbdrea  whlch  1S  attractive  except  for  its  un- 
Yellow  pleasant  smell.  The  leaves  are  smooth, 

Spring  toothless,  stimsh  and  thickish,  and  bluish- 

California  green,  with  a  small  bristle  at  the  tip,  and 

mostly  with  three  leaflets.  The  pretty  flowers  are  nearly 
an  inch  across  and  warm  yellow  in  color,  not  very  bright 
but  pretty  in  tone,  with  six  very  long,  yellow  stamens,  and 
form  a  short,  oblong  cluster.  The  ovary  has  such  a  long 
stalk,  even  in  the  flower,  that  it  gives  an  odd  appearance 
and  it  develops  into  a  very  curious  and  conspicuous, 
drooping  pod,  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  much  inflated  and 
resembling  a  very  fat  pea-pod,  on  a  long  stalk,  with  two 
rows  of  seeds  like  little  peas  inside  it,  which  taste  very 
bitter.  This  is  quite  common  on  southern  mesas.  The 
name  Bladderpod  is  also  used  for  Lesquerella,  which  belongs 
to  the  Mustard  Family. 


190 


Bl&dderpod-         Isomeris 


ORPINE  FAMILY.     Crassulaceae. 


ORPINE   FAMILY.     Crassulaceae. 

A  rather  large  family,  widely  distributed;  odd-looking, 
mostly  very  succulent  herbs,  with  smooth,  fleshy  leaves 
and  stems,  without  stipules;  flowers  in  clusters;  sepals, 
petals,  pistils,  and  stamens,  all  of  the  same  number,  usually 
four  or  five,  sometimes  the  stamens  twice  as  many;  ovary 
superior;  receptacle  with  honey-bearing  scales,  one  behind 
each  pistil;  pistils  separate,  developing  into  small  dry  pods, 
containing  few  or  many,  minute  seeds.  Some  of  these 
plants  look  like  tiny  cabbages  and  we  are  all  familiar  with 
their  tight  little  rosettes  in  the  formal  garden-beds  of  hotels 
and  railway  stations,  where  they  are  so  stiff  and  un- 
attractive that  we  hardly  recognize  them  when  we  find 
them  looking  exceedingly  pretty  in  their  natural  homes. 
The  Latin  name  means  "thick." 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Sedum,  no  one  kind  very 
widely  distributed;  fleshy  herbs;  leaves  usually  alternate; 
flowers  star-like,  often  in  one-sided  clusters;  stamens  and 
pistils  sometimes  in  different  flowers  on  different  plants; 
sepals  and  petals  four  or  five;  stamens  eight  or  ten,  on  the 
calyx,  the  alternate  ones  usually  attached  to  the  petals; 
styles  usually  short.  The  Latin  name  means  "to  sit," 
because  these  plants  squat  on  the  ground,  and  Stonecrop 
is  from  their  fondness  for  rocks. 

_      ,     _  This  makes   beautiful  golden  patches, 

Douglas  Stone- 

crop  on  dry  slopes  or  more  or  less  open  hilltops, 

Stdum  Dougldsii  usually  among  limestone  rocks.  The 
Yellow  reddish  stems  are  from  six  to  ten  inches 

pring,  summer  tajj  ^  leaves  are  rather  long  and  narrow, 
Northwest 

thick  but  flat,  forming  pretty  pale-green 

rosettes,  more  or  less  tinged  with  pink  and  yellow,  and  the 
pretty  starry  flowers  are  three-quarters  of  an  inch  across, 
bright-yellow,  with  greenish  centers,  the  stamens  giving  a 
feathery  appearance. 

On  moss-covered  rocks,  moistened  by 
Yosemite  Stone-    the    glistening    spray    blowing    from    the 

Sedum  Yosemite  waterfalls,  we  find  these  beau- 

Yosemitense  tiful   plants,    covering    the    stones    with 

Yellow  a    brilliant,    many-colored    carpet.     The 

umme  flowers  are  stars  of  brightest  gold,  about 

half  an  inch  across  and  delicately  scented, 
form  flat-topped  clusters,  three  or  four  inches  across 
192 


Douglas  Stone-crop 
S.  Douql&sii 


Yosemite  Stonecrop- 
Sedum  Yosemitense. 


ORPINE  FAMILY.     Crassalaceae. 


The  upper  part  of  the  stalk,  which  is  about  six  inches  tall, 
and  the  upper  leaves  are  delicate  bluish-green,  but  both 
stem  and  leaves  shade  to  vivid  scarlet  at  the  base.  Spread- 
ing out  on  the  ground  from  the  base  of  the  stem  in  all 
directions  are  numerous  little  runners,  each  bearing  at  the 
end  a  small  rosette  of  thick,  blue-green  leaves,  forming  a 
beautiful  contrast  to  the  vivid  color  of  flowers  and  stems. 
The  leaves  and  runners  are  very  brittle  and  break  off  at  a 
touch. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Dudleya;  perennials,  very 
thick  and  fleshy;  root-leaves  in  a  conspicuous  rosette, 
stem-leaves  mostly  bract-like,  usually  with  a  broad, 
clasping  base;  flowers  mostly  yellow  or  reddish;  calyx 
conspicuous,  with  five  lobes;  petals  united  at  base;  stamens 
ten.  Most  of  these  plants  grow  in  the  South,  often  on 
rocks,  in  such  shallow  soil,  that  they  would  die  in  dry 
weather,  except  that  the  juicy  leaves  retain  their  moisture 
for  a  long  time  and  nourish  the  plant.  They  resemble 
Sedum  in  appearance,  but  as  the  petals  are  more  or  less 
united  the  flowers  are  not  starlike.  The  Indians  make 
poultices  out  of  the  leaves. 

The  succulent,  reddish  flower-stalks  of 

this   handsome   plant   bear   large,    loose, 

Dudleya  Neva-       rather  flat-topped  clusters  of  orange-red 

densis  (Cotyle-        flowers,  on  coiling  branches,  and  are  about 

dow)  a  foot  tall,  with  scaly  bracts,  springing 

from  a  large  handsome  rosette  on  the 
Summer  to 

California  ground  or  very  thick,  pale-green  leaves, 

often  tinged  with  pink.  Other  smaller 
rosettes  form  a  circle  around  it,  hence  its  nice  little  common 
name.  D.  pulverulenta  (Echeveria}  is  beautiful  but  weird- 
looking.  It  has  red  flowers,  and  the  rosette,  resembling 
a  small  Century-plant,  is  covered  all  over  with  a  white 
powder  which,  among  ordinary  herbage,  gives  an  exceed- 
ingly striking  and  ghostlike  effect.  This  plant  is  some- 
times a  foot  and  a  half  across,  with  as  many  as  eight,  tall 
stalks,  and  is  found  from  San  Diego  to  Santa  Barbara. 


194 


Hen-and-Chickens-     Dudleys  Nevadensis* 


SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.    Saxifragaceae. 


SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.     Saxifragaceae. 

A  large  family,  almost  all  herbs,  living  usually  in  tern- 
perate  regions.  They  have  no  very  peculiar  characteristics 
and  resemble  the  Rose  Family,  but  sometimes  their  leaves 
are  opposite,  usually  they  have  no  stipules  and  have  fewer 
stamens  than  Roses,  not  more  than  twice  as  many  as  the 
sepals,  and  usually  the  pistils,  from  two  to  five  in  number, 
with  distinct  styles,  are  united  to  form  a  compound  ovary, 
which  is  superior  or  partly  inferior;  sepals  usually  five; 
petals  four,  five,  or  rarely  none,  alternate  with  the  sepals; 
petals  and  stamens  borne  on  the  calyx;  fruit  a  dry  pod  or 
berry,  containing  numerous  seeds.  The  Latin  name  means 
"rock  breaker,"  as  many  grow  among  rocks. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Parnassia,  of  north  temperate 
and  arctic  regions;  smooth  perennials;  leaves  toothless, 
almost  all  from  the  root;  flowers  single;  sepals  five;  petals 
five,  each  with  a  cluster  of  sterile  filaments,  tipped  with 
glands,  at  the  base;  fertile  stamens  five,  alternate  with  the 
petals;  ovary  superior,  or  partly  inferior,  with  a  very  short 
style,  or  none,  usually  with  lour  stigmas;  fruit  a  capsule, 
containing  numerous  winged  seeds.  These  plants  were 
called  Grass  of  Parnassus  by  Dioscorides,  but  are  not  grass- 
like.  They  resemble  the  other  members  of  this  family  so 
little  that  they  have  been  made  into  a  separate  family  by 
some  botanists. 

A  charming  plant,  with  several  slender 

stems,  about  a  foot  tall,  springing  from  a 

Pamdssia  large  cluster  of  handsome,  very  smooth, 

fimbriata  glossy  leaves.     The  flowers  are  about  an 

White  inch  across  and  have  cream-white  petals, 

delicately  veined  with  green  and  prettily 
Northwest 

fringed  towards  the  base,  and  pale  yellow 

anthers.  At  the  base  of  each  petal  there  is  a  queer  little 
stiff  cluster  of  sterile  filaments,  like  a  tiny  green  hand. 
This  grows  on  banks  of  streams  and  in  moist  places, 
reaching  an  altitude  of  eleven  thousand  feet.  P.  Califor- 
nica  is  similar,  but  the  petals  not  fringed. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Leptasea,  perennials,  with 
alternate,  thick  or  stiffish  leaves;  flowers  white  or  yellow, 
single  or  in  terminal  clusters;  sepals  five;  petals  five,  with 
claws  or  claw-like  bases ;  stamens  ten ;  ovary  mostly  superior. 


Cr^ss  of 
Parnassus* 


SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.     Saxifragaceae. 


Pretty  little  plants,  about  six  inches  t-dl, 
Dotted  Saxifrage  forming  matted  clumps  of  stiff,  rather 
Leptasea  austro-  ^  . 

montana.  dark  green  foliage,  the  twigs  crowded  with 

(Saxifraga  leathery,    toothless   leaves,    bristly   along 

bronchialis)  the  edges  and   tipped  with  a  little   stiff 

point.     The  pretty  flowers  are  about  half 


Northwest  an  ^nc^  across»  their  white  petals  dotted 

with  dark  red  or  purple  towards  the  tips, 
sometimes  dotted  with  yellow  near  the  center,  with  yellow 
anthers  and  a  pale  green  ovary,  partly  inferior.  These 
little  plants  sometimes  cover  rocky  slopes  for  long  dis- 
tances with  their  leafy  mats  and  are  common  in  the  moun- 
tains at  moderate  altitudes. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Muscaria,  perennial,  mstted 
herbs;  leaves  alternate,  usually  three-lobed,  mostly  from 
the  root;  flowers  white,  single,  or  a  few  in  terminal  clusters; 
sepals  five;  petals  five,  without  claws;  stamens  ten;  ovary 
about  one-half  inferior. 

Pretty  little  plants,   from   two   to   six 

Tufted  Saxifrage  incheg  tall  with  smaU  leay  w{th  from 
Muscarta 

caespitdsa  three  to  five  lobes  or  teeth,  forming  matted 

(Saxifraga)  patches    of    pretty    foliage,    from    which 

White  spring  many  slender,  slightly  hairy  flower- 

Summer  stems,  with  a  few  bracts  or  leaves,  and 

Northwest,  etc. 

bearing  one  or  more  pretty  flowers,  less 

than  half  an  inch  across,  with  white  petals,  yellow  anthers, 
and  a  greenish-yellow  ovary.  This  grows  in  rocky  crevices 
in  the  mountains,  across  the  continent,  also  in  arctic  and 
alpine  Europe  and  Siberia. 

There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Lithophragma,  peren- 
nials, bearing  bulblets  on  their  slender  rootstocks  and 
sometimes  also  on  the  stems;  leaves  more  or  less  divided, 
mostly  from  the  root;  stipules  small;  flowers  few,  in  a 
loose,  terminal  cluster;  sepals  five;  petals  five,  white  or 
pink,  with  claws;  stamens  ten,  short;  ovary  superior  or 
partly  inferior,  with  three  short  styles. 

A  little  woodland  plant,   delicate  and 
Woodland  Star 

Lithophragma  Pretty,  with  a  slender,  hairy  stem,  from 
heterophylla  nine  inches  to  two  feet  tall,  springing 

White  from    a   pretty    cluster    of    hairy   leaves, 

Spring,  summer  variable  in  shape  but  usually  w{th  three 
California 

or    five    lobes.     Ihe    starrv    flowers    are 


Tufted 
S^xifrage- 


c^espitosa. 


Dotted 

Lept&se* 

austromont*n&. 


Woodland  Star- 
heterophylk 


SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.     Saxifragaccae. 


three-quarters  of  an  inch  across,  with  white  petals,  prettily 
slashed.  This  is  sometimes  called  Star  of  Bethlehem,  but 
that  name  belongs  to  an  Ornithogalum,  grown  in  gardens. 
The  only  kind,  a  perennial,  over  a  foot 
Youth-on-age  tall  with  hai  stem  bearing  a  graceful 
Leptaxis  ,  .  .  6. 

Menziesii.  wand  or  small  nowers,  springing  irom  a 

(Tolmieo)  cluster  of  root-leaves,  bright  green  and 

Purplish  thin  in  texture,  but  roughish  and  sparsely 

Summer  hairy.     The  flowers  are  about  a  third  of 

Wash.,  Oreg.,  Cal.         /*  .        . 

an  inch  long,  the  calyx,  which  is  the  con- 
spicuous part,  dark-purple  or  pinkish-red  and  slightly 
irregular,  with  three  large  and  two  small  sepals,  and  the 
petals  of  the  same  color,  but  so  narrow  that  they  look  like 
long  curling  filaments.  The  three  stamens  are  opposite  the 
three  upper  sepals,  the  ovary  is  superior  and  the  capsule 
has  two  long  beaks.  Young  plants  often  spring  from  the 
base  of  the  leaf,  where  it  joins  the  leaf-stalk,  and  this  habit 
gives  the  common  name.  This  grows  in  mountain  woods 
ana  is  attractive,  for  though  the  flowers  are  dull  in  color 
they  are  unusual  in  form  and  the  leaves  are  pretty. 

There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Heuchera,  North 
American,  difficult  to  distinguish;  perennials,  with  stout 
rootstocks;  leaves  mostly  from  the  root;  flowers  small,  in 
clusters;  calyx- tube  bell-shaped,  with  five  lobes;  petals 
small,  sometimes  lacking,  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  with 
claws;  stamens  five,  inserted  with  the  petals;  ovary  partly 
inferior,  with  two  slender  styles,  becoming  two  beaks  on  the 
capsule. 

Ajum      t  These  feathery  sprays  are  so  airy  and 

Heuchera  delicate  that  they  might  almost  be  made 

micrdntha  of  mingled   mist   and   moonshine,   blown 

Pink  and  white       from  the  waterfalls  they  love  to  haunt,  but 
Summer  are   nQ^.   SQ   frag{ie   as   they   iook,   for   the 

'  clusters  of  tiny  pink  and  white  flowers 
last  a  long  time  in  water.  The  stem  is  very  slender,  rather 
hairy,  from  one  to  three  feet  tall,  springing  from  a  cluster 
of  roundish  leaves,  prettily  lobed  and  scalloped,  bright 
green,  with  some  white  hairs  on  the  backs  and  on  the  long 
leaf-stems,  often  with  red  veins.  The  handsome  leaves 
and  lovely  feathery  spires  are  conspicuous,  decorative  and 
quite  common,  among  mossy  rocks  in  dark,  rich  mountain 
woods,  up  to  six  thousand  feet. 

200 


Youth- on- age- 

Lept^ocis 
Menziesif 


U  urn  root - 
Heuchera 


SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.     Saxifragaceac. 


This  is  not  so  tall  and  the  leaves,  with 

Alumroot  blunt  teeth  and  sometimes  slightly  lobed, 
Heuchlra 

rubescens  are  sma^er-     In  Utah  they  are  dark  green 

Pink  and  white  and  shining  on  the  upper  side,  smooth  or 

Summer  slightly  downy,  with  a  bristle  at  the  tip 

Southwest,  Utah,  Q£  each  j^  often  reddish  Qn  the  undef 

side,  and  in  Yosemite  quite  rough,  with 
hairs  on  the  edges  and  veins.  The  flowers  are  about  a 
quarter  of  an  inch  across,  the  calyx  deep-pink,  with  blunt, 
green  teeth,  the  petals  long,  narrow  and  white,  the  general 
effect  of  the  flower  being  pink.  The  clusters  are  not 
nearly  so  airy  as  those  of  H.  micrantha  and  in  the  high 
Sierras  the  stems  are  shorter  and  the  clusters  still  more 
compact.  This  was  first  found  on  one  of  the  islands  in 
Great  Salt  Lake.  There  are  other  similar  kinds,  some 
with  greenish  flowers. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Micranthes,  perennials, 
sometimes  with  bulblets  at  the  base  of  the  stem;  leaves 
thickish,  from  the  root;  flowers  white,  in  terminal  clusters; 
petals  five,  mostly  without  claws;  stamens  ten;  ovary 
slightly  inferior. 

This  is  conspicuous  on  account  of  its 
SaxifrJgT1*  height,  with  a  stout,  stiff,  leafless,  hairy 

Micrdnihes  flower-stalk,     three    feet    or    more    tall, 

Oregana  springing  from  a  loose  rosette  of  smooth, 

(Saxifrage)  thickish,  bright-green  leaves,  not  stand- 

„    1  e  ing  up   stiffiy  but  spreading,   sometimes 

Summer  i          r         1  -j 

Northwest  nearly  a  foot  long,  paler  on  the  under  side 

and  obscurely  toothed  at  the  ends,  with 
some  minute  hairs  along  the  lower  margins.  The  flowers 
are  small,  with  cream-white  petals,  orange-red  anthers  and 
a  green  ovary,  and  form  a  long  branching  cluster  towards 
the  top  of  the  stalk.  This  grows  in  swamps  in  the  moun- 
tains. 

A  little  alpine  plant,  growing  in  moist 
Saxifrage  goil  Qr  Qn  mossy  rocks.     The  sticky-hairy 

Micranthes  .      J  t         .      . 

rhomboidea  flower-stem  is  from  two  to  twelve  inches 

(Saxifraga)  tall,   springing    from    a    cluster    of   dull- 

White  green   root-leaves,    toothless,    or    toothed 

Spring,  summer      towards    th      end       slightly    thickish  and 
Southwest,  Idaho,  ,.  -    , 

tftah,  Col.  very  slightly  downy  and  the  flowers  are 

small,  and  form  a  compact  cluster. 
202 


Saxifrage- 
Micranthes  rhomboide*//  / 


Tall  Swamp  Saxifrage 
M.Oreqana. 


SAXIFRAGE  FAMILY.     Saxifragaceae. 


Modesty  The  on^  kind,   a   PrettY  ^ttle  under- 

Whip  plea  modesta  shrub,  with  many  woody  stems,  spreading 
White  and  trailing  on  the  ground,  Ihe  branches 

«?fl?g  ^  ,  clothed   with  more  or  less  hairy  leaves. 

Wash.,  Ore*.,  Cal. 

with  three  veins,  and  bearing  clusters  of 

very  small  flowers,  with  a  pleasant  honey-like  fragrance. 
They  usually  have  ten  stamens,  the  ovary  is  partially 
inferior,  with  from  three  to  five  styles;  sepals  whitish; 
petals  white,  becoming  greenish.  The  low  masses  of  green 
foliage,  spotted  with  white  flower  clusters,  are  a  pretty 
feature  of  the  Coast  Range  forests  and  thickets,  especially 
among  redwoods. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Mitella,  perennials,  of  North 
America  and  Asia. 

An  inconspicuous  little  plant,  of  moun- 
Bishop's  Cap,  tain  woo(}s  with  pretty  leaves  and  tiny 
Mitrewort  _  ^.  ,  .  .  ,  n 

Mitella  ovdlis         flowers.      1  he  slender,  hairy,  leafless  stem, 

White  about    ten    inches    tall,    springs    from    a 

Summer  cluster    of    root-leaves,    smooth    on    the 

Northwest  and       upper  ^^  except  for  a  few  bristly  hairs, 

with  bristly  hairs  on  the  under  veins  and 
on  the  long,  slender  leaf-stalks.  The  flowers  grow  in  a 
graceful,  one-sided  spray  and  have  a  five-lobed,  green 
calyx,  five  minute  petals,  five  stamens  with  short  filaments, 
and  a  roundish  ovary,  almost  wholly  inferior.  The  petals 
have  pretty  little  bits  of  feathery  fringe  between  them, 
which  make  the  little  flowers  look  like  tiny  snow  crystals 
in  shape,  when  we  examine  them  closely. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Spatuiaria,  perennials, 
sometimes  with  bulblets;  leaves  from  the  root,  mostly 
toothed;  flowers  white,  in  open  clusters;  sepals  five;  petals 
all  clawed,  the  three  upper  differing  from  the  two  lower; 
ovary  chiefly  superior. 

A  beautiful  plant,  with  such  slender 
Spatuiaria  gtems  and  branches  that  at  a  distance, 

Brunomana  ..  .       _  111-1 

(Saxijraga  ^ne  "tup  white  Iiowers  look  like  specks  ot 

Nutkana)  foam.     The  hairy,  reddish  stems,  from  a 

(Saxifraga  few  inches  to  over  a  foot  tall  and  very 

WhiterJ°  branching,  spring  from  clusters  of  thickish, 

Summer  stiffish,  hairy  root-leaves  and  bear  dozens 

Northwest  of  flowers,  about  three-eighths  of  an  inch 

across,   with   \vhite   petals,   spotted   with 

2OJL 


rnodesta. 


Bishop's 
Cap-. 

Mitella  ovalis. 


HYDRANGEA  FAMILY.     Hydrangeaceae. 


yellow  or  red  at  the  base  and  slightly  irregular,  the  three 
upper  petals  being  narrower  than  the  two  lower.  The 
anthers  are  orange;  ovary  white  or  pinkish;  calyxes  and 
buds  purplish-red.  This  grows  among  rocks  in  mountains. 

HYDRANGEA  FAMILY.     Hydrangeaceae. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  opposite  leaves  and  no  stipules. 
The  flowers  are  in  clusters  and  usually  perfect,  but  some- 
times those  at  the  margins  of  the  clusters  are  without  pistils 
or  stamens  and  larger  than  those  in  the  middle;  the  calyx 
usually  with  four  to  ten  sepals,  and  in  sterile  flowers  often 
conspicuously  enlarged;  the  petals  four  to  ten;  the  stamens 
eight  to  many;  the  ovary  wholly  or  partly  inferior;  the 
styles  separate  or  united,  sometimes  lacking;  the  fruit  a 
capsule.  Many  very  ornamental  garden  shrubs,  such  as 
Deutzia  and  Hydrangea,  are  included  in  this  family. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Fendlera,  natives  of  North 
America;  shrubs,  with  white  or  pink  flowers,  with  four 
sepals  and  four  petals,  the  latter  with  claws.  The  eight 
stamens  have  two-forked  filaments  and  the  ovary  is  partly 
inferior,  with  four  styles. 

Fendlera  rupicola  Among  the  many  beautiful  plants  to  be 
White,  pink  found  in  the  Grand  Canyon  one  of  the 

Spring  most  conspicuous  is  the  Fendlera.     It  is  a 

Ariz.,  Utah,  Nev.     tall)  handsome  shrub>  growmg  along  the 

upper  part  of  Bright  Angel  trail,  and  in  May  it  is  covered 
with  charming  white  blossoms.  These  flowers  measure 
an  inch  across,  and  have  cream-white  or  pale  pink  petals, 
narrowing  to  a  claw  at  the  base,  and  purplish  sepals,  and 
they  grow  in  clusters  of  three  or  four,  mixed  with  pink 
buds,  on  the  ends  of  short  branches.  The  small  oblong 
leaves  have  three  nerves  and  the  wood  is  tough  and  gray, 
with  deeply  furrowed  bark.  Though  their  scent  is  rather 
unpleasant,  the  flowers  are  lovely  and  look  just  like  some 
novel  variety  of  fruit-blossom,  but  this  resemblance  is 
deceptive  for  they  produce  nothing  but  dry  pods. 

There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Philadelphus,  natives 
of  North  America,  Asia,  and  Europe;  shrubs,  with  large, 


Fendler^    rupicola. 


HYDRANGEA  FAMILY.     Hydrangeaceac. 


white  or  cream-colored  flowers;  the  calyx  top-shaped,  with 
four  or  five  lobes;  the  petals  four  or  five;  the  stamens 
twenty  to  forty,  inserted  on  a  disk;  the  ovary  inferior,  with 
three  to  five  styles;  the  capsule  top-shaped,  containing 
many  oblong  seeds.  These  plants  were  named  in  honor 
of  King  Ptolemy  Philadelphia.  They  are  often  called 
Mock- Orange,  because  the  flowers  often  resemble  orange- 
blossoms.  The  commonest  name,  Syringa,  is  confusing, 
because  that  is  the  generic  name  of  the  Lilac. 

In  June  and  July,  in  the  high  Sierras, 
Philadtiphus  UP  to  an  altitude  of  four  thousand  feet, 
Calij6rnicus*  this  lovely  shrub  forms  fragrant  thickets 
White  of  bloom.  It  looks  very  much  like  the 

Summer  familiar  garden  Syringa  and  the  smell  is 

CaL,  Oreg.,  Wash.  .  J       to  . 

just  as  delicious.     The  bush  is  from  four 

to  twelve  feet  high,  with  smooth,  pale,  woody  stems,  dark- 
green  leaves,  sometimes  slightly  toothed,  very  smooth  and 
shiny,  and  pretty  flowers,  in  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches.  They  are  each  about  an  inch  across,  with  four 
or  five,  cream-white  petals,  rolled  in  the  bud,  and  a  golder 
center,  composed  of  numerous,  bright-yellow  stamens. 

A  small  shrub,  not  nearly  so  handsome 

Small  Syringa  ^  th  j  fc  frQm  t  t  three  f  t  hi  h 
Philadelphus  .  ' 

microphyllus  Wlth    slender,    pale-gray,    woody    stems, 

White  branching     very     abruptly.     The     small 

Summer  leaves  are  smooth  and  very  bright  green 

j/1Z"f|Sal'f  on  the  upper  side,  but  the  under  side  is 

very  pale  and  covered  with  close  white 
down.  The  flowers  are  much  smaller  than  tne  garden 
Syringa,  with  white  petals  and  numerous  yellow  stamens, 
the  calyx  reddish  outside  and  downy  within,  and  have  a 
delicious  smell,  like  lemon-blossoms.  This  pretty  little 
shrub  may  be  found  growing  in  small  shady  canyons,  in 
northern  Arizona  and  elsewhere  in  the  Southwest. 


208 


SmaJI  Syringe  - 
P.mtcrophyllus. 


PhiladelphusC&lifornicus 


GOOSEBERRY  FAMILY.     Grossulariace&e. 


[GOOSEBERRY  FAMILY.     Grossulariaceoe. 

A  small  family,  shrubs,  with  alternate,  palmately-lobed 
leaves,  often  sticky  or  resinous;  the  flowers  almost  always 
in  clusters;  the  pedicels  with  a  bract  at  the  base  and 
usually  with  two  bractlets  halfway  up;  petals  five,  or 
rarely  four,  usually  smaller  than  the  calyx-lobes;  stamens 
of  the  same  number  as  the  petals  and  alternate  with  them; 
ovary  inferior,  with  two  styles,  more  or  less  united;  fruit 
a  berry,  crowned  with  the  withered  remains  of  the  flower. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Grossularia,  or  Gooseberry; 
shrubs,  sometimes  with  trailing  branches,  almost  always 
spiny;  flowers  with  bracts;  ovary  often  spiny. 

This  is  a  stout  shrub,  one  to  four  feet 
Wild  Gooseberry  .  .    .,..,..    , 

Grossul&ria  hlSh» Wlth  thlck»  short,  rigid  little  branches, 

Rolzli  (Ribes)  the  knobby  joints  more  or  less  spiny. 
Maroon  and  white  The  roundish  leaves,  less  than  an  inch 

?pr!fg  .  across,   are  lobed   and   scalloped,   rather 

California  t.   , 

dull  green  and  slightly  downy,  and  the 

flowers  are  about  half  an  inch  long,  with  maroon-colored 
sepals  and  white  petals,  the  base  of  the  calyx-tube  downy. 
The  purple  berry  is  half  an  inch  in  diameter  and  covered 
with  stout  prickles.  This  Gooseberry  is  common  at 
moderate  altitudes.  The  drooping,  red  and  white  flowers 
resemble  tiny  Fuchsias,  both  in  color  and  form.  G. 
Menziesii,  the  Canyon  Gooseberry,  also  has  pretty  fuchsia- 
like  flowers  and  grows  in  the  Coast  Ranges  of  California 
and  Oregon,  blooming  in  the  winter. 

In  spite  of  its  name,  the  flowers  of  this 

Fuchsia-flowered   handsome  shrub  do  not  look  as  much  like 
Gooseberry 
Grossulbria  Fuchsias  as  the  two  last.     The  stems  are 

specidsa  armed  with  long   thorns  and   the  leaves 

Red  are  thick,  dark  green,  and  glossy.      The 

Spring  flowers  have  four  sepals,  four  petals,  and 

California  .      ,  ' 

four  stamens  and  are  about  an  inch  long 

and  beautiful  bright-red  in  color.  The  berry  is  dry  and 
very  prickly.  This  is  common  in  the  southern  part  of 
California. 


2IO 


Fuchsia-flowered 

Gooseberry- 

G.speciosa. 


Wild  Gooseberry- 
Grossul&ri^  Roexli. 


GOOSEBERRY  FAMILY.     Orossulariaceae. 


There  are  many  kinds  of  Ribes,  or  Currant,  of  temperate 
regions;  shrubs,  almost  always  smooth;  flowers  sometimes 
blooming  before  the  leaves,  with  five  petals,  smaller  than 
the  five  calyx-lobes,  which  are  often  colored;  stamens  five; 
ovary  inferior,  fruit  a  smooth,  many-seeded  berry.  In 
general  the  low  shrubs,  with  their  pretty  foliage,  may  be 
recognized  by  their  resemblance  to  cultivated  kinds. 
Ribes  is  the  ancient  Arabic  name. 

Except  that  its  foliage  has  a  strong  dis- 

Black  Currant        agreeable  smell,  this  is  an  attractive  shrub, 

Ribes  Hudsont- 

£num  three   to   six   feet   high,   with   pale  gray, 

White  woody  stems,  without  thorns,  and  smooth, 

Spring,  summer      bright  green  leaves,  five-lobed  and  thin  in 

Utah,  Wash.,  texture,  paler  on  the  under  side,  with 
Idaho,  etc. 

resinous  dots  and  broad,  papery  stipules, 

in  clusters,  with  reddish  bracts  at  the  base.  The  flowers 
form  close,  erect  clusters,  less  than  two  inches  long,  spring- 
ing from  the  same  bud  as  the  leaves;  the  calyx,  which  is 
the  conspicuous  part,  cream-white,  greenish  in  the  center; 
the  petals  very  small  and  white.  The  berry  is  smooth  or 
hairy,  round  and  black,  without  "bloom,"  and  possibly 
edible,  but  so  bad-smelling  as  to  be  avoided.  This  grows 
beside  mountain  streams  and  is  found  as  far  north  as 
British  Columbia. 

A  thrifty,  mountain  bush,  from  three  to 
Sierra  Currant  .  J  ' 

Ribes  Nevadense  S1X  feet  hlSh»  the  upper  stems  pale  gray 
Pink  and  the  lower  ones  reddish;  the  leaves 

Summer  thin  and  smooth,  prettily  scalloped  and 


base  of  the  leaf-stalks.  The  flowers  are 
fragrant  and  pink,  over  half  an  inch  long,  and  form  a  close 
cluster,  of  eight  or  more.  The  berry  is  black,  with  a  white 
"bloom,"  and  tastes  sweet  and  insipid.  This  reaches  an 
altitude  of  eight  thousand  feet.  Ribes  glutinbsum  is 
called  Incense-shrub,  because  of  its  strong  fragrance.  It  is 
a  large  handsome  shrub,  sometimes  fifteen  feet  high,  with 
beautiful  drooping  clusters  of  gay  pink  flowers.  The 
leaves  are  sticky  when  they  first  come  out  and  the  berry 
is  blue,  with  a  dense  "bloom,"  bristly,  dry  and  bitter,  or 
insipid.  This  blooms  in  winter  or  early  spring  ans  is 
common  in  canyons  near  the  coast. 


Sierra  Currant - 
Rtbes 
Ne 


Black 
Currant 
R.Hudsont&num. 


APPLE  FAMILY.    Pomaceae. 


_  t  -,.  .A  very  handsome  bush,  from  five  to 
Golden,  Missouri 

or  Buffalo  Currant  twelve  feet  high,  with  pretty  foliage  and 
Rlbes  dureum  smooth,  pinkish-gray,  woody  stems.  The 
Yellow  bright  green  leaves,  with  three  or  five 

Spring,  summer  j  b  ^TQ  h{  {  texture,  with  a  few  hairs 
West,  etc. 

on  the  leaf-stalks,  fresh  and  glossy-looking, 

and  setting  off  the  bright  clusters  of  clear  yellow  flowers, 
of  which  the  calyx,  half  an  inch  across,  with  a  long  greenish- 
yellow  tube,  is  the  conspicuous  part.  The  small  petals  are 
sometimes  yellow,  but  often  bright  red  and  the  fruit  is 
smooth,  yellow,  red,  or  black,  and  edible.  This  is  deli- 
ciously  fragrant  and  spicy,  very  handsome  and  attractive, 
growing  beside  brooks  and  in  moist  canyons,  where  some- 
times, in  masses,  it  has  at  a  distance  the  effect  of  Forsythia, 
but  purer  in  color.  It  grows  as  far  east  as  Missouri  and 
is  often  cultivated. 

APPLE  FAMILY.     Pomaceae. 

A  rather  large  family,  widely  distributed,  including 
many  attractive  trees  and  shrubs,  such  as  Mountain  Ash 
and  Hawthorn,  as  well  as  Pears  and  Apples,  with  pretty 
blossoms  and  conspicuous,  often  edible  fruits;  leaves  alter- 
nate; stipules  small;  flowers  regular,  perfect,  single  or  in 
clusters;  calyx  usually  five-toothed  or  five-lobed;  petals 
mostly  five,  usually  with  claws;  stamens  numerous,  or 
rarely  few,  separate,  with  small  anthers;  ovary  inferior  and 
compound;  styles  one  to  five.  The  calyx-tube  gradually 
thickens  and  becomes  a  "pome,"  or  apple-like  fruit,  in 
which  the  core  is  the  ovary. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Amelanchier,  of  the  north 
temperate  zone;  shrubs  or  trees,  with  thornless  branches 
and  white  flowers,  usually  in  clusters;  calyx-tube  bell^ 
shaped,  with  five  narrow  sepals;  petals  five;  stamens 
numerous,  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx;  styles  two  to  five  in  j 
number,  united  and  hairy  at  base;  ovary  wholly  or  partly 
inferior;  fruit  small  and  berry-like.  The  name  is  from  the 
French  for  the  Medlar.  These  shrubs  are  called  Shad- 
bush  in  the  East,  because  they  bloom  just  when  the  shad 
are  beginning  to  run  in  the  rivers. 


214 


Golden  Currant-      Ribes 


PLUM  FAMILY.    Drupaceae. 


A  pretty  shrub  with  woody,  branching 
Service-berry,          t  reddish  twigs  and  smooth,  bright 

June-berry  6  . 

Ameldnchier  green   leaves,    sometimes   downy   on   the 

alnifdlia  under  side,  toothed  only  at  the  ends.    The 

White  flowers,  less  than  an  inch  across,  have  long, 

WeltgetScUmmer  narrow'  straggling  petals,  and  are  so 
mixed  with  leaves,  and  crowded  so  irregu- 
larly on  the  branches,  that  the  effect  is  rather  ragged.  The 
roundish,  pulpy,  black  fruit  is  liked  by  the  Indians,  but 
though  sweet  is  insipid.  When  thickets  of  this  shrub  are 
in  bloom  on  mountainsides  the  effect  is  very  pretty,  es- 
pecially in  Utah,  where  the  shrubs  are  more  compact  and 
the  flowers  less  straggling  than  in  Yosemite,  giving  at  a 
distance  much  the  effect  of  Hawthorn.  It  grows  as  far 
east  as  Nebraska  and  in  British  Columbia. 

PLUM  FAMILY.     Drupaceae. 

A  rather  small  family,  widely  distributed,  trees  or  shrubs, 
the  bark  exuding  gum,  the  foliage,  bark,  and  seeds  bitter, 
containing  prussic  acid ;  leaves  alternate,  toothed,  •  with 
leaf-stalks;  stipules  small;  flowers  mostly  perfect,  regular, 
single  or  in  clusters;  calyx  five-lobed,  dropping  off  after 
flowering;  petals  five,  inserted  on  the  calyx;  stamens 
numerous,  inserted  with  the  petals;  pistil  one  in  our  genera; 
ovary  superior,  developing  into  a  stone-fruit. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Prunus,  including  Cherry  as 
well  as  Plum,  with  white  or  pink  flowers  and  usually  edible 
fruits.  Prunus  is  the  ancient  Latin  name  for  plum. 

__  „    .         .  Mountain   slopes   near   Santa   Barbara 

Holly-leaved 

Cherry,  Islay  are   beautiful   in   June   with   the   creamy 

Prunus  ilicifolia  flowers  of  this  very  ornamental  evergreen 

White  shrub,  from  five  to  twenty-five  feet  high, 

^u,m,mer.  with  shiny,  leathery,  dark  green  leaves, 

California  •  «  «  *  •     «  •  ti-i 

with    prickly    edges,    looking    much    like 

Holly.  The  small  flowers  form  close  but  feathery  clusters, 
from  one  to  three  inches  long,  and  smell  pleasantly  of 
honey.  The  sweetish  fruit,  not  particularly  good  to  eat, 
is  a  dark  red  cherry,  about  half  an  inch  in  diameter.  In 
dry  places  these  shrubs  are  small,  but  in  favorable  situ- 
ations, such  as  the  old  mission  gardens,  where  they  have 
been  growing  for  perhaps  a  hundred  years,  they  develop 
into  small  trees. 

216 


Islay- 
Prunus   ilicifolia. 


Service-berry- 
Amel&nchier  alnifolf^. 


ROSE  FAMILY.     Rosaceae. 


ROSE  FAMILY.     Rosaceae. 

A  large  and  important  family,  widely  distributed  and 
including  some  of  our  loveliest  flowers  and  most  delicious 
fruits;  herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees;  generally  with  stipules  and 
usually  with  alternate  leaves;  the  flowers  rich  in  pollen 
and  honey  and  usually  perfect.  The  calyx  usually  five- 
lobed,  often  with  bracts,  with  a  disk  adhering  to  its  base; 
the  petals  of  the  same  number  as  the  calyx-lobes,  separate 
or  none;  the  stamens  usually  numerous,  separate,  with 
small  anthers;  the  ovary  superior,  or  partly  inferior;  the 
pistils  few  or  many,  separate  or  adhering  to  the  calyx, 
sometimes,  as  in  the  true  Rose,  enclosed  and  concealed  in  a 
hollow  receptacle;  the  fruit  of  various  kinds  and  shapes. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Opulaster,  branching  shrubs, 
with  clusters  of  white  flowers  and  grayish  or  reddish, 
shreddy  bark. 

This,  is  a  handsome  bush,  from  three  to 

six  feet  high'  with  Pretty>  almost  smooth, 
malv&ceus  bright  green  leaves,  with  large  stipules. 

(Physocarpus)        The  flowers  are  sweet-smelling,  about  half 
White  an  inch  across,  with  cream-white  petals, 

and  form  very  beautiful  and  conspicuous 
Northwest,  Utah, 
Ariz.  rounded  clusters,  about  three  inches  across, 

the  long  stamens  giving  a  very  feathery 
appearance.  At  a  distance  this  shrub  has  the  effect  of 
Hawthorn  in  the  landscape.  It  grows  on  mountainsides  in 
rich  soil. 

Apache  Plume  There  are  two  kinds  of  Fallugia.     This 

Fallugia  paraddxa  is  usually  a  low  undershrub,  but  in  the 
White  Grand  Canyon,  on  the  plateau,  it  is  a  fine 

Spring  bush,   four  or  five  feet   high,   with   pale 

Ariz.,  New  Mex. 

woody,  branching  stems;  the  small,  some- 
what downy,  evergreen  leaves,  resembling  those  of  the  Cliff 
Rose,  but  the  flowers  larger.  They  are  white,  two  inches 
across,  like  a  Wild  Rose  in  shape,  with  beautiful  golden  cen- 
ters, and  grow  on  long,  slender,  downy  flower-stalks,  at  the 
ends  of  the  branches.  Individually,  they  are  handsomer 
than  the  flowers  of  the  Cliff  Rose,  but  not  nearly  so  effective, 
as  the  bloom  is  much  more  scattered.  The  calyx-tube  is 
downy  inside  and  the  five  sepals  alternate  with  five,  small, 
long,  narrow  bractlets.  The  hairy  pistils  are  on  a  small 
218 


Ninebark-          Opulaster  m&lvaceus. 


ROSE  FAMILY.     Rosaceae. 


conical  receptacle,  surrounded  by  a  triple  row  of  very 
numerous  stamens  on  the  margin  of  the  calyx-tube. 

Wild  Roses  are  widely  distributed  in  the  northern 
hemisphere  and  are  too  familiar  to  need  much  description. 
There  are  numerous  kinds;  some  are  climbing,  all  are 
prickly  and  thorny,  with  handsome,  often  fragrant, 
flowers  and  compound  leaves,  with  toothed  edges.  The 
numerous  yellow  stamens  are  on  the  thick  margin  of  a 
silky  disk,  which  nearly  closes  the  mouth  of  the  calyx. 
The  numerous  pistils  develop  into  akenes,  or  small,  dry, 
one-seeded  fruits.  These  look  like  seeds  and  we  find  them 
inside  the  calyx-tube,  which  in  ripening  enlarges  and 
becomes  round  or  urn-shaped.  These  swollen  calyx- 
tubes  are  the  "hips,"  which  turn  scarlet  and  add  so  much 
to  the  beauty  of  the  rose-bush  when  the  flowers  are  gone. 
Rosa  is  the  ancient  Latin  name. 

This  is  a  very  handsome  thrifty  bush, 
Fendler's  Rose  J 

Rosa  Fendleri  about  four  feet  high,  with  smooth,  or 
Pink  slightly  downy,  bright  green  leaves,  and 

Spring,  summer  thorny  stems,  with  slightly  curved  thorns. 
Idaho,  Utah,  Ariz.  The  flowers  are  more  or  iess  fragrant  and 

about  two  inches  across,  with  bright  pink  petals,  which 
gradually  become  paler  as  they  fade,  and  pretty  crimson- 
tipped  buds.  This  has  smooth  "hips"  and  is  a  beautiful 
and  conspicuous  kind,  growing  in  valleys  and  along  streams, 
up  to  an  altitude  of  nine  thousand  feet.  It  is  widely 
distributed  and  variable,  probably  including  several  forms. 
A  large  bush,  three  to  six  feet  high,  with 
California  Wild  QrQC^  kranchmg  stems,  armed  with  a  few, 
Roll  California  stout  thorns,  which  turn  back.  The 
Pink  leaves  are  more  or  less  downy,  especially 

Spring,  summer,    On  the  under  side,  with  from  three  to  seven 

autumn  leaflets,  and  the  flowers  usually  form  a 

Cal.,  Oreg.  ' 

cluster  of  few  or  many  and  are  each  from 

one  to  nearly  two  inches  across,  with  pale  pink  petals. 
They  are  lovely  flowers,  with  a  delicious  fragrance,  and  are 
common  at  low  and  moderate  altitudes  in  California, 
usually  growing  near  streams. 


220 


California,  Wild  Rose-     R.CaJifornica. 


ROSE  FAMILY.     Rosaceae. 


_   J  A    charming    kind,    delicate    both    in 

Redwood  Rose 

JWsa  «ymnocdrM  foliage  and  flower,  asually  growing  in 
Pink  shady,  mountain  woods.  The  slender 

Spring,  summer  bush  is  from  one  to  three  feet  high,  with 
Northwest  £aT^  brown  stems,  armed  with  some 

straight,  slender  thorns,  and  light  green  leaves,  usually 
with  quite  a  number  of  neat  little  leaflets,  smooth  and  thin 
in  texture.  The  flowers  are  an  inch  or  less  across,  usually 
single,  with  light  yellow  centers  and  bright  pink  petals, 
very  clean  and  fresh  in  tone,  usually  deeper  towards  the 
margins.  The  sepals  are  not  leafy  at  the  tips,  the  flower- 
stalks,  and  sometimes  the  leaf-stalks  also,  are  covered  with 
small,  dark,  sticky  hairs  and  the  buds  are  tipped  with 
carmine.  Neither  leaves  nor  flowers  are  fragrant. 

This  is  the  only  kind.     In  open  places, 
Mountain  Misery  j   •        r 

Chamaebfoia  m  tne  Sierra  forests,  the  ground  is  often 
folioldsa  carpeted  for  acres  with  the  feathery 

White  foliage  of  this  charming  shrub,  sprinkled 

Summer  ^  oyer  with  pretty  white  flowers.    Moun- 

Cahforma  ...  _ 

tain   Misery   does   not   at   first   seem   an 

appropriate  name  for  so  attractive  a  plant,  but  when  we 
walk  through  the  low,  green  thickets  we  find  not  only  that 
the  tangled  branches  catch  our  feet  but  that  the  whole 
plant  is  covered  with  a  strong-smelling,  resinous  substance, 
which  comes  off  on  our  clothes  in  a  most  disagreeable 
manner.  On  a  warm  day  the  forest  is  filled  with  the  pecu- 
liar, medicinal  fragrance  and  when,  later  in  the  season,  we 
unpack  our  camping  outfit  we  are  apt  to  be  puzzled  by  the 
smell  of  "Pond's  Extract"  which  our  clothes  exhale. 
The  shrub  is  usually  less  than  two  feet  high,  with  downy, 
evergreen  foliage,  the  numerous  small  leaflets  so  minutely 
subdivided  and  scalloped  that  they  have  the  appearance 
of  soft  ferns.  The  flowers  resemble  large  strawberry- 
blossoms,  and  have  a  top-shaped,  five-lobed  calyx,  many 
yellow  stamens  and  one  pistil,  becoming  a  large,  leathery 
akene.  The  smell  and  foliage  attract  attention  and  the 
shrub  has  many  names,  such  as  Bear-mat  and  Kittikit, 
or  Kit-kit-dizze,  so-called  by  the  Indians.  Bears  do  not 
eat  it,  so  the  name  Bear-clover  is  poor,  and  Tarweed 
belongs  to  another  plant.  It  is  used  medicinally. 


222 


Redwood  Rose  - 
Rosa  gymnocarpa. 


Mountain  Mfsery- 

ia.   foliolosa 


ROSE  FAMILY.     Rosaceac. 


This  is  the  only  kind  of  Stellariopsis;  perennial  herbs; 
the  leaves  with  many,  minute,  crowded,  overlapping 
leaflets;  the  flowers  white,  in  open  clusters;  bractlets, 
sepals,  and  petals  five;  stamens  fifteen;  pistil  one,  sur- 
rounded by  bristles. 

The  leaves  of  this  odd  little  plant  look 
Pussy-tails  Hk     catkins    or  the  sleek,   gray  tails  of 

Stellariopsis 

santolinoldes  some  little  animal.  They  are  cylindrical 
(Ivesia)  in  form,  three  or  four  inches  long,  com- 

White  posed  of  many  minute  leaflets,  crowded 

closely    around    a    long,    central    stem. 

These  little  leaflets,  hardly  more  than 
green  scales,  are  smothered  with  soft,  white  down,  which 
gives  the  whple  "tail"  a  silky,  silvery-gray  appearance. 
From  the  midst  of  a  bunch  of  these  curious  leaves,  which 
are  mostly  from  the  root,  spring  several  very  slender  stems, 
widely  branching  above,  from  six  to  twelve  inches  tall, 
and  at  the  ends^f  -the  branches  are  airy  clusters  of  pretty 
little  flowers,  like  tiny  strawberry-blossoms.  These  little 
plants  grow  in  sandy  soil,  at  high  altitudes,  and  are  plenti- 
ful on  the  gravelly  "domes"  around  Yosemite. 

There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Horkelia;  perennial 
herbs,  with  compound  leaves,  usually  with  many  leaflets, 
and  flowers  in  clusters;  calyx  cup-shaped,  or  saucer-shaped, 
with  five  teeth  and  five  bractlets;  stamens  ten;  pistils  two 
or  many,  with  long  slender  styles,  and  borne  on  a  receptacle 
like  that  of  Potentilla,  which  these  plants  resemble,  though 
the  flowers  are  usually  smaller,  in  closer  clusters. 
Hcrkllia  fusca  A  rather  attractive  plant,  for  the  foliage 

White  is  pretty,  though  the  flowers  are  not  very 

Summer  conspicuous.     The  rather  stout,  roughish 

Cal.,  Oreg.,  Nev.  stenij  often  purplish,  is  from  one  to  two 
feet  tall  and  the  leaves  are  rather  dark  green,  slightly 
sticky  and  sometimes  downy.  The  flowers  are  about  half 
an  inch  across,  with  white  petals,  tinged  with  pink,  and 
are  well  set  off  by  the  dark  reddish  or  purplish  calyxes  and 
buds,  but  the  petals  are  too  .far  apart,  and  there  are  not 
enough  flowers  out  at  one  time,  for  the  effect  to  be  good. 
This  varies  a  good  deal  in  hairiness  and  there  are  several 
varieties.  It  is  common  in  Yosemite. 


224. 


Pussy-t&ils- 
Stellariopsis  santolinoides. 


Horkelih 
fuscsv,. 


ROSE  FAMILY.     Rosaceae. 


There  are  several  kinds  of  Cowania. 

Altitude  and  soil  make  a  great  differ- 
ent! Rose  . 

Cowdnia  ence  in  the  beauty  of  this  shrub.     On  the 

Stansburidna  rocky  rim  of  the  Grand  Canyon  it  is  from 
Yellow  four  to  eight  feet  high,  picturesquely 

Spring,  summer  rled  and  twisted,  but  Stunted  looking, 

Southwest 

the   gray  bark   hanging  oft   the  crooked 

branches  and  thick,  distorted  trunk  in  untidy  shreds,  the 
flowers  pale,  scanty,  and  but  faintly  scented.  Halfway 
down  Bright  Angel  trail  it  is  a  glorious  thing,  full  of  color 
and  fragrance,  about  twelve  feet  high,  luxuriant  and 
healthy-looking.  The  small,  leathery,  evergreen  leaves, 
crowded  in  bunches  along  the  branches,  are  glossy  and  rich 
in  color,  setting  off  the  light  yellow  flowers,  with  golden 
centers,  which  form  long  wands  of  bloom.  The  upper 
branches  are  clustered  closely  their  whole  length  with  . 
blossoms,  and  when  the  wind  sways  the  flowering  branches 
to  and  fro  they  exhale  an  exquisite  fragrance  like  orange 
flowers.  The  bloom  is  at  its  best  in  the  Canyon  in  May, 
but  there  are  still  some  lingering  flowers  in  August.  The 
calyx  is  top-shaped,  with  the  petals  and  the  two  rows  of 
numerous  stamens  on  the  throat  of  the  tube.  The  pistils, 
from  five  to  twelve,  are  densely  woolly.  The  akenes  have 
pale,  silky-hairy  tails,  two  inches  or  more  in  length,  sug- 
gesting gone-to-seed  Clematis.  For  some  occult  reason 
this  shrub  is  called  Quinine  Bush  at  the  Grand  Canyon. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  Aruncus,  resembling  Spiraea; 
with  small  white  flowers,  the  stamens  and  pistils  in  separate 
flowers  on  different  plants.  Aruncus  is  a  word  used  by 
Pliny  to  designate  a  goat's  beard. 

A  pretty  plant,  from  three  to  seven  feet 
Goat's  Beard 

Aruncus  sylve^ter  nign»  wltn  somewhat  branching  stems  and 
(Spiraea  aruncus]  smooth  leaves,  thin  in  texture.  The 
White  minute,  cream-white  flowers  are  crowded 

closely  along  the  many  sprays  which  make 
Northwest,  etc. 

up  the  very  loose  cluster,  which  is  about  a 

foot  long,  the  effect  of  the  whole  being  exceedingly  airy 
and  graceful  and  in  fine  contrast  to  the  handsome  foliage. 
This  grows  in  mountain  woods,  across  the  continent  and 
in  Europe  and  Asia. 


226 


«Sfj^     -<^,     ^ 


^^.-i.'v  •'.»%.?  v.  "\ ""*•*-* i^^ 

^;^^  ,,: ;  x:gl,I  \ 

"•%.u, ./ v.:^/,.-.^..^  r^Ss  \  v'i  v*     a 

^WTf*  ^XC---^  J^V''5vS  '^-->  :? 

..  ^:'X  '^^A^^LffJf.iSW  ;*^ 


Coat's  Beard- 


Aruncus  Sylvester. 


ROSE  FAMILY.     Rosaceae. 


There  are  only  a  few  kinds  of  Adenostoma,  evergreen 
shrubs,  with  small,  narrow,  resinous  leaves  and  clusters  of 
small,  white  flowers. 

„.  This  is  a  very  attractive  shrub,  from 

v/namise, 

Greasewood  two  to  ten  *eet  mgn>  Wltn  l°ng>  slender 

Adenostoma  branches,  clothed  with  close  bunches  of 

fasciculatum  leaves  and  bearing  large  clusters  of  tiny 

g  r?ne  flowers,    something    like    Spiraea.     They 

California  have  a  feathery,  creamy  appearance,  owing 

to  the  pale  yellow  stamens,  and  the  olive- 
green  foliage  sets  them  off  to  perfection ,  the  effect  of  the  whole 
being  very  graceful,  as  the  slender,  flower-tipped  branches 
sway  to  and  fro  in  the  wind.  This  is  the  most  abundant 
and  characteristic  shrub  of  the  higher  Coast  Ranges  and 
Sierra  Nevada  Mountains  and  sometimes  covers  miles  of 
mountain  slopes,  looking  a  good  deal  like  heather  when  it 
is  not  in  bloom.  When  the  chaparral  is  composed  entirely 
of  this  shrub  it  is  called  chamisal.  A.  sparsifblium  of 
southern  California,  has  scattered  leaves  and  larger  flowers. 
It  is  very  fragrant  and  used  medicinally  by  Spanish  Cali- 
fornians  and  Indians,  who  call  it  Yerba  del  Pasmo,  or 
"convulsion  herb." 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Spiraea,  natives  of  the  north 
temperate  zone;  shrubs,  without  stipules  and  with  clusters 
of  white  or  pink  flowers. 
_,  .        -,  This  is  an  attractive  plant,  from  one 

Flat-top  Meadow- 
sweet to  three  feet  tall,  with  slender,  reddish- 

Spirala  corymbbsa  brown  stems,  with  but  few  branches,  and 
White  smooth,  bright  green  leaves,  paler  on  the 

Spring,  summer  under  s{de>  The  small  flowers  are  cream- 
Northwest,  etc.  . 

white,  with  pinkish  buds,  and  form  very 

pretty,  feathery,  flat-topped  clusters,  about  three  inches 
across.  This  is  found  on  banks  and  rocky  places,  in  the 
mountains,  and  grows  also  in  the  East. 

An  attractive  plant,  but  not  so  pretty 

paa  as  the  last*     Jt  is  about  the  Same  heiSht> 

pyramidata  (S.  but  more  branching,  with  dark  bluish- 
bctulaejolia  in  part)  green  leaves,  somewhat  pale  on  the  under 
Pink,  white  side.  The  flowers  are  white  or  pale  pink> 

Spring,  summer      w{th    d  {nk    bud        and    form     j 

Northwest 

clusters,  not  so  feathery  as  the  last,  because 

the  stamens  are  not  so  long.     This  grows  in  the  mountains. 
228 


Flat-top  Meadow-sweet  - 
corymbose. 


Pyramid  Bush- 
S.  pyramid  at-a. 


ROSE  FAMILY.    Rosaceae. 


A  handsome  shrub,  from  three  to  five 

Steeple-bush  feet     high>     wi.th     rather     COarSe     leaVCS' 

Spiraea  Douglasii  smooth,  but  with  a  dull  surface,  and  pale 
Pink  with  close  down  on  the  under  side,  and 

Spring,  summer  bearing  many  beautiful,  compact  spires  of 
Wash.,  Oreg.,  Cal. 

small,   pink  flowers,   warm   in   tone  and 

deeper  in  color  towards  the  center,  with  numerous,  long, 
pink  stamens,  which  give  a  very  feathery  appearance. 
The  flowers  are  slightly  sweet-smelling  and  bloom  first  at 
the  top  of  the  cluster,  so  that  the  effect  of  the  whole  spire, 
which  is  six  or  eight  inches  long,  is  light  pink  and  fuzzy  at 
the  top,  deepening  below  to  the  raspberry-pink  of  the  buds. 
This  grows  along  the  edges  of  meadows  and  near  brooks. 

There  are  two  kinds  of  Chamaebatiaria,  both  western; 

low  shrubs;  the  flowers  with  five  sepals,  five  petals,  and 

about  sixty  stamens;  the  pistils  five,  more  or  less  united. 

A   pretty   and   unusual-looking   shrub, 

Fern-bush  about  three  feet  high,  with  reddish  stems 

Chamaebattdna 

millefulium  anc^  shreddy  bark,  the  downy  leaves,  pale 

(Spiraea)  yellowish-green     in     color,     arranged    at 

White  intervals    along    the    branches    in    soft 

Su.mo^r  feathery  bunches.     The  flowers  are  like 

small  strawberry  blossoms,  slightly  fra- 
grant, and  form  pretty  clusters.  This  grows  on  rocks,  along 
the  rim  of  the  Grand  Canyon,  clinging  to  the  edge  and 
overhanging  the  depths. 

There  is  only  one  kind  of  Coleogyne. 

The  plateau  in  the  Grand  Canyon  is 

Coleogyne  •  «•«_•«  « 

ramosissima  covered   for   miles   with   this   low   shrub, 

Yellow  which  gives  the  landscape  its  characteris- 

Spring  tic  pale  desert  coloring.     The  flowers,  over 

Southwest  kalf  an  incj1  across>  with  one  or  two  pairs 

of  three-lobed  bracts  at  base,  grow  singly  at  the  tips  of  the 
twigs  and,  unlike  most  of  this  family,  have  no  petals  and 
only  four,  spreading  sepals,  bright  yellow  inside,  two  of 
them  pointed  and  the  alternate  two  more  round  in  shape. 
The  ovary  is  enclosed  in  a  yellow,  hollow,  urn-shaped 
receptacle,  surrounded  by  numerous  stamens  inserted  on 
its  base,  the  yellow  anthers  with  threadlike  filaments 


230 


Coleogyne- 
ramosissima. 


Hardh^ck- 
•  Douglas)  i. 


Fern -hush 

Charnaebaitiaria 
millefolium. 


ROSE  FAMILY.     Rosaceae. 


The  very  small,  narrow,  toothless  leaves  are  evergreen, 
leathery  and  stiff,  opposite,  grayish  in  color  and  imper- 
ceptibly downy,  clustered  in  small  separate  bunches  along 
the  rigid  twigs,  which  are  set  almost  at  right  angles  to  the 
reddish-gray  branches  and  rather  swollen  at  the  joints. 
The  whole  shrub  is  from  two  feet  to  four  feet  high,  stiff, 
almost  thorny,  and  rather  forbidding  in  appearance,  but 
the  odd  little  flowers  are  pretty. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Argentina,  differing  from 
Potentilla  in  the  leaflets  and  the  style. 

This  forms  large  straggling  clumps  of 
Silver-weed  many,   pale,   downy  stems,  lying  on  the 

Argentina  ground   and    rooting   at   the   joints,   like 

Anserlna 

(Potentilla)  strawberry  runners,  with  handsome  foliage 

Yellow  and  pretty  flowers.     The  leaves  are  rich 

Spring,  summer,    green  on  the  upper  side  and  covered  with 

autumn  silky  white  down  on  the  under,  giving  a 

North  America, 

etc>  silvery  appearance,   and   the  flowers  are 

an  inch  or  more  across,  bright  yellow, 
with  centers  of  the  same  shade,  and  have  long  flower- 
stalks,  sometimes  as  much  as  a  foot  tall.  This  is  common 
and  conspicuous  in  wet  meadows  and  also  grows  in  Europe 
and  Asia. 

There  are  only  a  few  kinds  of  Dryas,  shrubby  plants, 
living  in  cold  and  arctic  regions.  The  Latin  name  means 
"wood-nymph." 

This  is  a  charming  little  plant,   from 
Alpine  Avens 

Dryas  ociopHala  two  to  five  inches  tali,  forming  low,  matted 
White  clumps  of  many  branching  stems,  lying 

Summer  On  the  ground  and  woody  at  the  base,  and 

Northwest,  etc.  many  stiffish  leaves,  with  prominent  veins, 
dark  green  and  smooth  on  the  upper  side  and  white  with 
close  down  on  the  under,  their  dark  tones  setting  off  the 
pure-white  flowers,  which  have  downy  flower-stalks  and 
are  about  an  inch  across,  with  about  eight  petals,  a  golden 
center  and  the  calyx  covered  with  sticky  hairs.  The  seed- 
vessels  are  large  and  feathery.  This  grows  in  alpine  places, 
across  the  continent,  reaching  an  altitude  of  fourteen 
thousand  feet,  and  in  Europe  and  Asia. 


2*2 


Silver-weed- 
Argentina  Anserine. 


Alpine  Avens-  Dryas  octopet&la, 


ROSE  FAMILY.     Rosaceae. 


There  are  many  kinds  of  Cinquefoils,  mostly  natives 
of  the  north  temperate  zone,  usually  herbs,  with  compound 
leaves  and  yellow,  white  or  purple  flowers,  always  with 
pedicels;  the  flat  or  cup-shaped  calyx,  with  five,  main 
teeth,  alternating  with  five,  tooth-like  bractlets;  petals 
five,  broad,  often  notched;  stamens  numerous,  with  thread- 
like filaments  and  small  anthers,  near  the  base  of  the  calyx- 
cup;  pistils  numerous,  on  the  conical,  hairy  receptacle, 
which  does  not  become  fleshy  or  juicy,  each  pistil  maturing 
into  a  dry,  seed-like  akene.  Potentilla  means  "powerful," 
as  some  sorts  are  medicinal.  They  often  resemble  Butter- 
cups, but  never  have  shiny  petals,  and  Buttercups  do  not 
have  bractlets  between  the  calyx-lobes. 

A  dear  little  plant,  forming   low  tufts, 
Arctic  Cinquefoil 
Potentilla  two  or  three  inches  high,  with  thin,  biown- 

emarginata  ish  stipules,  bright  green  leaves,  more  or 

Yellow  less    hairy,    and    bright    yellow    flowers, 

Summer  deeper  in  color  towards   the  center    and 

Northwest  ,  .  . 

about  half  an  inch  across.     This  grows  in 

high  northern  mountains  across  the  continent  and  in  Siberia. 

.  .,         The  foliage  of  this  plant  is  a  lovely 
Silky  Cinquefoil        ,      ,         ,  ,  .  ,  ...      A, 

Potentilla  shade   of   silvery   gray,    which   suits   the 

pectinisecta  yellow  flowers.     It  has  several  stoutish, 

Yellow  reddish,  stems,  a  foot  to  a  foot  and  a  half 

tal1'  sPrinSinS  from  dumps  of  leaves,  with 
long  leaf-stalks  and  five  to  seven  leaflets. 
The  bright-yellow  flowers  are  each  three-quarters  of  an 
inch  across  and  the  whole  plant  is  conspicuously  covered 
with  long,  thick,  white,  silky  down,  particularly  on  the 
under  side  of  the  leaves. 

This  is  the  only  kind  of  Dasiphora,  a 
Shrubby  Cinque-   pretty  shruD,  very  branching  and  leafy, 


Daslphora  one  to  ^our  ^eet  ^^h»  dotted  all  over  with 

fruticosa  charming  flowers.     The  bark  is  shreddy    ; 

(Potentilla)  and    the   gray-green   leaves    are    covered 

Yellow  -with  silky  down,  with  rolled  back  margins, 

Spring,  summer  * 

West,  etc.  and  paler  on  the  under  side.     The  flowers, 

single  or  in  clusters,  are  over  an  inch  across, 
with  clear  yellow  petals  and  deeper  yellow  anthers.  This 
is  common  in  the  mountains,  across  the  continent,  up  to  an 
altitude  of  ten  thousand  feet,  and  is  a  troublesome  weed  in 
northern  New  England.  It  is  also  found  in  Europe  and  Asia. 
,34 


Shrubby  Cmquefoil- 
Dasiphora  fruticosa. 


Arctic  Cinquefoil- 
P.emargin&ta 

v' Si  Iky  Cinquefoil- 
Potentilla  pectinisecte^ 


ROSE  FAMILY.     Rosaceae. 


There  are  several  kinds  of  Sericotheca,  much  like 
Spiraea,  except  the  fruits. 

A  handsome  conspicuous  shrub,   from 

Ocean  Spray  thfee  to     j  ht  feet  hi  j     without  stipules, 

Sencothlca  dis- 
color (Spiraea)        Wlth  roughish,  dull-green  leaves,  toothed 
(Holodiscus)  or  lobed,  but  not  with  leaflets,  and  pale 

White  and  woolly  on  the  under  side.     The  tiny 

Summer  flowers  form  beautiful,  plumy,  branching 

Northwest  and  .  . 

Southwest  clusters,  eight  inches  or  more  in  length 

and  almost  as  much  across,  cream-white 
and  fuzzy,  drooping  and  turning  brownish  as  the  flowers 
fade.  This  is  common  in  the  mountains. 

There  are  numerous  kinds  of  Rubus,  in  temperate 
regions,  'with  white,  pink,  or  purple  flowers,  and  red,  black, 
or  yellowish  "berries."  The  fruit  is  not  really  a  berry, 
but  a  collection  of  many,  tiny,  round  stone-fruits,  crowded 
on  a  pulpy,  conical  receptacle.  That  of  the  Raspberry 
has  a  "bloom,"  and  falls  off  the  receptacle  when  ripe,  but 
the  Blackberry  has  shining,  black  fruit,  which  clings  to 
the  receptacle.  Rubus,  meaning  "red,"  is  the  ancient 
Latin  name  for  the  bramble.  Raspberries  were  cultivated 
by  the  Romans  in  the  fourth  century. 

A  handsome  bush,  not  at  all  trailing, 
Salmon-berry  ./,.,., 

£tibus  trom  three  to  nine  feet  high,  with  dark- 

spectabilis  brown,    prickly    stems,    fine    foliage    and 

Red  flowers,  and  conspicuously  beautiful  fruit. 

The  leaves  are  nearly  smooth,  with  three 
Northwest 

leaflets,  and  the  flowers,  about  two  inches 

across,  are  a  brilliant  shade  of  deep  pink,  not  purplish  in 
tone,  with  yellow  centers,  and  grow  singly,  or  two  or  three 
together.  The  fruit  is  a  firm,  smooth  raspberry,  over  an 
inch  long,  bright  orange-color,  more  or  less  tinted  with  red, 
with  a  rather  pleasant  but  insipid  taste  and  not  very  sweet. 
This  grows  in  woods.  It  is  rather  confusing  that  this 
should  be  called  Salmon-berry  in  the  West,  for  in  the 
East  that  is  the  common  name  of  Rubus  parviflorus. 

An  evergreen  bush,  a  few  feet  high  and 
Common  Black- 
berry more  or  less  erect;  or  the  pnckly  stems 

Rubus  vitifdliux  trailing  on  the  ground,  or  climbing  over 
White  other  shrubs,  and  sometimes  eighteen  feet 

Spring,  summer      j  The   leayes  are   downy     or  almost 

California,  etc.  J    . 

smooth,  usually  rather  coarse  in  texture, 

236 


SaJmon-berry- 
R.spectabilis. 


Common  Blackberry-    Rubus  vitifolius. 


ROSE  FAMILY.     Rosaceac. 


and  all  but  a  few  of  the  upper  ones  have  from  three  to 
seven  leaflets.  The  flowers  are  about  an  inch  across  and 
the  petals  vary  a  good  deal,  being  sometimes  broad  and 
sometimes  rather  long  and  narrow.  This  is  common  from 
southern  California  to  British  Columbia. 

In  shady  mountain  woods  we  find  this 
Thimble-berry  •          «  t  •  «     •          n    1 

Rubus  parvifldrus  attractive  plant,  which  is  called  Salmon- 
White  berry  farther  east.  It  also  resembles  the 
Spring,  summer  eastern  Thimble-berry,  but  its  flowers  are 
west,  etc.  prettier,  for  they  are  white  instead  of 
purplish-pink.  It  has  several  branching  stems,  from  two 
to  six  feet  high,  the  lower  ones  woody,  with  shreddy  bark 
and  the  upper  stems  pale  green,  slightly  rough  and  hairy, 
but  with  no  thorns.  The  large  maple-like  leaves  are  thin 
in  texture,  but  almost  velvety,  with  hairs  on  the  veins  of 
the  under  side  and  on  the  leaf-stalks,  and  are  bright  green, 
with  three  or  four,  toothed  lobes.  The  flowers  are  occa- 
sionally pinkish  and  measure  about  two  inches  across,  and 
grow,  a  few  together,  at  the  ends  of  long  flower-stalks. 
The  petals  are  slightly  crumpled  and  there  are  usually 
five  of  them,  but  both  sepals  and  petals  vary  a  good  deal 
in  number;  the  green  sepals  are  velvety,  pale  inside  and 
tipped  with  tails,  and  the  pale  yellow  center  is  composed 
of  a  roundish  disk,  covered  with  pistils  and  surrounded  by 
a  fringe  of  numerous  yellow  stamens.  The  fruit  is  a 
flattish,  red  raspberry,  disappointing  to  the  taste, ^for  it  is 
mostly  seeds.  This  is  found  as  far  east  as  Michigan. 

.  A  charming  little  vine,  without  prickles, 

Raspberry  tne  stems  from  one  to  three  feet  long  and 

Rubus  ped&tus  rooting  at  the  joints,  trailing  over  rocks 
White  and  moss  and  creeping  along  the  ground, 

Summer  ornamented  with  pretty  leaves,  with  from 

Northwest  _        ,      _   A  .          .111-^1 

three  to  rive  leaflets,  and  sprinkled  with 

white  flowers,  half  an  inch  or  more  across,  and  often  also 
with  juicy,  red  raspberries.  This  grows  in  rich  soil,  in 
mountain  woods. 


238 


Thimble-  berry- 
Rubus  parv'if  lorus- 


Creeping  Raspberry- 
R.ped^tus. 


ROSE  FAMILY. 


There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Strawberry,  natives  of 
the  north  temperate  zone  and  the  Andes.  They  are 
perennials,  with  running  stems,  rooting  at  the  joints;  the 
flowers  white,  or  rarely  pink,  with  slender,  often  drooping 
pedicels,  forming  loose  clusters;  the  flower-stalks  springing 
from  tufts  of  root-leaves,  which  have  three,  toothed  leaflets 
and  a  pair  of  sheathing  stipules  at  the  base  of  the  long  leaf- 
stalk; the  sepals  five,  alternating  with  sepal-like  bractlets; 
the  petals  five,  with  short  claws  and  not  notched;  the 
stamens  numerous,  with  slender  filaments;  the  receptacle 
roundish  or  cone-shaped,  becoming  enlarged,  red  and 
juicy,  in  fruit,  bearing  minute,  dry  akenes,  scattered  over 
its  surface,  or  set  in  pits.  Fragum  is  the  Latin  name  for 
strawberry,  meaning  "fragrant." 

A  slender  little  plant,  growing  in  light 
Wood  Strawber-y     , 

Fragtria  bractedta  shade,  in  rich  soil,  along  streams,  in  rocky 
White  woods  and  producing  runners  very  freely 

Spring,  suMmer  The  stipules  are  papery  and  reddish,  the 
West  thin,  dull-green  leaves  are  slightly  silky  on 

the  upper  side,  when  young,  and  the  leaflets  are  sharply 
and  coarsely  toothed,  somewhat  wedge-shaped,  broad  at 
the  tips,  the  two  side  ones  uneven  at  base.  There  is 
usually  a  little  bract,  halfway  up,  on  both  the  flower-stalk 
and  the  leaf-stalk.  The  flowers  are  nearly  an  inch  across, 
with  fuzzy,  bright  yellow  centers,  and  the  fruit  is  light  red, 
with  a  good  flavor,  somewhat  cone-shaped,  tj^sr.  a^ 
scattered  over  its  smooth,  shining,  even  surface  and  but 
slightly  attached  to  it. 

Sand  Strawberry  ,     A    charming    Plant»    a    few    inches    tall> 

Fragtiria  with    thick,    glossy,    dark   green    leaves, 

Chiloensis  paler  and  hairy  on  the  under  side,  and 

White  pure-white    flowers,    with    bright    yellow 

W^O^CaJ  centers'     The>7  are  about  an  inch  across 
*  and  are  well  set  off  by  the  masses  of  dark 

foliage.  This  has  large,  delicious  berries  and  grows 
abundantly  on  beaches  and  sand  dunes  near  the  sea,  from 
San  Francisco  to  Alaska.  It  is  often  cultivated. 


240 

• 


S&nd   Strawberry - 
i^   ChiJoensis* 


PEA  FAMILY.     Fabaccae. 


PEA  FAMILY.     Fabaceae. 

A  very  large  family,  including  many  important  plants, 
such  as  Clover,  Alfalfa,  Peas,  and  Beans;  herbs,  shrubs, 
vines,  and  trees,  distinguished  principally  by  the  flower  and 
fruit,  resembling  the  butterfly-like  corolla  and  simple  pod 
of  the  common  Pea;  leaves  alternate,  usually  compound, 
with  leaflets  and  stipules;  calyx  five- toothed  or  five-cleft; 
petals  five.  The  upper  petal,  or  "standard,"  large,  cover- 
ing the  others  in  the  bud,  the  two  at  the  sides  standing  out 
like  "wings,"  the  two  lower  ones  united  by  their  edges 
to  form  a  "keel,"  enclosing  the  stamens,  usually  ten,  and 
the  single  pistil  with  a  curved  style;  the  ovary  superior. 

There  are  numerous  kinds  of  Anisolotus,  widely  dis- 
tributed, common,  difficult  to  distinguish;  mostly  herbs, 
some  slightly  shrubby;  leaves  with  two  or  many,  toothless 
leaflets;  calyx- teeth  nearly  equal;  petals  with  claws,  free 
from  the  stamens,  wings  adhering  to  the  keel,  incurved, 
blunt  or  beaked ;  stamens  joined  by  their  filaments,  in  two 
sets  of  one  and  nine,  anthers  all  alike;  style  incurved; 
pods  two-valved,  often  compressed  between  the  seeds, 
never  inflated.  These  plants  have  several  common  names, 
such  as  Bird-foot,  Trefoil,  Cat's-clover,  etc.,  and  are  called 
Crowtoes  by  Milton. 

A  gay  and  charming  kind,  with  smooth 
Pretty  Bird-foot  stems  spreading  on  the  ground,  light 
Anisolotus  '  r 

formosissimus        Sreen  leaves,  with  five  or  more  leaflets, 

(Lotus)  and  flowers  about  half  an  inch  long,  with  a 

(Hosackia)  golden-yellow  standard,  pink  or  magenta 

Pink  and  yellow      w{          and    wine.colored    keel     forming    a 

spring 

Wash.,  Oreg.,  Cal.  flattish    cluster,     the    contrasting    colors 

giving  a  vivid  effect.  This  grows  in  damp 
places  along  the  sea-coast. 

A  shrubby,  branching  plant,  a  foot  and 

a  half  high,  forming  a  pretty  clump,  two 

Amsolotus  ° 

arsyraeus  (Lotus)    or  three  feet  across,   with   downy,  gray- 
(Hosackia)  green  stems  and  foliage,   sprinkled  with 

Yellow  clover-like  heads  of  yellow  flowers.     The 

California  leaflets  are  slightly  thickish,  covered  with 

silky  down,  the  twigs  and  young  leaves 
silvery- white.  The  small  flowers  are  a  soft  shade  of  warm- 
yellow,  and  the  buds  form  neat,  fuzzy,  silvery  balls.  This 
grows  on  dry  hillsides  in  the  Catali^a  Islands. 


Pretty  Bird-foot- 
A.formosissimus. 


Bird-foot- 
Anisolotus  argyraeus 


PEA  FAMILY.     Fabaceae. 


This  is  only  a  few  inches  high,  with 
Anisoldtusstrigd-  siender  slightly  downy  stems,  branching 
sus  (Lotus)  -,,.,,  , 

(Hosackid)  an(*  spreading,  and  bright  green  leaves, 

Yellow  with  seven  or  more,  small,  narrow  leaflets, 

Spring,  summer,    slightly  thickish,  with  some  minute,  bristly 


autumn  hairg>      The     few     flowers     are     about     a 

California  .      ,     .  *i         •      i 

quarter  of  an  inch  long,  mostly  single, 

bright  yellow,  tinged  with  red,  fading  to  orange,  and  have 
a  sort  of  miniature  prettiness.     This  grows  in  the  south. 

An  attractive  little  perennial,  forming 
Bird-foot  JQW  ciumpS    harmonious  in   coloring,   of 

Anisoldtus  aecum-  .  ,.  .    t  ,    - 

bens  (Lotus)  Pale  gray-green,  downy  foliage,  sprinkled 

(Hosackia)  with    small    clusters    of    charming    little 

Yellow  flowers,  each  less  than  half  an  inch  long, 

Summer  various  shades  of  yellow,  and  arranged  in  a 

Northwest 

circle.     The  pods  are  hairy  and  it  grows  on 

sunny,  sandy  slopes. 

Though  the  flowers  are  small  and  the 

Deer-weed  foliage  scanty,  the  shaded  effect  of  mingled 

Anisoldtus  gibber  .         "T 

(Lotus)  yellow  and  orange  of  these  plants  is  rather 

(Hosackia)  pretty,  as  we  see  them  by  the  wayside, 

Yellow  and  orange  The  many,  long,  smooth,  reed-like  stems 
All  seasons  w  from  two  to  gve  feet  ^igh  branching 

California 

from  the  root,  somewhat  woody  below, 

loosely  spreading,  or  sometimes  half  lying  on  the  ground. 
The  leaves  are  almost  smooth,  very  small  and  far  apart, 
with  from  three  to  six,  oblong  leaflets,  and  the  flowers, 
from  a  quarter  to  half  an  inch  long,  are  clustered  in  close 
little  bunches  along  the  stem,  forming  long  wands,  tipped 
with  green  buds,  and  shading  downward  through  the  bright 
yellow  of  the  larger  buds  to  the  orange  of  the  open  flowers 
and  the  dull  red  of  the  faded  ones.  The  pod  is  incurved, 
tipped  with  the  long  style.  This  is  common  and  widely 
distributed,  a  perennial,  but  said  to  live  only  two  or  three 
years.  In  the  south  it  often  makes  symmetrical  little 
bushes,  pleasing  in  appearance.  It  is  a  valuable  bee- 
plant.  A.  Wrightii  of  Arizona,  Utah,  New  Mexico,  and 
Colorado,  is  quite  leafy,  with  erect  stems  and  branches, 
bushy  and  woody  at  base,  the  small  leaflets  from  three  to 
five  in  number.  The  flowers,  without  pedicles,  are  much 
like  the  last,  but  over  half  an  inch  long,  yellow  becoming 
reddish,  with  a  blunt  keel,  and  scattered  all  over  the  plant. 
244 


Bird-foot- 
A.decumbens. 


Deer-weed  - 
Anisolotus  gl&ber, 


A.strigosus. 


PEA  FAMILY.    Fabaccae. 


There  are  several  kinds  of  Thermopsis,  of  North  America 
and  Asia;  stout,  perennial  herbs,  with  woody  rootstocks; 
leaflets  three;  stipules  conspicuous,  leaf -like;  flowers  large, 
yellow,  with  short,  bracted  flower-stalks;  calyx  bell-shaped, 
five-cleft;  standard  broad,  in  the  western  species,  shorter 
than  the  oblong  wings,  keel  nearly  straight,  blunt,  the 
same  length  as  the  wings;  stamens  ten,  separate,  curving 
in;  style  slightly  curving  in,  stigma  small;  pod  flat,  long  or 
oblong,  straight  or  curved,  with  a  very  short  stalk  and 
several  seeds.  Thermopsis,  sometimes  called  False  Lupine, 
is  distinguished  from  Lupinus  by  its  stamens,  which  are 
separate,  instead  of  united  into  a  sheath.  The  Greek 
name  means  "lupine-like." 

A  very  handsome,  thrifty-looking  plant, 

Golden  Pea  about  t        f     fc  h{  h    th     smooth    bright 

Buck-bean 
Thermdpsis  green  foliage  contrasting  finely  with  the 

montdna  clusters  of  clear  yellow  flowers,  each  about 

Yellow  three-quarters  of  an  inch  long.     The  erect, 

Spring,  summer  straight  pO(js    two  or  three  inches  long, 
Northwest,  Utah,  ,   ,      , 

Ariz  are  silky  and  also  the  calyxes  and  buds. 

This  thrives  in  the  mountains,  up  to  an 
altitude  of  nine  thousand  feet,  in  somewhat  moist  spots, 
and  its  fresh  coloring  is  most  attractive.  The  foliage  seems 
to  me  to  be  especially  handsome  in  northern  Arizona,  but 
these  plants  are  also  beautiful  in  the  Utah  canyons.  The 
flowers  are  scentless  and  last  a  long  time  in  water.  T. 
Californica  has  silvery,  silky  foliage  and  is  common  in 
California,  in  damp  ground  in  the  hills. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Parosela,  of  western  North 
America,  Mexico,  and  the  Andes,  no  one  sort  common; 
generally  shrubs;  leaves  almost  always  compound ;  leaflets 
odd  in  number,  small,  toothless,  with  minute  stipules, 
often  with  glandular  dots;  flowers  small,  in  terminal  clus- 
ters; calyx  with  nearly  equal,  long,  occasionally  feathery 
teeth ;  corolla  with  wings  and  keel  longer  than  the  standard, 
their  claws  adhering  to  the  lower  part  of  the  stamen-tube, 
but  the  claw  of  the  small,  heart-shaped  standard  free; 
stamens  nine  or  ten,  filaments  united,  anthers  alike;  ovary 
with  a  short  stalk,  or  none,  style  awl-shaped;  pod  small, 
membranous,  included  in  the  calyx,  usually  with  one  seed. 
P.  spinbsa,  the  Smoke  Tree,  or  Ghost  Tree,  of  western 
Arizona,  is  almost  leafless,  with  grayish  or  whitish  branches 
246 


Golden  Pea 


Thermopsis  montane 


PEA  FAMILY.     Fabaceae. 


,        .  This  little  spiny  desert  shrub  grows  two 

ParostlaCah-  ^     J        . 

fomica  (Dalea)  or  three  feet  high  and  is  conspicuous  on  ac- 
Blue  count  of  the  odd  contrast  in  color  between 

Spring  its  foliage  and  flowers.     The  woody  stems 

a  i  ornj  an(j  branches  are  very  pale  in  color  and  the 

very  small  leaflets,  so  narrow  and  stiff  that  they  look  like 
evergreen  needles,  are  covered  with  pale  down  and  have 
glandular  dots.  All  over  this  colorless  foliage  are  sprinkled 
small  spikes  of  indigo-blue  flowers,  so  dark  in  color  that  the 
effect,  against  a  background  of  desert  sand,  is  of  pale  gray, 
speckled  with  black.  It  has  a  pleasant  smell  like  balsam. 

.    '  A    low,    desert    shrub,    with    slender, 

Parosela  Emoryi 

(Dalea)  abruptly  branching  stems  and  small,  soft, 

Magenta  thickish  leaves,  usually  with  three  leaflets, 

Spring,  summer  obscurely  toothed,  the  stems  and  leaves 
Southwest  all  thickly  covered  with  white  down.  The 

flower-clusters  are  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  across, 
like  a  small  clover-head,  the  woolly  calyxes  giving  a 
yellowish-gray  effect  to  the  whole  cluster,  which  is  orna- 
mented with  a  circle  of  tiny  purple  flowers.  The  effect  of 
these  specks  of  dark  color  on  the  pale  bush  is  odd;  the 
plant  smells  like  balsam  and  grows  in  sandy  soil. 

This   is   the   only   kind,    an   evergreen 

Chaparral  Pea  shmb  flourishing  on  dry  hills  in  the  Coast 
Xylothermia  . 

montana  Ranges,    with    tough,    crooked    branches 

(Pickeringia)  and  stout  spines,  forming  chaparral  so 
Crimson  dense  that  it  is  impossible  to  penetrate. 


gnarled,  knotty,  black  branches  ter- 
minating in  long  spines,  which  are  often  clothed  with  small 
leaves  nearly  to  the  end,  the  leaves  with  one  to  three, 
small  leaflets  and  without  stipules.  The  bush  is  often 
covered  with  quantities  of  pretty,  bright,  deep  purplish- 
pink  flowers,  three-quarters  of  an  inch  long,  forming  a 
fine  mass  of  color.  The  calyx  has  four,  short,  broad  teeth; 
the  petals  are  equal,  the  standard  roundish,  with  the  sides 
turned  back  and  a  paler  spot  at  base,  the  wings  oblong,  the 
keel  straight  ;  the  filaments  of  the  ten  stamens  not  united  ; 
the  pod  is  two  inches  long,  flat,  straight,  sickle-shaped  when 
young.  This  very  rarely  produces  fruit.  Stevenson  was 
probably  describing  this,  shrub  when  he  wrote,  "Even  the 
low  thorny  chaparral  was  thick  with  pea-like  blossoms." 
248 


P&roseta 
ELmoryi 


PEA  FAMILY.     Fabaccae. 


There  are  so  many  western  kinds  of  Lupinus  that  it  is 
hopeless  for  the  amateur  to  distinguish  them;  herbs, 
sometimes  shrubs;  leaves  palmately-compound,  stipules 
adhering  to  the  base  of  the  leaf-stalk,  leaflets,  more  than 
three  in  number,  usually  closing  at  mid-day;  flowers  showy, 
in  terminal  racemes;  calyx  deeply  toothed,  two-lipped; 
standard  broad,  the  edges  rolling  back,  wings  lightly  ad- 
hering above,  enclosing  the  incurved,  pointed  keel,  some- 
times beaked;  style  incurved,  stigma  bearded;  stamens 
united  by  their  filaments,  alternate  anthers  shorter;  pod 
two-valved,  leathery,  flat,  oblong;  seeds  two  to  twelve. 
Lupines  always  have  palmately-divided  leaves,  and  are 
never  trailing,  twining,  or  tendril-bearing  and  thus  may  be 
superficially  distinguished  from  Vetches  and  Peas,  and 
from  Thermopsis,  by  the  united  stamens. 

A  stately  perennial,  about  three  feet 
£LV/>7«^UPine  high,  with  stout,  branching  reddish, 
rivui&ris  slightly  downy  stems,  bearing  several  tall 

Blue  and  white      spires  of  flowers.     The  handsome  leaves 
and  purple  are   bright  green,  smooth   on   the  upper 

side,  slightly  downy,  but  not  silvery,  on 
the  under,  with  from  seven  to  thirteen 
leaflets,  and  the  flower-cluster  is  very  erect  and  compact, 
eight  or  ten  inches  long,  beautifully  shaded  in  color,  from 
the  pale,  silky  buds  at  the  tip,  to  the  blue  and  purple  of 
the  open  flowers,  which  are  about  five-eighths  of  an  in~h 
long,  with  a  lilac  standard,  tipped  with  purple.  The  upper 
flowers  have  white  wings,  veined  with  blue,  and  a  green 
calyx,  with  reddish  teeth,  and  the  lower  flowers  have  bright 
blue  wings,  veined  with  purple,  and  a  reddish-purple  calyx. 
This  grows  in  wet  places. 

.  A  conspicuous  shrub,  four  to  eight  feet 

L^tnus^Trbdreus    high»    with   a   thick   trunk,    gnarled   and 
Yellow  twisted    below,     with    purplish,     downy 

Spring  branches,  silvery  twigs  and  dull  bluish- 

green  leaves,  downy  on  the  under  side, 
with  about  nine  leaflets.  The  fine  flower  clusters  are 
sometimes  a  foot  long,  composed  of  beautiful  canary- 
yellow  flowers,  deliciously  sweet-scented.  This  is  easily 
recognized  by  its  size  and  fragrance  and  is  common  in 
sandy  soil  near  the  sea,  where  it  has  been  found  very  useful, 
as  its  very  long  roots  keep  the  sand  dunes  from  shifting. 


Lap 


Ri  ver  Lupine  • 
inusrivularis. 


PEA  FAMILY.    Fabaceac 


One  of  the  prettiest  and  most  conspicu- 
Parti-colored  .      .  .  t       -,1 

Lupine  ous  kinds,  for  its  coloring  is  unusual,  with 

Lup\nus  Stlversii  branching,  downy,  leafy  stems,  about  a  foot 
Pink  and  yellow  high,  thickish  leaflets,  pale  bluish-green  in 

Summer  color  and  rather  hairy,  and  fragrant  flowers, 

California  .,,  .  / 

over  half  an  inch  long,  with  rose-colored 

wings  and  a  yellow  standard,  changing  to  orange  in  fading. 
The  combination  of  pink,  orange,  and  yellow  is  very 
striking.  This  grows  in  warm,  dry  spots  in  Yosemite,  and 
other  places  in  the  Sierras  and  Coast  Ranges.  L.  citrinus, 
of  similar  situations,  has  all  yellow  flowers. 
^  A  handsome  perennial,  forming  fine 

Quaker  Bonnets  ,         .  .  , 

Luplnus  laxifldrus  clumPs  on  dlT,  gravelly  hillsides,  with 
Blue  several,  slender,  rather  downy  stems,  from 

Spring,  summer  One  to  two  feet  tall,  the  leaflets  six  to  nine 
West  in  number,  rather  bluish-green,  downy  on 

the  upper  side,  paler  and  silkier  on  the  under.  The 
younger  leaves  and  calyxes  are  silvery  with  down,  the 
flower  buds  form  long,  pretty,  silvery  clusters,  resembling 
ears  of  wheat  in  form,  and  the  flowers  are  in  handsome 
loose  racemes,  from  five  to  six  inches  long,  of  various  shades 
of  blue,  mostly  bright  and  somewhat  purplish,  the  standard 
with  a  little  white  at  its  base  and  the  keel  purplish.  The 
pod  is  covered  with  silky  hairs  and  contains  from  three  to 
five  seeds.  This  is  very  common  in  Utah,  handsome  and 
conspicuous,  and  when  growing  in  quantities,  among 
Balsam-roots,  Forget-me-nots,  and  Wild  Geraniums, 
makes  a  combination  unequaled  in  any  flower-garden. 

A  handsome  plant,  with  a  very  stout, 
Milk-white  '          -       .,    .  - 

Lupine  branching    stem    and    soft,    bluish-green 

Lupinus  lacteus  leaves,  with  silky  hairs  on  the  edges  and 
White  under  sides,  forming  a  fine  clump  of 

Spring  ^  foliage,  from  which  the  flower-stalks  stand 

up  very  stiff  and  straight.  The  cluster 
is  most  symmetrical  in  form  and  the  flowers,  which  are 
nearly  three-quarters  of  an  inch  long,  are  a  beautiful, 
pearly  white,  tinged  with  yellow  at  the  base  of  the  stand- 
ard and  with  creamy  buds.  The  lower  lobe  of  the  calyx 
is  large  and  very  dark  green,  the  stems  have  a  pale,  satiny 
surface,  sprinkled  with  hairs  and  the  leaflets  are  ten  or 
eleven  in  number.  This  grows  in  the  grass  along  the 
roadsides  and  is  common  around  San  Bernardino. 
252 


iMk-whrte  Lupine 
Lupmus  tacteu   . 


Quaker  Bonnets- 
L.l^cciflorus. 


PEA  FAMILY.     Fabaceae. 


There  are  numerous  kinds  of  Lathyrus,  widely  dis- 
tributed and  difficult  to  distinguish.  In  technical  charac- 
ter and  habit  they  very  much  resemble  Vetches,  but 
sometimes  have  no  tendrils  and  the  flowers  are  larger,  the 
leaflets  are  broader,  and  the  style  is  flattened  and  hairy, 
not  only  at  the  tip,  but  also  along  the  upper  side.  The 
leaflets  are  equal  in  number,  the  leaf-stalk  usually  ter- 
minating in  a  branching  tendril;  the  flowers  are  in  clusters; 
the  calyx  with  five  teeth,  the  upper  commonly  shorter; 
the  style  flattened  and  usually  twisted;  the  pod  flat  or 
cylindrical,  with  no  partitions  between  the  seeds.  Lathy- 
rus is  the  old  Greek  name  of  the  Pea. 

This  has  flowers  resembling  the  culti- 

Narrow-leaved  yated  gweet  p  but  the  whole  effect  fe 
Sweet  Pea  . 

Lathyrus  more  airy  and  graceful.     It  is  a  loosely- 

graminifdlius  trailing  vine,  with  slender,  angled  stems, 
Pink  and  violet  long,  narrow  leaflets,  eight  in  number,  and 

Spring  three-cleft     tendrils.     The     flowers     are 

Arizona  ..  .      .      , 

about    three-quarters    of    an    inch    long, 

brightly  yet  delicately  tinted  with  shaded  pink  and  violet, 
and  are  so  lightly  poised  on  the  long  slender  stalks  that 
they  look  like  a  row  of  butterflies  about  to  take  flight. 
This  grows  on  the  plateau  in  the  Grand  Canyon  and  all 
through  Arizona  in  the  mountains. 

A    smooth,     trailing    perennial,     very 
Utah  Sweet  Pea  '  ,         .    '     ,  •£,,*•*.** 

Lathyrus  graceful,   with  beautifully  tinted  flowers 

Utahensis  and    bright    green   foliage.     The  stipules 

Wac  are  large,  broad  and  leafy,  and  the  leaflets 

Spring,  summer  are  usuayy  ten  jn  number,  veined  and 
thin  in  texture,  one  or  two  inches  long, 
with  tendrils.  The  flowers  are  nearly  an  inch  long,  from 
four  to  eight  in  a  cluster,  on  a  long  flower-stalk;  the 
standard  pinkish-lilac,  delicately  veined  with  purple,  the 
wings  pale  lilac  and  the  keel  cream-color.  The  flowers, 
as  they  fade,  although  keeping  their  form,  gradually  change 
in  color  to  all  shades  of  blue,  turquoise,  and  sea-green, 
finally  becoming  buff,  so  that  the  effect  of  the  whole 
cluster  is  iridescent  and  very  lovely.  This  grows  on 
mountain  slopes,  often  in  oak-thickets,  clambering  over 
the  bushes  to  a  height  of  several  feet  and  clinging  to  every- 
thing with  its  tendrils. 

254 


Utah  Sweet  Pea-        LathyrusUtahensSs 


PEA  FAMILY.     Fabaceae. 


This  has  such  glorious  flowers,  so  superb 

of.  in  color  and  form,  that  it  is  by  far  the 

California  '      . 

Ldthyrus  handsomest  of  its  kind  and  not   to   be 

splendens  mistaken    for    any    other.     The     stout, 

Crimson  smooth,  stems  are  dark  green,  the  stipules 

small,  and  the  leaves  are  smooth,  slightly 
thickish  and  stiffish,  rather  dark  bluish- 
green,  with  about  ten  leaflets.  The  flowers  are  over  two 
inches  long,  from  the  tip  of  the  standard  to  the  end  of  the 
keel,  and  form  a  massive  cluster  of  eight  or  ten  blossoms, 
hanging  on  drooping  pedicels  and  shading  in  color  from 
the  pale-salmon  of  the  buds  to  the  brilliant  rose,  carmine, 
and  wine-color  of  the  open  flowers,  the  older  flowers  being 
very  dark  and  rich.  Only  a  small  part  of  the  flower- 
cluster  is  given  in  the  picture.  These  plants,  which  are 
found  around  San  Diego  and  farther  south,  clamber  over 
the  neighboring  bushes  to  a  height  of  several  feet  and 
adorn  them  with  wonderful  color,  giving  an  effect  of 
tropical  splendor. 

There  are  innumerable  kinds  of  Astragalus;  most 
abundant  in  Asia,  usually  perennial  herbs,  sometimes 
woody;  leaves  usually  with  numerous  leaflets,  flowers 
narrow,  in  spikes,  with  long  flower-stalks;  calyx  tube- 
shaped,  with  nearly  equal  teeth;  petals  usually  narrow, 
with  slender  claws,  standard  erect  and  somewhat  oblong, 
wings  oblong,  keel  with  blunt  tip,  about  the  same  length 
as  the  wings;  stamens  ten,  in  two  sets  of  nine  and  one;  pods 
numerous,  more  or  less  two-celled,  often  inflated,  so  the 
wind  can  distribute  the  small  seeds,  therefore  these  plants 
are  often  called  Rattleweed.  Another  name  is  Milk 
Vetch  and  many  kinds  are  called  Loco-weed,  from  the 
word  "loco, M  or  crazy,  because  they  are  poisonous  to  horses 
and  cattle.  I  was  told  by  a  cow-boy  in  Arizona  that 
"horses  eat  this  because  it  tastes  sweet,  but  it  gives  them 
water  on  the  brain  and  they  die,  unless  the  skull  is  split 
with  an  axe  and  the  water  is  let  out! " 

A    decorative    plant,    its    pale    flowers' 
Menzitsii  contrasting   well   with   the   dark   foliage,  \ 

White  with  stout,  branching  stems,  from  two  to 

Spring,  summer     three  feet   tall,   hairy  above,   and  many 
California  leaflets,    dark-green   on    the   upper    side, 

hairy  and  paler  on  the  under.     The  flowers  are  half  an 


PEA  FAMILY.     Fabaccae. 


inch  or  more  long,  with  a  pale,  yellowish-green,  downy 
calyx  and  cream-white  corolla,  and  form  a  fine  cluster, 
from  four  to  ten  inches  long.  The  egg-shaped  pods  are 
much  inflated  and  almost  papery,  an  inch  or  more  long. 
This  grows  on  sea-cliffs  and  in  sandy  soil  near  the  coast. 
A  pretty  plant,  unusual  in  coloring, 
Pink  Lady-  the  short  stems  spreading  on  the  ground 

ieep~       and    springing    from    a    short,    perennial 
Astragalus  Tooi>  the  foliage  all  very  pale  bluish-gray, 

Utahensis  covered  with  silvery  down,  the  thickish 

pink  leaflets  from  eleven  to  seventeen  in  num- 

Spring,  summer,     b         th     younger  leaves  and  flower  buds 
autumn 
Utah,  Nev.  almost  white.     The  flowers  are  about  an 

inch  long,  in  loose  clusters,  with  flower- 
stalks  from  three  to  four  inches  long;  the  calyx  long, 
pinkish-gray  and  downy,  the  standard  pale  pink,  the  wings 
deeper  purplish-pink,  the  keel  yellowish-pink.  The  pod 
is  short,  leathery,  woolly,  and  stemless.  This  grows  in  dry, 
gravelly  soil  and  in  favorable  situations  makes  low,  circu- 
lar clumps  of  foliage,  suggesting  the  old-fashioned  crochet 
lamp-mats  that  we  used  to  see  in  New  England  farm- 
houses, for  the  pale  leaves  are  symmetrically  arranged  in 
neat  clusters  and  ornamented  at  intervals  with  pink  flowers. 
Unlike,  however,  the  worsted  ornament,  its  coloring  is 
delicately  harmonious  and  beautiful. 

A    very    slender    plant,    with    trailing 

A  strdgalus  / 

nothoxys  stems,  one  or  two  feet  long,  the  leaflets 

Purple  odd  in  number  and  downy  on  the  under 

Spring  side>     The  flowers  are  about  half  an  inch 

nzona  long*   with  a  whitish,   downy  calyx  and 

a  bright  purple  corolla,  shading  to  white  at  the  base.  This 
grows  in  mountain  canyons  and  looks  a  good  deal  like  a 
Vetch,  except  that  it  has  no  tendrils. 

This  is  a  straggling  plant,  a  foot  and  a 

Rattle-weed,  half  ^    smooth  &u  Q          with  stout  stems 

Loco-weed 

Astragalus  anc*     many     bluish-green     leaflets.     The 

pomonensis  flowers  are  over  half  an  inch  long,  with  a 

Wh|te  very     pale     calyx     and     yellowish-white 

^,pf!,ng  .  corolla,  forming  a  rather  pretty  cluster, 

California 

about  three  inches  long.     The  pods  are 

each  over  an  inch  long  and  much  inflated,  forming  a  large 
bunch,  odd  and  very  conspicuous  in  appearance. 
258 


A   nothoxys 


Pods  of  R*ttle-weed- 
A.pomonensis. 


Pink  L&dy-fingers« 
Astragalus  Utahensis. 


PEA  FAMILY.     Fabaceac. 


An  attractive  plant,  about  a  foot  high, 
Astragalus  with  straggh'ng,  reddish  stems  and  delicate 

MacDougdli  foliage.     The   flowers   are   over   half   an 

White,  lilac  mch  long,   with  a  hairy  calyx  and  pale 

Sprmg  lilac  and  white  corolla,  and  form  pretty 

Arizona  .      ,        , 

clusters  about  two  inches  long. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Hedysarum,  some  from  Africa 
and  only  a  few  in  this  country;  perennial  herbs,  sometimes 
shrubby;  the  leaflets  toothless,  odd  in  number;  the  flowers 
in  handsome  racemes,  with  bracts,  on  stalks  from  the  angles 
of  the  stem;  the  calyx  with  five,  nearly  equal  teeth;  the 
standard  rather  large,  round,  or  inverted  heart-shaped, 
narrow  at  base,  the  wings  oblong,  shorter  than  the  stand- 
ard; the  keel  blunt,  nearly  straight,  longer  than  the  wings; 
the  stamens  in  two  sets  of  nine  and  one,  not  adhering  to 
the  corolla;  the  pod  long,  flat,  and  oddly  jointed  into 
several,  strongly-veined,  one-seeded,  roundish  divisions, 
which  separate  when  ripe.  The  name  is  from  the  Greek, 
meaning  "sweet-broom." 

A  very  handsome  and  decorative  plant, 

Hedysarum  .  .     .... 

Pabvl&re  with   large  brilliant   flower-clusters,   con- 

Pink  trasting  well  with  the  foliage  and  making 

Spring,  summer  spots  of  vivid  color  on  dry  plains  and 
hillsides.  It  has  many  stems,  springing 
from  a  rootstock,  which  are  from  eight  to  fifteen  inches 
long,  yellowish-green,  ridged,  and  covered  with  incon- 
spicuous down,  the  leaflets  are  light  bluish-green,  thickish, 
nine  to  seventeen  in  number,  and  the  bracts  are  thin  and 
dry.  The  flowers  are  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch 
long,  with  a  pinkish-green  and  downy  calyx,  and  the 
corolla  all  bright  deep  pink,  fading  to  blue,  with  a  veined 
standard.  The  pod  has  from  three  to  five  divisions.  This 
flourishes  at  rather  high  altitudes,  up  to  seven  thousand 
feet,  and  is  conspicuously  beautiful  near  the  entrance  to 
Ogden  Canyon  in  Utah. 

There  are  a  great  many  kinds  of  Trifolium,  or  Clover, 
difficult  to  distinguish;  low  herbs;  leaves  usually  with  three 


260 


Loco-weed - 


Astragalus  MacDougaJi. 


PEA  FAMILY.     Fabaceae. 


leaflets,  usually  toothed;  stipules  adhering  to  the  leaf- 
stalks; flowers  in  heads  or  spikes;  stamens  usually  in  two 
sets  of  nine  and  one;  pods  small,  mostly  enclosed  in  the 
calyx,  usually  with  one  to  six  seeds. 

This  is  very  common  from  the  coast  to 
Clover  the  sjerra  foothills,  but  there  are  many 

tridentatum  named  varieties.     It  is  smooth  all  over 

Purple  and  grows  from  eight  inches  to  two  feet 

Spring,  summer  high,  with  spreading  stems  and  narrow 
Cal.,0reg.,  Wash.  jeaflets>  wnich  are  toothless,  or  have  teeth 
and  bristles  on  the  edges.  The  pinkish-purple  flowers 
form  a  broad  head,  over  an  inch  across,  with  an  involucre. 

This  has  queer-looking  flowers  and   is 
Sour  Clover 

Trifdlium  fucatum  consP}CUOUS  on  that  account.  The 
Cream-color  branching  stems  are  a  foot  or  more  tall, 

Spring,  summer  the  stipules  are  large,  with  papery  margins, 
Wash.,Oreg.,Cal.and  the  leaves  are  bright  green,  with  a 

paler  spot  near  the  middle  of  each  of  the  leaflets,  which  are 
toothed,  or  sometimes  only  bristly  on  the  edges,  and  the 
flowers  form  a  head  about  an  inch  and  a  quarter  across, 
with  a  broad  involucre.  The  calyx  is  very  small  and  the 
corolla  is  cream-color,  becoming  much  inflated  and  chang- 
ing to  deep  pink  as  the  flower  withers.  The  effect  of  the 
cluster  is  curiously  puffy  and  odd  in  color.  This  grows 
rankly  in  low  alkaline  and  brackish  places. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Psoralea,  widely  distributed; 
ours  are  perennial  herbs,  without  tendrils,  the  leaves  with 
three  or  five  leaflets,  with  glandular  dots  on  them  and 
usually  bad-smelling.  The  flowers  are  white  or  purplish, 
and  the  pod  is  short,  with  only  one  seed. 

.  This  is  a  rather  pleasing  plant,  for  the 

fornia  Tea  foliage  is  pretty,  though  the  flowers  are 

Psoralea  physbdes  too  dull  in  color  to  be  effective.  It  is 
White  almost  smooth  all  over,  a  foot  or  more  tall, 

Spring,  summer  {th  several  spreading  stems  and  rich 
Cal.,  Oreg.,  Wash. 

green  leaves,  thin  in  texture  and  giving 

out  a  rather  pleasant  aromatic  smell  when  crushed.  The 
flowers  are  less  than  half  an  inch  long,  with  a  somewhat 
hairy  calyx,  covered  with  dots  and  becoming  inflated  in 
fruit,  and  a  yellowish-white  corolla,  more  or  less  tinged  with 
purple.  This  is  common  in  the  woods  of  the  Coast 
Ranges.  The  foliage  was  used  as  tea  by  the  early  settlers. 
262 


Clover - 
T.tridentfctum. 


SourClover 
Trifolium 
f  ucatum 


Native  California  Tea- 
PsoraJea.  physodes. 


SENNA  FAMILY.     Cassiaceae. 


There  are  many  kinds  of  Cytisus,  natives  of  Europe, 
Asia,  and  Africa,  named  for  Cythrus,  one  of  the  Cyclades, 
where  the  first  species  was  found. 

A  handsome    branching    shrub,   about 
Scotch  Broom 

Cytisus  "ve    *eet    mSn»    Wlth    almost    smooth    or 

scopdrius  quite  hairy  leaves,  with  three,  toothless 

Yellow  leaflets,  and  fine  clusters  of  flowers,  each 

|^g'etS"mmer     an  inch  or  more  long,  with  a  yellow  two- 
ezcept  Ariz.  lipped  calyx  and  a  golden-yellow  corolla, 

deeper  in  color  at  the  base  of  the  standard 
and  at  the  tips  of  the  wings;  the  stamens  ten,  in  one  set;  the 
style  curved  in.  The  pod  is  flat,  smooth  on  the  sides,  but 
hairy  along  the  edges,  one  or  two  inches  long  and  curling 
when  ripe.  This  is  said  to  have  been  brought  to  California 
by  Cornish  miners. 

SENNA  FAMILY.     Cassiaceae. 

A  large  family,  most  of  them  tropical;  trees,  shrubs,  and 
herbs,  with  flowers  more  or  less  irregular  in  form,  but  not 
like  the  flowers  of  the  true  Pea,  though  sometimes  re- 
sembling them ;  calyx  usually  with  five  sepals ;  corolla  with 
five  petals,  overlapping  in  the  bud,  the  petal  which  corre- 
sponds to  the  standard  folded  within  the  two  side  petals, 
instead  of  covering  them,  as  in  the  Pea  flower;  stamens, 
ten,  or  fewer,  in  number,  usually  not  united;  ovar  superior; 
fruit  a  pod,  mostly  splitting  into  two  halves,  containing 
one  to  many  seeds.  To  this  family  belong  the  handsome 
Red-bud,  or  Judas  Tree,  of  our  woodlands,  both  East  and 
West;  the  spiny  Honey-locust;  the  Kentucky  Coffee-tree, 
with  its  fine  foliage,  of  the  central  and  eastern  states;  the 
interesting  Palo  Verde,  with  greatly  reduced  leaves,  of  the 
Southwest,  and  the  fine  Bird-of -paradise  flowers,  of 
the  tropics  and  Mexico,  one  or  two  of  which  are  just  begin- 
ning to  grow  wild  in  southern  Arizona  and  California. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Cassia,  abundant  in  tropical 
America;  herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees;  leaflets  even  in  number; 
flowers  usually  yellow;  calyx-teeth  nearly  equal;  corolla 
almost  regular,  with  five,  nearly  equal,  spreading  petals, 
with  claws;  stamens  usually  ten,  sometimes  five,  often 
unequal,  some  of  the  anthers  often  imperfect,  or  lacking; 
pod  flat  or  cylindrical,  often  curved,  sometimes  with 
partitions  between  the  numerous  seeds. 
264 


Scotch  Broom- 
Cytisus  scopsjrius 


MIMOSA  FAMILY.     Mimosaceae. 


Desert  Senna  Peculiar    orange-yellow    of    these 

Golden  Cassia  handsome   flowers   at   once   attracts   our 

Cdssia  arm&ta  attention,  for  their  tint  is  quite  different 

Yellow  from    the    greenish-yellow,    which    is    so 

_pn°5  much  more  common.     They  grow  in  the 

Southwest 

desert,  forming  big  clumps,  two  feet  high 

and  two  or  three  feet  across,  but  have  almost  no  foliage. 
The  numerous,  smooth  stems  are  very  pale  in  color,  often 
bluish  or  gray,  with  a  few  dark-green  leaves,  with  six, 
very  small,  stiff  leaflets,  and  bearing  clusters  of  numerous, 
sweet-smelling  flowers,  almost  regular  and  about  three- 
quarters  of  an  inch  across,  with  a  downy  calyx  and  the 
small,  flat  pod  also  downy. 

MIMOSA  FAMILY.     Mimosaceae. 

A  large  family,  most  of  them  tropical ;  herbs,  shrubs,  or 
trees;  leaves  alternate,  generally  compound,  usually  with 
two  or  three  leaflets;  flowers  small,  regular  and  perfect,  in 
clusters;  calyx  with  three  to  six  lobes  or  teeth;  petals  of 
the  same  number,  separate,  or  more  or  less  united,  neither 
sepals  nor  petals  overlapping  in  the  bud;  stamens  as  many 
as  the  petals,  or  twice  as  many,  or  numerous,  separate  or 
united;  ovary  superior;  fruit  a  pod. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  CalKandra,  low  shrubs  or  herbs. 

.     D  An  odd  little  shrub,  pretty  and  very  Ja- 

Cailidndra  panese  in  character,  about  a  foot  tall,  with 

eriophylia  a  few,  pale-gray,  spreading  branches  and 

very  scanty  foliage.  The  small  leaves  are 
cut  into  many  tiny  leaflets  and  look  like 
those  of  a  Mimosa,  the  buds  are  deep 
pink  and  the  flowers  are  in  clusters  towards  the  ends  of 
the  branches  and  slightly  sweet-scented.  They  are  very 
queer-looking,  but  exceedingly  pretty,  for  the  purplish 
calyx  and  corolla  are  so  small  that  the  flower  appears  to  be 
merely  a  tuft  of  many  stamens,  about  an  inch  long,  with 
threadlike  filaments,  white  at  base  and  shading  to  bright 
pink  at  the  tips.  The  pistil  is  also  long  and  pink,  so  the 
whole  effect  is  a  bunch  of  pink  fuzz,  airy  in  form  and  de- 
licately shaded  in  color.  These  little  shrubs  sometimes 
bloom  when  they  are  only  a  few  inches  high,  looking  very 
quaint,  like  dwarf  plants  in  a  toy  garden,  and  are  among 
the  earliest  spring  flowers. 

266 


Fairy  Dusters-  C&Hiandra  eriophyll*. 


KRAMERIA  FAMILY.    Krameriaceae. 


KRAMERIA  FAMILY.     Krameriaceae. 

A  small  family,  distributed  from  the  southern  United 
States  to  Chili;  hairy  herbs  or  low  shrubs,  without  stipules; 
leaves  alternate;  two  bracts  on  the  flower-stalk;  flowers 
purplish,  irregular,  perfect;  sepals  four  or  five,  usually 
large,  the  outer  one  commonly  wider  than  the  others; 
petals  usually  five,  smaller  than  the  sepals,  the  three  upper 
ones  with  long  claws,  often  united  by  their  claws,  some- 
times the  middle  one  of  the  three  lacking,  the  two  lower 
ones  reduced  to  mere  fleshy  glands  and  not  resembling 
petals;  stamens  three  or  four,  united  at  least  at  base; 
ovary  superior,  with  a  slender  style;  fruit  spiny,  seed  one. 
A  desert  shrub,  with  a  pleasant  smell 
'<ramtria  Grbyi  ^ke  balsam,  two  to  four  feet  high,  with 
Purplish-pink  gray,  woody  stems,  abruptly  branching, 
Spring  armed  with  long,  brown  and  gray  thorns, 

and  clothed  with  very  small,  silvery-gray 
leaves,  downy  and  thickish.  The  flowers  are  curious  in 
shape  and  color,  with  five,  large,  purplish-pink  sepals  and 
five,  small  petals,  the  two  lower  ones  minute  and  reduced 
to  glands.  The  pistil  is  dark  red,  the  three  stamens  have 
green  filaments  and  red  anthers,  the  ovary  is  downy  and 
prickly,  and  the  downy  buds  are  pale  pink. 

CALTROP  FAMILY.     Zygophyllaceae. 

Not  a  large  family,  widely  distributed  in  warm  and 
tropical  regions;  ours  are  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  or 
alternate,  compound  leaves,  with  stipules  and  toothless 
leaflets;  flowers  complete,  usually  with  five  sepals  and  five 
petals,  and  usually  twice  the  number  of  stamens,  with 
swinging  anthers,  alternate  stamens  sometimes  longer, 
filaments  often  with  a  small  scale  near  the  middle;  ovary 
superior,  usually  surrounded  at  the  base  by  a  disk;  style 
one,  with  a  five-  to  ten-lobed  stigma;  fruit  dry. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Covillea. 

A  graceful,  evergreen  shrub,  common  in 
Creosote-bush,  arid  regions  and  a  characteristic  feature 
Hediondilla  f  . 

Covillea  giutindsa  of  the  desert  landscape,  filling  the  air 
(Larrea  Mexicana)vfith  its  very  strong,  peculiar  odor.  It  is 
Yellow  from  three  to  ten  feet  high,  with  many 

Southwe^T  Httle  branches»  with  blackish  knots  at  the 

joints,  clothed  with  sticky,  dull  yellowish- 

268 


Creosote-bush  - 
Covillea,  glutinos& 


Crimson-be^k- 

ri^  Grayi. 


FLAX  FAMILY.     Linaceae. 


green  foliage,  the  thickish,  resinous  leaflets  very  small,  in 
pairs,  with  almost  no  leaf-stalk,  and  uneven  at  base.  The 
pretty  flowers  are  nearly  an  inch  across,  with  bright  yellow 
petals,  with  claws,  and  silky,  greenish-yellow  sepals  which 
soon  drop  off.  The  filaments  are  broadened  below  into 
wings  and  have  a  scale  on  the  inner  side.  The  ovary  is 
covered  with  pale,  silky  hairs,  so  that  the  older  flowers 
have  a  silky  tuft  in  the  center,  and  becomes  a  round, 
densely  hairy  fruit,  with  a  short  stalk,  tipped  with  the 
slender  style.  These  little  white,  silky  balls  of  down  are 
very  conspicuous  and,  as  they  are  mingled  with  yellow 
flowers,  the  bush  has  an  odd  and  pretty  effect  of  being 
spotted  all  over  with  yellow  and  white. 

FLAX     FAMILY.     Linaceae. 

A  small  family,  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and 
tropical  regions.  Ours  are  smooth  herbs,  with  loosely 
clustered,  complete  flowers,  having  five  sepals;  five  petals, 
alternating  with  the  sepals;  five  stamens,  alternating  with 
the  petals,  with  swinging  anthers  and  filaments  united  at 
the  base;  ovary  superior;  fruit  a  capsule,  containing  eight 
or  ten,  oily  seeds. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Flax,  sometimes  shrubby  at 
base;  with  tough  fibers  in  the  bark;  leaves  without  stipules, 
sometimes  with  glands  at  base  in  place  of  real  stipules; 
flowers  mostly  blue  or  yellow.  There  are  numerous,  small- 
flowered,  annual  kinds,  difficult  to  distinguish  and  usually 
somewhat  local.  L.  usitatissimum,  an  annual,  with  deep 
blue  flowers,  is  the  variety  which,  from  time  immemorial, 
has  furnished  the  world  with  linen  from  its  fiber  and  oil 
from  its  seeds.  Linum  is  the  ancient  Latin  name. 

An  attractive  plant,  from  one  to  two 
nnum  Tewisii  feet  tall»  with  several,  erect  stems,  spring- 
Blue  ing  from  a  woody,  perennial  root,  with 
Spring,  summer  numerous,  small,  narrow,  bluish-green 
West,  etc.  leaves  and  loose  clusters  of  pretty  flowers, 
each  about  an  inch  across.  The  petals,  delicately  veined 
with  blue,  vary  in  tint  from  sky-blue  to  almost  white, 
with  a  little  yellow  at  the  base.  This  is  common  and 
widely  distributed,  from  Manitoba  to  Texas  and  westward, 
but  the  fiber  is  not  strong  enough  to  be  used  commercially 

270 


Blue  Plane-' 
Linum  Lewisii 


WOOD-SORREL  FAMILY.     Oxalldaceac. 


WOOD-SORREL   FAMILY.     Oxalidaceae. 

Not  a  large  family,  mostly  tropical.  Ours  are  low  herbs, 
with  sour  juice,  often  with  rootstocks  or  scaly  bulbs; 
leaves  with  three  or  several  leaflets;  flowers  perfect;  sepals 
five,  often  unequal;  petals  five,  stamens  ten  to  fifteen; 
ovary  superior,  five-celled,  the  five  styles  usually  separate; 
fruit  a  capsule,  containing  several  or  many  seeds.  By 
some  botanists  this  is  merged  in  the  Geranium  Family. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Oxalis.  The  Greek  name 
means  "sour,"  in  allusion  to  the  sour  taste  of  these  plants, 
which  contain  oxalic  acid.  The  leaves  are  alternate,  at 
nightfall  the  leaflets  droop  and  fold  together;  the  stamens 
are  ten,  five  long  and  five  short,  all  with  anthers,  with 
filaments  broadened  and  united  at  base. 

A  pretty  little  plant,  a  few  inches  tall, 

Yellow  Wood-         more   Qr  legs   ^owny   a\\   over    Wjtj1   very 
sorrel 
Oxalis  slender,    reddish,    branching    stems    and 

cor-niculhta  light  green  leaves,  about  an  inch  across 

Yellow  and    thin    in    texture.     The    flowers    are 

Spring,  summer,  Qver  half  an  inch  across    with  dear  yellow 

autumn 

Southwest  petals,  often  tinged  with  pale  red  on  the 

outside,  yellow  anthers  and  a  green  pistil. 
The  capsules  are  long  and  downy. 

One  of  the  most  attractive  of  our  wood- 
Redwood  Sorrel 

Oxalis  Oregana  ^m^  plants.  The  succulent,  hairy,  red- 
White,  pink  dish  flower-stalks,  about  six  inches  tall, 

Spfing  with  two  small  bracts  near  the  top,  spring 

Cal.,0reg.,  Wash.  frQm  &  dump  Q£  root_leaves>      The  larger 

leaves  are  three  inches  across,  with  long  leaf-stalks,  pale 
and  hairy  on  the  under  side,  rich  green  on  the  upper,  each 
leaflet  marked  with  an  irregular  blotch  of  pale  green.  The 
younger  leaves  are  lighter  green  than  the  older  ones  and  in 
the  bud  are  neatly  folded  together,  the  middle  leaflet  inside 
the  other  two.  The  leaflets  fold  back,  when  it  is  either  too 
hot  or  too  cold  to  suit  the  plant.  The  delicate  flowers  are 
about  an  inch  and  a  half  across,  white,  pale  pink,  or  rose- 
color,  often  veined  with  deeper  color  and  with  a  spot  of 
yellow  at  the  base  of  each  petal,  and  well  set  off  by  the 
foliage,  which  makes  patches  of  rich  and  variegated  green 
in  dense  forest  shade. 

272 


Ye  I  low  Wood-sorrel-  Red  wood  Sorrel- 


GERANIUM  FAMILY.     Geraniaceae. 


GERANIUM  FAMILY.     Geraniaceae. 

Not  a  large  family,  herbs,  of  temperate  regions;  leaves 
lobed  or  compound,  usually  with  stipules;  flowers  perfect; 
sepals  and  petals  usually  five  and  stamens  five  or  ten; 
ovary  superior;  fruit  a  capsule. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Geranium;  stems  with  swollen 
joints;  stipules  papery;  five  glands  on  the  receptacle, 
alternating  with  the  petals;  stamens  ten,  five  long  and 
five  short,  filaments  united  at  base;  ovary  with  a  beak 
formed  by  the  five-cleft  style,  and  becoming  a  capsule, 
which  splits  open  elastically,  the  style-divisions  becoming 
tails  on  the  seeds.  The  Greek  name  means  "crane,"  in 
allusion  to  the  long  beak  of  the  capsule,  and  these  plants 
are  often  called  Crane's-bill.  Cultivated  Geraniums  are 
Pelargoniums,  from  South  Africa. 

In  the  Sierra  woods,  and  along  Yosemite 
Wild  Geranium 

Geranium  indsum  roadsides,  in  summer  we  see  the  purplish- 
Pink  pink  blossoms  and  nodding  buds  of  this 
Spring,  summer  attractive  plant,  resembling  the  Wild 
Geranium  of  the  East,  growing  from  thick, 
perennial  roots,  with  hairy,  branching  stems,  from  one  to 
two  feet  high.  The  hairy  leaves,  with  three  or  five, 
toothed  lobes,  are  fragrant  like  cultivated  geraniums;  the 
flowers,  over  an  inch  across,  are  hairy  inside,  the  petals 
veined  with  magenta.  They  are  occasionally  white  and 
the  plants  vary  in  size  and  hairiness.  G.  furcatum,  of  the 
Grand  Canyon,  has  magenta  petals,  which  turn  back  more. 
This  has  similar  flowers,  but  is  a  finer 
Wild  Geranium  ^  forming  large  thrifty-looking 
Geranium  r  to  •;  & 

Fremdntii  clumps,  one  or  two  feet  across,  of  slightly 

Pink  thickish  leaves,  dark  green  on  the  upper 

Spring,  summer  side  and  paler,  with  prominent  veins,  on 

Southwest,  and  th      und         th      root-leaves    with    about 
Utah,  Ida.,  Col., 

New  Mex.  seven,    main    divisions,  the    stem-leaves 

three-  to  five-cleft,  each  clump  of  leaves 
with  several  tall,  slightly  downy  flower-stalks  springing 
from  it.  The  calyxes  and  buds  are  downy  and  the  flowers 
bright  pink  or  rose-purple,  delicately  veined.  This  grows 
in  somewhat  moist  ground,  at  the  edges  of  fields  and 
woody  roadsides  and  on  mountain  slopes,  and  is  perhaps 
the  handsomest  of  its  clan. 

274 


Geranium 
incisum. 


ild  Geranium- 
G  Fremont ii. 


GERANIUM  FAMILY.     Geraniaceae. 


ton    stalked  ^  slender  plant,  about  a  foot  tall,  with 

Crane's-bill  pinkish,   hairy  stems  and  pretty  leaves, 

Geranium  thin  in  texture,  with  a  dull  surface;  the 

columbinum  seed-vessels    erect,    with    bristly    beaks. 

_u.   e  The   flowers  grow  in  pairs  and  are  less 

Spring,  summer  . 

California,  etc.  than  half  an  inch  across,  with  hairy  ca- 
lyxes and  notched,  purple  or  magenta 
petals.  This  is  naturalized  from  Europe,  and  common  in 
the  East  and  grows  along  roadsides,  at  the  edges  of  fields: 
and  woods. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Erodium,  three  native  in  the 
Southwest  and  several  more  introduced,  weeds  in  the  Old 
World  and  important  forage  plants  in  the  West;  leaves 
often  unequal,  with  one  stipule  on  one  side  and  two  on  the 
other.  They  resemble  Geranium,  flower  and  fruit  being 
nearly  the  same,  but  only  five  of  the  stamens  have  anthers, 
the  alternate  ones  being  scale-like,  without  anthers;  styles 
hairy  inside.  The  Greek  name  means  "heron, "  in  allusion 
to  the  long  beak  of  the  capsule. 

Though  not  native,  this  is  the  common- 
Red-stem  ,..,.,..  . 

Filaree  est   kind,   in   the   interior  and   semi-arid 

Erodium  regions,    and    most    valued    for    forage. 

deuterium  When  young  it  forms  rosettes  close  to  the 

ground,  but  grows  taller  and  more  strag- 
All  seasons 
West,  etc.  glmg-     The  stems  are  often  reddish;  the 

leaves  somewhat  hairy;  the  flowers  small, 
in  clusters  of  four  to  eight,  with  four  bracts  at  the  base;  the 
petals  purplish-pink,  with  darker  veins,  and  hairy  at  the 
base,  the  two  upper  petals  slightly  smaller;  the  sepals  tipped 
with  one  or  two  bristles.  The  ovary  is  beaked  by  the 
united  styles,  the  beak,  when  the  seeds  ripen,  separating 
into  five,  long  tails,  which  twist  spirally  when  dry  and 
untwist  when  moistened.  This  is  common  west  of  the 
Rockies,  blooming  more  or  less  all  the  year  round,  varying 
in  size  in  different  soils.  Filaree  is  a  corruption  of  .the 
Spanish  Alfilerilla,  from  "alfiler,"  a  "pin."  Other  names 
are  Pinkets,  Pinclover,  Storksbill,  and  Clocks,  so-called 
by  children  because  they  amuse  themselves  by  watching 
the  tails  twist  about  like  the  hands  of  a  clock.  White-stem 
Filaree,  E.  moschatum,  common  in  rich  soil,  has  larger, 
coarser  leaves  and  a  faint  scent. 

276 


Long -stalked  Crane's-bill  - 
Geranium  columbinum. 


Red-stem  Filaree- 
Erodium  cicut^riun* 


MEADOW-FOAM  FAMILY.     Limnanthaceae. 


MILKWORT  FAMILY.     Polygalaceae. 

Not  a  very  large  family,  widely  distributed;  ours  are 
herbs,  sometimes  shrubby,  with  no  stipules;  flowers  perfect, 
irregular,  resembling  those  of  the  Pea  Family,  but  not  like 
them  in  structure;  sepals  five,  the  two  at  the  sides  large 
and  colored,  like  "wings,"  the  upper  sepal  forming  a 
"keel";  petals  three,  more  or  less  united  into  a  tube; 
stamens  usually  eight  and  united;  ovary  superior,  two- 
celled,  with  a  broad,  curved  stigma. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Polygala. 

A  rather  attractive  little  plant,  three  to 
California  eight  inches  tall,  with  smooth  leaves  and 

Milkwort  many    slender,    smooth,    woody,    stems, 

Polygala 

Calijornica  springing  from  slender  rootstocks.     The 

Pink  purplish-pink   flowers   become   deeper   in 

Spring,  summer  color  as  they  fade  and  are  quaint  in  form, 

•»  Oreg.  Qver  kaj£  an  •ncj1  iongf  wjth  pmk  "wings" 

and  yellowish  "keel,"  the  petals  downy  inside  and  the 
middle  one  curving  over  to  form  a  hood,  in  which  the 
stamens  and  style  are  concealed.  This  plant  has  the  odd 
habit  of  bearing  another  sort  of  flower  near  the  root, 
maturing  most  of  the  seed,  but  without  petals,  and  grows 
on  dry,  shady  hillsides  in  the  Coast  Ranges. 

MEADOW  FOAM  FAMILY.     Limnanthaceae. 

A  very  small  family,  all  North  American,  included  in  , 
the  Geranium  Family  by  some  botanists;  smooth  herbs,  of 
wet  places,  with  bitter  juice;  leaves  alternate,  lobed  and 
cut,  without  stipules;  flowers  perfect;  sepals  and  petals 
two  to  five;  stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  petals;  ovary 
superior,  the  five  lobes  becoming  five  nutlets;  style  one. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Floerkea;  sepals  and  petals 
three  to  five;  five,  small  glands  on  the  receptacle,  alter- 
nating with  the  sepals;  style  two-  to  five-cleft. 

A  charming  plant,  often  covering:  the 
Meadow  Foam 

Floerkea  Dougldsii  meadows  with  drifts  of  creamy  bloom. 
(Limnanthes)  The  stems  are  smooth,  succulent,  brittle 
White,  yellow  and  branching,  from  six  to  twelve  inches 
Ca[in<:>  tall ;  the  delicate  flowers  over  an  inch  across, 

the  petals  hairy  at  base,  sometimes  pinkishr 
but  usually  white  and  yellow. 
278 


Fo&m- 
Floerke&Dougtasii 


G&Irfornta  Milk-wort   / 


BUCKEYE  FAMILY.     Hippocastanaceae. 


BUCKEYE   FAMILY.     Hippocastanaceae. 

A  small  family,  widely  distributed ;  trees  or  shrubs,  with 
opposite,  compound  leaves,  no  stipules  and  terminal 
clusters  of  irregular  flowers,  some  perfect  and  some  with 
only  pistils  or  only  stamens;  the  calyx  tubular  or  bell- 
shaped,  with  five,  unequal  lobes  or  teeth;  the  petals  four 
or  five,  unequal,  with  claws;  the  stamens  five  to  eight,  with 
long  filaments;  the  ovary  superior,  with  no  stalk,  three- 
celled,  with  a  slender  style;  the  capsule  leathery,  roundish 
or  slightly  three-lobed,  smooth  or  spiny,  with  one  to  three, 
large,  polished  seeds. 

There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Aesculus,  or  Horse 
Chestnut,  natives  of  America  and  Asia;  the  leaves  pal- 
ma  tely  compound,  with  toothed  leaflets;  the  flowers  of 
two  sorts,  the  fertile  ones  few  in  number,  near  the  top  of 
the  cluster,  with  long,  thick  styles,  and  the  sterile  flowers 
with  short  styles. 

One  of  our  handsomest  western  shrubs, 
California  usually  from  ten  to  fifteen  feet  tall,  with 

:keye  gray  bark,  and  dark  bluish-green  foliage, 

Calijdrnica  t^ie  lean<ets  from  five  to  seven  in  number, 

White  glossy  on  the  upper  side,  pale  and  dull  on 

Spring,  summer  the  under,  and  firm  in  texture.  The 
flowers  have  a  rather  heavy  scent  and  are 
about  an  inch  across,  with  four  or  five,  slightly  irregular, 
white  petals,  which  become  pink  in  fading,  a  pinkish  ovary 
and  long  stamens  with  curling,  white  filaments,  unequal  in 
length,  with  buff  anthers.  They  are  crowded  in  a  mag- 
nificent, pyramidal  cluster,  about  a  foot  long,  which  has  a 
pinkish-red,  downy  stem,  and  the  buds  are  also  downy 
and  pinkish,  so  that  the  color  effect  is  warm-pink  above, 
merging  into  cream-white  below,  the  whole  made  feathery 
by  the  long  stamens.  The  shrub  has  a  rounded  top  of  rich 
green  foliage,  symmetrically  ornamented  with  spires  of 
bloom,  standing  up  quite  stiffly  all  over  it.  The  large, 
leathery  pod  contains  a  big,  golden-brown  nut,  supposed 
to  be  poisonous  to  cattle.  The  leaves  fall  off  very  early  in 
the  season,  leaving  the  pods  hanging  on  the  bare  branches. 
This  is  at  its  best  in  the  mountain  valleys  of  middle  Cali- 
fornia, sometimes  becoming  a  good-sized  tree. 

280 


if  or  ni&  Buckeye-       AesculusC&lrfornic* 


BUCKTHORN  FAMILY.     Rhamnaccae. 


BUCKTHORN    FAMILY.     Rhamnaceae. 

A  large  family;  shrubs,  or  small  trees,  of  temperate  and 
warm  regions,  some  with  bitter,  astringent  properties, 
often  thorny;  leaves  mostly  alternate;  stipules  minute; 
flowers  often  in  showy  clusters,  small,  regular;  calyx-lobes 
and  stamens  four  or  five;  petals  usually  four  or  five,  some- 
times lacking,  with  claws.  The  short  calyx-tube  is  lined 
with  a  fleshy  disk  and  on  this  are  borne  the  petals  and  the 
stamens,  alternate  with  the  sepals  and  opposite  the  petals, 
with  swinging  anthers.  In  some  cases,  some  of  the  flowers 
have  only  pistils  or  only  stamens.  The  ovary  superior  or 
partly  inferior;  the  fruit  a  berry  or  capsule. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Ceanothus,  largely  western; 
flowers  small,  blue  or  white,  in  clusters;  calyx  bell-shaped, 
five-lobed,  with  a  colored,  petal-like  border;  petals  five, 
the  tips  arching  to  form  a  tiny  hood,  with  long  claws; 
stamens  five,  long,  protruding,  with  threadlike  filaments; 
ovary  partly  inferior;  style  three-cleft;  capsule  splitting 
open  elastically  so  as  to  scatter  the  three,  hard  nutlets, 
The  flowers  make  a  soapy  lather  when  rubbed  in  water, 
hence  the  name  Soap-bush,  and  the  kinds  with  rigid 
branches  are  called  Buckbrush.  Red-root  is  another  name. 
Mountain  Lilac  is  the  commonest  name,  but  misleading. 
Lilacs  belong  to  another  family. 

This  decorative  shrub  is  common  in  the 

^?u™  C,a5pets*      Sierras  and  carpets  the  forest  floor  with  a 
Mahala  Mats 

Ceanothus  nc"    green»    Ieaf7    mat»    sprinkled    with 

prostratus  small,   feathery  clusters  of  blue  flowers. 

Blue  The    trailing    stems    are    clothed    with 

er  leathery  leaves»  opposite  and  very  glossy, 
and  the  little  flowers  are  deep  purplish- 
blue,  with  yellow  stamens,  and  slightly  scented.  These 
plants  are  equally  attractive  late  in  the  season  when  the 
flowers  are  replaced  by  scarlet  seed-vessels,  with  three  horns. 

A  fine  shrub,  two  to  twelve  feet  high, 

Snow  Brush,  w{th    stQut    tmnk    and    branches      easily 

Mountain  Lilac 
Ceanothus  recognized  by  its  leaves,  which  are  rich 

veliitinus  green,    thick    and    resinous,    shiny   as    if 

White  varnished  on  the  upper  side  and  some- 

es  ,  excep  times  rich  chocolate-brown  in  color,  but 

pale  on  the  under  side,  with  three,  con- 

282 


SnowBrush- 
C.velutinus. 


Squ^w-C^rpets 
Ce^nothus 


BUCKTHORN  FAMILY.     Rhamnaceae. 


spicuous  nerves.  The  small,  sweet-scented  flowers  are 
crowded  in  compact,  creamy  clusters,  sometimes  four  or 
five  inches  long,  very  handsome,  but  not  so  delicate  as 
Deer-brush.  This  is  common  on  hillsides  and  in  the 
mountains,  up  to  seven  thousand  feet. 

A  graceful  shrub,  or  small  tree,  six  to 

Deer-brush,  fifteen    feet    ^     the    slender    tmnk    and 

Mountain  Lilac 
Ceandihus  branches    covered    with    dull    yellowish- 

integerrimus  green  bark  and  the  bright  green  foliage 

White,  blue  setting   off   the  feathery   flower   clusters, 

CaP'ore  two  to  six  inches  lonS'  scattered  lightly 

Wash.,  Ariz.          over  tne  Dusn  and  composed  of  innumer- 
able, tiny,  sweet-scented  blossoms.     The 
leaves  are  alternate,  half  an  inch  to  three  inches  long, 
toothless,  thin  in  texture,  very  slightly  downy  or  smooth, 
with  three  veins,  and  the  flowers  cream-white,  occasionally 
blue  or  pink,  with  conspicuous  stamens,  which  give  the 
plume-like  sprays  a  delicate  foamy  effect  against  the  dark 
forest  background.     This  shrub  is  a  beautiful  sight  when 
in  flower  and  sometimes  covers  the   mountainsides  with 
drifts  of  snowy  bloom,  filling  the  air  with  delicate  perfume. 
It  is  quite  variable  and  sometimes  has  dark  shiny  leaves 
and  small  compact  clusters  of  flowers.     It  is  often  called 
White  Tea-tree,  because  the  bark  is  used  medicinally. 

An  attractive  mountain  shrub,  growing 
Lilac  M°Untain      ^  Ycsemite,  and  elsewhere  in  the  Sierra 
Ceandihus  Nevada  Mountains   at  similar  altitudes, 

parvifdlius  low  and  spreading,  about  three  feet  high, 

Blue  with    smooth,    pale   green   branches   and 

Summer  gmall      smocth,     toothless    leaves,     dark 

California  -  ....  ... 

green  and  shining  on  the  upper  side,  pale 

on  the  under.  The  oblong  clusters  of  minute  blue  flowers 
are  slightly  sweet-scented  and  about  two  inches  long. 


MALLOW  FAMILY.     Malvaceae. 

A  large  family,  widely  distributed;  mostly  herbs,  with 
mucilaginous  juice  and  tough,  fibrous  bark;  leaves  alter- 
nate, mostly  palmately-veined  and  lobed,  with  stipules; 
flowers  regular,  perfect,  or  the  stamens  and  pistils  on 
different  plants;  sepals  five,  often  with  an  outer  row  of 
284 


Oeer  Brush-  Blue  Mountain  Li  lac - 

Ceanothus  inteqerrimus.  C.p^rvifolius. 


MALLOW  FAMILY.     Malvaceae. 


bracts  below,  resembling  another  calyx;  petals  five,  their 
bases  or  claws  united  with  each  other  and  with  the  base  of 
the  stamen- tube;  stamens  numerous,  united  by  their 
filaments  into  a  column,  forming  a  tube  enclosing  the 
pistils;  fruit  a  capsule,  breaking  when  ripe  into  several  one- 
seeded  parts,  or  splitting  down  the  back  of  the  valves, 
allowing  the  seeds  to  escape.  The  little  fruits  are  com- 
monly called  "cheeses."  True  Mallows  are  introduced 
" weeds"  in  this  country. 

The  only  kind,  a  fine  shrub,  from  four  to 
Arizona  Wild          eight  feet  high,  with  smooth  leaves,  most 

of  them  with  three  lobes,  and  handsome 
Thurbena  .  .,.,., 

tkespesioldes  cream-white  flowers,  tinged  with  pink  on 

(Ingcnhouzia  the  outside  and  measuring  two  inches 
triloba}  across.  This  grows  in  the  mountains  of 

„    l  e  southern  Arizona  and  is  beautiful  under 

Summer 

Arizona  cultivation,  often  growing  to  a  height  of 

six  or  eight  feet  in  a  season. 

There  are  a  number  of  kinds  of  Sidalcea,  difficult  to 
distinguish;  perennials;  leaves  round  in  general  outline, 
variously  cut  and  lobed;  flowers  showy,  in  terminal  clusters; 
calyx  with  no  outer  bracts,  or  with  only  one;  stamen- 
column  double;  stigmas  threadlike,  distinguishing  them 
from  Malvastrum  and  Sidalcea. 

This  has  velvetv  leaves,  those  from  the 
Rose  Mallow 

Sidalcea  root    much   less    deeply   lobed    than    the 

California  others,  and  a  slender,  slightly  hairy  stalk, 

Pink  one  to  two  feet  tall,  leaning  to  one  side 

^pf!,ng  .  and  bearing  a  loose  raceme  of  rose-pink 

California 

flowers,  with  petals  about  an  inch  long. 

Only  one  or  two  flowers  are  open  at  a  time,  but  they  are 
very  pretty  and  conspicuous  in  open  woods  and  along  the 
edges  of  fields,  around  Santa  Barbara,  in  May. 

A  pretty  plant,  with  one  or  more  smooth, 
Oregon  Mallow 

Sidalcea  Oregana  Pale»  branching  stems,  about  two  feet 
Pink  tall,  and  dark  green  leaves,  with  con- 

Summer,  autumn  spicuous  veins.  The  buds  are  downy  and 
Northwest  the  flowers  are  about  three-quarters  of  an 

inch  across,  with  pale  pink  petals,  prettily  veined,  shading 
to  white  at  the  center.  The  anthers  are  white  and  the 
pistil,  when  the  stigmas  have  expanded,  is  prettily  tipped 
with  a  tiny  crimson  brush. 

286 


Rose  Mallow- 
S  Califor  nicsv. 


MALLOW  FAMILY.     Malvaceae. 


.  f  A  pretty  perennial,  with  several  leaning, 

Checker-bloom       ,     .    * 

Siddlcea  hairy  stems,  one  or  two  feet  tall,  and  dark 

malvaeflora  green   leaves.     Some  plants  have  perfect 

pink  flowers,  an  inch  or  more  across,  often  very 

SR"f g  .  pale  pink,  and  others  have  only  rudimen- 

Cahforma 

tary  stamens  and  smaller  flowers,  usually 

deep  pink  in  color,  but  the  plant  is  very  variable.  This  is 
common  near  the  coast.  It  is  sometimes  called  Wild 

Hollyhock. 
Mallow  This  is  from  one  to  three  feet  tall,  with 

Sidalcea  Neo- 

Mexicana  smooth,  rather  dark  green  leaves  and  very 

Pink  pretty,    pale    purplish-pink   flowers    with 

Summer  pale-yellow    anthers    and    pinkish    pistil. 

'     a  '  This  grows  in  the  mountains. 

New  Mex.,  to 

Col.,  Wyo.  There  are  many  kinds  of  Malvastrum, 

natives  of  America  and  Africa;  perennial 
herbs  or  shrubs;  the  calyx  often  with  three  outer  bracts; 
the  stamen-column  bearing  anthers  at  the  top;  the  stig- 
mas with  round  heads.  The  name  is  from  the  Greek, 
meaning  ' '  star-mallow. ' ' 

A  very  pretty  desert  plant,  from  six  to 
Malvastrum  eight  inches  tall,  the  coloring  of  the  flowers, 

rotundijdlium  stems,  and  leaves  vivid  and  oddly  con- 
Pink  trasting,  for  the  stems  are  bright  red  and 

pnng  hairy,    and    the    leaves    stiff,   hairy,  and 

Southwest  .  !•!      A.      1        i 

bronze-green   in   color,    while   the   lovely 

globe-shaped  flowers,  which  are  over  an  inch  across,  are 
delicately  shaded  from  lilac  to  rose  outside  and  paler  inside, 
with  conspicuous  round  blotches  of  orange-vermilion  at 
the  base  of  each  petal  within.  The  calyx  and  buds  are 
very  hairy,  the  petals  each  have  a  twist  to  one  side,  and 
the  mauve  stamens  form  a  pretty  cluster  in  the  center. 
These  flowers  last  a  long  time  in  water,  closing  at  night  and 
opening  again  in  the  morning. 


288 


MALLOW  FAMILY.     Malvaceae. 


A  handsome  shrub,   from  five  to  ten 
False  Mallow 

Maivdstrum  feet  hlgh»  woody  below,  with  long,  slender, 

Thurberi  wandlike  branches  and  thick,  very  downy, 

pink  light  bluish-green  leaves.     The  pretty  lilac- 

pring,  summer        «nj,  flowers  are  from  One  to  nearly  two 
California 

inches  across  and  pleasantly  scented,  and 

the  foliage  is  soft  and  pretty  in  appearance,  though  rather 
harsh  to  the  touch,  its  pale  tones  blending  harmoniously 
with  the  delicate  blossoms.  This  is  common  in  southern 
California. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Lavatera,  mostly  from  the  Old 
World. 

This  was  planted  in  the  mission  gardens 
Tree  Alallow  ^ 

Lavaiera  "v  tne  Fathers  and  is  now  common  around 

assurgcnti flora  San  Francisco.  It  is  a  branching  shrub, 
Pink  from  six  to  fifteen  feet  high,  with  a  twisted, 

California  ^rav  ^run^  an<^  ^arge  handsome  leaves, 

light  green  and  very  soft  and  smooth  to 
the  touch,  paler  and  downier  on  the  under  side.  The 
flowers  are  handsome  and  conspicuous,  two  or  three  inches 
across,  with  bright  pink  petals,  warm  and  rich  in  tone, 
beautifully  striped  with  maroon  and  shading  to  yellowish- 
white  towards  the  center,  with  a  purple  pistil  and  grayish 
anthers.  The  flowers  and  seed-vessels  hang  on  curved 
pedicels,  like  pipe-stems,  giving  a  rather  odd  effect.  The 
leaves  and  twigs  are  very  mucilaginous. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Sphaeralcea,  much  like  Mal- 
vastrum,  except  that  they  have  two  or  three  ovules,  instead 
of  one,  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary.  The  name  is  from  the 
Greek,  meaning  "globe-mallow,"  in  allusion  to  the  usually 
roundish  fruit. 

These  graceful  wands  of  brilliant  bloom 
Scarlet  Mallow 

Sphaeralcea  are  very  common  in  spring  in  Anzona. 

pedata  The  flowers  are  over  an  inch  across,  vivid 

Rec^  yet  delicate  in  color,  shading  from  lumi- 

Sprmg  nous   scarlet   to   clear  pale-orange.     The 

Southwest 

buds  are  tipped  with  deeper  red  and  the 

foliage  is  rather  pale  green,  somewhat  hairy  and  downy. 
The  stems  are  from  one  to  two  feet  tall  and  bend  slightly 
to  one  side,  swaying  to  and  fro  in  the  wind  and  displaying 
their  flaming  blossoms  to  great  advantage. 

290 


FatseMaJlow- 
Malv^strum 
Thurberi. 


ST.  JOHIN'S-WORT  FAMILY.     Hypericaceae. 


ST.  JOHN'S-WORT  FAMILY.    Hypericaceae. 

Not  a  large  family,  mostly  natives  of  temperate  and 
warm  regions.  Ours  are  herbs,  sometimes  shrubby,  with- 
out stipules,  with  opposite,  toothless  leaves,  with  clear  or 
black  dots;  the  flowers  regular  and  complete,  all  the  parts 
borne  on  the  receptacle;  the  sepals  and  petals  usually  five; 
the  stamens  usually  numerous,  sometimes  grouped  in  three 
to  five  clusters;  the  ovary  superior;  the  fruit  a  capsule. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Hypericum,  widely  distributed; 
the  leaves  without  leaf -stalks,  the  flowers  yellow,  with  three 
to  six  styles.  This  is  the  ancient  Greek  name.  These 
plants  bloom  in  June,  about  St.  John's  Day,  and  so  tradi- 
tion gives  them  magic  properties,  appropriate  to  the  Eve 
of  that  day,  when  fairies  and  witches  are  abroad,  and  they 
are  commonly  called  St.  John's-wort. 

This  has  very  pretty  flowers  and  grows 
Hypcricum"  ^rom  tnree  to  eighteen  inches  tall,  with 
concinnum  smooth  stems,  branching  and  woody  at 

Yellow  base,    and    smooth,    rather    bluish-green 

leaves,  usually  folded,  not  clasping  at  base, 
California 

usually  with  only  a  few  dots.     The  flowers 

are  an  inch  or  more  across,  with  bright  golden  petals,  with 
some  black  dots,  and  numerous  stamens  in  three  bunches, 
forming  large,  fuzzy,  golden  centers.  This  grows  on  dry 
hills  and  is  supposed  to  be  poisonous  to  sheep. 

A  pretty  plant,  from  six  inches  to  three 
St.  John's-wort  feet  ^  with  &  gtiff  g  often  branchi 

Hypericum  jor~ 

mdsum  var.  towards   the   top,  and   rather  dull  green 

Scouleri  leaves,  blunt,  oblong  and  clasping  at  base, 

Yellow  about  an  inch  long,  thin  in  texture,  with 

We^tmCr  black  dots  on  the  mar2ins-     The  flowers 

are  from  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  across, 
with  bright  yellow  petals,  dotted  with  black,  and  are  very 
pretty,  but  not  so  handsome  as  the  last.  This  grows  in  moist 
places,  chiefly  in  the  mountains,  and  is  common  in  Yosemite. 
Creeping  St.  ^n  attractive  little  plant,  only  a  few 

John's-wort  inches    tall,    with    many    weak,    slender, 

Hypericum  branching  stems,  spreading  on  the  ground 

anagalloldes  and     rootin          t     th        •    jilts,     and  y 

Orange 

Summer  smooth,  light  yellowish-green  leaves,  often 

Northwest  tinged  with  red.     It  grows  in  wet  places 

292 


St.  Johns-wort - 

Hypericum  formosUm 
var.Scouleri. 


Creeping  St.Johns-wort-  H. 


FOUQUIERA  FAMILY.     Fouquieriaceae. 


and  forms  close  mats  of  foliage,  sprinkled  with  light- 
orange  or  salmon-colored  flowers,  a  quarter  of  an  inch 
or  more  across,  with  fifteen  to  twenty,  yellow  stamens. 
The  effect  is  something  like  Anagallis,  Scarlet  Pimpernel, 
hence  the  name.  This  is  common  in  Yosemite  and  similar 
places,  up  to  nine  thousand  feet. 

FOUQUIERA  FAMILY.     Fouquieriaceae. 

A  very  small  family,  with  one  genus  and  only  a  few 
species;  natives  of  the  Southwest  and  Mexico;  the  flowers 
are  brilliant  red,  in  terminal  clusters;  the  sepals  five,  not 
united;  the  petals  five,  united  into  a  tube,  the  lobes  some- 
what spreading;  the  stamens  ten  to  fifteen,  protruding, 
inserted  under  the  pistil;  the  ovary  imperfectly  three- 
celled;  the  styles  three,  long,  somewhat  united;  the  seeds 
three  to  six,  oblong,  flattened,  surrounded  by  a  mem- 
branous wing  or  long,  white  hairs.  These  plants  are  very 
puzzling,  but  interesting,  and  as  they  are  not  nearly  related 
they  have  at  various  times  been  classified  with  other 
families. 

A    magnificent    desert  shrub,  when    in 
Flaming  Sword,     fuu   bloom,   but   strangely  forbidding   in 

Flower0'  CandlC  aSpGCt  in  Spite  °f  itS  beauty-      Its  many 

Fouquttra  st^  stems,  from  six  to  twenty  feet  tall, 

spUndens  entirely  without  branches,  stand  up  stiffly 

Red  from  the  root,  like  a  bunch  of  wands,  and 

Spring  are  arme(}  their  whole  length  with  terrible 
Ariz.,  Cal.,  New 

Mex>  thorns,   which  in  the  spring  are  masked 

with  beautiful  foliage,  like  little  apple 
leaves.  From  the  tip  of  each  wand  springs  a  glorious 
cluster,  from  six  to  ten  inches  long,  composed  of  hundreds 
of  scarlet  flowers,  each  about  an  inch  long,  and  crowded 
closely  together,  suggesting  a  flame  and  waving  to  and 
fro  in  the  wind  with  a  startling  effect  against  the  pale 
desert  sand.  When  the  flowers  and  leaves  are  gone,  the 
clumps  of  dry,  thorny  sticks  look  quite  dead  and  it  is  hard 
to  believe  that  they  were  so  splendid  early  in  the  season. 
They  make  an  impenetrable  fence  and  are  much  used  by 
the  Indians  for  hedges. 


294 


ing  Sword- 
Fouauierzx    splendent* 


VIOLET  FAMILY.     Violaceae. 


VIOLET  FAMILY.     Violoccoe. 

A  rather  large  family,  widely  distributed,  but  we  have 
only  three  genera,  the  principal  one  being  Viola,  which  is 
the  ancient  Latin  name,  used  by  Virgil. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Viola,  widely  distributed* 
blooming  in  spring,  but  often  flowering  again  in  the 
autumn;  low,  perennial  herbs,  with  stipules;  leaves  alter- 
nate, or  from  the  root;  flowers  complete,  irregular,  nodding, 
nectar-yielding,  usually  single;  sepals  five,  with  small  ear- 
shaped  projections  at  the  base;  petals  five,  slightly  bearded 
within,  so  as  to  afford  a  foothold  for  bees,  the  lowest  petal 
larger  and  with  a  spur  at  the  back;  stamens  five,  short, 
with  broadened  filaments  and  anthers  opening  inward,  so 
as  to  cover  the  pistil  all  but  the  end  of  the  style,  the  two 
lower  anthers  with  spurs  at  the  base,  which  project  into  the 
spur  of  the  petal;  ovary  superior  and  one-celled;  style  club- 
shaped,  with  a  one-sided  stigma.  The  flowers  are  often 
of  two  kinds,  the  earlier  ones  with  long  flower-stalks,  with 
petals  and  showy,  but  not  producing  seed;  the  later  ones 
with  short  stalks,  with  small  or  no  petals,  but  fertile,  often 
cleistogamous,  that  is,  fertilized  in  the  bud.  The  capsule 
splits  open  and  as  the  three  valves  dry  they  fold  firmly 
together  lengthwise  and  force  out  the  seeds. 

A  pretty  plant,  growing  in  the  woods, 
Viola  lobdta  with  leafy  stems,  from  four  to  fourteen 

Yellow  inches  high,  with  leafy  stipules  and  smooth, 

Spring,  summer  rather  light  green  leaves,  deeply  lobed, 
Cal.,  Oreg.  SQ  that  they  1(X)k  unlike  most  Violet 

leaves.  The  flowers  are  more  or  less  clustered,  an  inch 
or  more  across,  with  bright  yellow  petals,  veined  with 
purple  inside,  tinged  with  purplish-brown  outside,  the 
two  side  petals  with  a  little  hairy  patch  at  the  base  inside. 

A  shy  little  woodland  plant,  from  five 
Western  Hearts- 
ease  to  twelve  inches  tall,  with  creeping  root- 

Vlola  ocellata  stocks  and  small,  dry  stipules.  The 
White  and  yellow  flowers  are  an  inch  or  less  across,  the  two 

CalinOreUmmer      Upper  PGtalS  whit6'   tinged  with  reddish- 
purple  on  the  outside,  and  the  other  petals 

white  or  yellow,  with  a  splash  of  purple  on  each  of  the  two 
side  petals  and  the  lower  one  veined  with  purple.  This 
grows  in  shady  woods. 

296 


Western  Heartsease  - 
Viola 


Pine  Violet- 

V.lob&ta. 


VIOLET  FAMILY.     Vlolaceac. 


An  attractive  kind,  usually  about  three 
vfoleT  M°Untaln  inches  tall,  with  almost  smooth  leaves, 
Viola  vendsa  often  with  purplish  veins,  with  blunt  tips 

Yellow  and  margins  obscurely  or  coarsely  toothed. 

Spring  or  almost  toothless,  and  with  long  leaf- 

stalks-  The  flowers  are  usually  less  than 
half  an  inch  long,  with  clear  yellow  petals, 
more  or  less  tinged  with  purple  on  the  outside,  the  lower 
petal  usually  with  several,  purplish-black  veins,  the  two 
side  petals  with  one  or  two  veins.  This  has  no  scent,  the 
capsule  is  roundish  and  hairy,  and  the  cleistogamous 
flowers  are  abundant.  It  grows  on  dry  mountainsides 
and  is  very  variable  both  as  to  flower  and  foliage  and  much 
smaller  at  great  altitudes,  the  whole  plant  being  not  more 
than  an  inch  high.  The  drawing  is  of  a  Utah  plant. 

This  is  quite  tall,  the  slender,  rather 
Canada  Violet 

Viola  Canadensis  weak  stems  being  sometimes  over  a  foot 
Pale-violet,  white  high,  with  smooth  leaves,  often  with  some 
Spring,  summer  hairs  on  the  veins  of  the  under  side.  The 
West,  etc.,  except  flowers>  over  half  an  inch  across,  with  a 
short  petal-spur,  are  almost  white,  deli- 
cately veined  with  purple,  yellow  in  the  throat  and  tinged 
with  violet  or  purple  on  the  outside.  Occasionally  they 
are  pure-white  all  over  and  sometimes  sweet-scented.  The 
capsule  is  oval  and  smooth.  This  is  common  in  eastern 
mountain  woods,  and  to  eastern  eyes  looked  far  from 
home  when  we  found  it  in  Walnut  Canyon  in  Arizona. 

This  is  small  and  low,  about  three  inches 

high'  with  leafy  Stems'  forminS  a  clumP 
Viola  adunca  var.  of  small»  smooth,  more  or  less  toothed 
glabra  leaves,  with  blunt  tips,  dark  green  on  the 

Pale-blue  upper  side  and  paler  on  the  under,  with 

Spring,  summer      tw(^    quite    ^^    fringed    bracts    at    the 

bases  of  the  leaf-stalks,  and  two,  small, 
fringed  bracts  on  the  flower-stems,  half  an  inch  below  the 
flower.  The  flowers  are  scentless,  measure  less  than  half 
an  inch  across,  and  are  pale-blue  or  almost  white,  with  veins 
of  dark  blue  on  the  lower  petal  and  tufts  of  white,  fuzzy 
hairs  inside,  at  the  base  of  the  side  petals,  the  spur  purplish. 
This  grows  in  mountain  canyons,  at  a  height  of  five  thou- 
sand to  nine  thousand  feet,  and  is  very  small  at  great 
iltitudes. 

298 


Yellow  Mountain  Violet- 
V.  venose 


ViolaC^n^densis- 


P&le  Mountain  Violet- 
van  g  I  a. bra.. 


LOASA  FAMILY. 


A  pretty  plant,  two  to  four  inches  high, 
Blue  violet  .  . 

Viola  adunca  var.  Wlth  sllghtl7  hairY  leaves  an<*  flowers 
Idngipes  nearly  an  inch  long,  with  bright  purplish- 

Blue,  purple  blue  or  violet  petals,  more  or  less  veined 

el™!  with  purple,  the  side  petals  hairy  at  base 

inside.  This  grows  near  the  coast. 

Charming    flowers,    often    growing    in 
Johnny  Jump-up,   quantities  on  open  hillsides.     The  leafy 
Yellow  Pansy 
Vl0la  stems  are  from  two  to  six  inches  nigh,  the 

jeduncul&ta  leaves  rather  dark  green  and  the  scentless 

Yellow  flowers,  about  an  inch  across,  have  bright 

golden  petals,  with  some  purple  lines  at 
California 

the  base  of  the  three  lower  ones,  the  spur 

and  upper  petals  tinged  with  brownish-purple  on  the  out- 
side, the  two  side  petals  hairy  at  base  inside,  and  the  stigma 
hairy.  The  Spanish-Californian  name  is  Gallito.  There 
is  no  technical  difference  between  Pansies  and  Violets. 

LOASA  FAMILY.     Loasaceae. 

Not  a  very  large  family,  all  but  one  natives  of  America; 
herbs,  armed  with  hooked,  stinging  or  sticky  hairs;  with- 
out stipules;  the  flowers  perfect,  with  five  sepals  and  five 
to  ten  petals;  the  stamens  numerous,  with  threadlike 
filaments,  the  outer  ones  sometimes  petal-like,  inserted 
with  the  petals  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx  and  usually 
arranged  in  clusters  opposite  the  petals;  the  ovary  inferior, 
with  a  threadlike  style;  the  capsule  crowned  with  the  calyx- 
lobes. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Mentzelia,  all  western,  often 
with  white  shining  stems  and  alternate  leaves;  the  calyx 
cylindrical  or  top-shaped,  with  five  lobes;  the  petals  five 
or  ten;  the  styles  three,  somewhat  united.  The  barbed 
hairs  which  clothe  the  stems  and  leaves  make  the  plant 
stick  to  whatever  it  touches,  probably  helping  to  distribute 
the  seeds,  hence  the  common  name  Stick-leaf. 

A    stout,    branching    biennial,    two    to 
^aZ!ng;Star          over  three  feet  tall>   with  shining  white 

Mentzelia 

laevicdulis  stems,  almost  smooth,  long,  rather  narrow, 

Yellow  wavy-toothed      leaves      and      enormous 

Summer,  autumn  flowers,  in  clusters  of  two  or  three  at  the 

Wash  a^d  Ariz      enc^s  °^  tne  branches  and  opening  only  in 

bright,  sunlight.     They  are  from  three  to 

300 


Blue  Violet-  Johnny  Jump-up- 

Y,*dunc*  vfcr.Iongipes.  Viola  peduncuUt*. 


LOASA  FAMILY.     Loasaceae. 


five  inches  across,  with  five,  broad,  light  yellow  petals  and 
quantities  of  very  long  stamens,  making  a  beautiful  center. 
Five  of  the  stamens  have  broadened  filaments,  resembling 
narrow  petals,  the  style  is  three-cleft,  and  the  capsule  is 
oblong,  containing  many  flat,  winged  seeds.  These  plants 
usually  grow  in  dry  stream-beds  and  are  not  rare,  but 
through  various  accidents  I  have  never  been  able  to  secure 
a  drawing  of  either  this  or  the  next. 

.  A  more  slender  plant  than  the  last,  with 

Mentztfia  magnificent  flowers,  two  and  a  half  inches 

Lindleyi  across,  which  open  in  the  evening  and 

Yellow  remain  open  during  the  following  morning. 

CalTfrmi  They  have  five'  broad  Petals»  with  pointed 

tips,  bright  golden-yellow,  colored  with 
vermilion  at  the  base,  and  handsome  yellow  centers. 
The  filaments  are  very  slender,  some  of  the  outer  ones 
slightly  broadened  at  base,  and  the  style  is  not  cleft.  This 
grows  in  the  mountains.  There  is  a  drawing  of  it  in  Miss 
Parsons's  Wild  Flowers  of  California.  It  is  called  Buena 
Muier,  or  Good  Woman,  by  the  Spanish  Californians, 
because  the  leaves  stick  so  tightly  to  one. 
MenfM'a  ^n  °dd-looking  plant,  with  very  pale, 

nultifldra  straggling   stems   and   thickish   leaves,   a 

Yellow  pretty  shade  of  pale  green,  all  exceedingly 

Spring  disagreeable    to    touch.     The    buds    are 

Southwest,  Utah,  tipped  with  salmon-color  and  the  flowers 
are  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inches  across, 
with  a  long  green  calyx-tube  with  buff  lobes,  ten  petals, 
bright  yellow  inside  and  pale  buff  outside,  and  pretty, 
fuzzy,  yellow  centers.  They  open  in  the  evening,  about 
five  o'clock,  and  the  plant  would  be  pretty,  in  spite  of  its 
harsh  foliage,  if  more  of  the  flowers  were  out  at  one  time. 
This  is  common  along  roadsides  in  the  Southwest  and  in 
New  Mexico  and  Colorado. 

This  has  several  pale  greenish  or  pinkish 
Mentzlha 

gradienta  stems,  from  a  few  inches  to  a  foot  and  a 

Yellow  half  tall,  which  look  smooth  but  are  very 

Spring  harsh  to  the  touch,  springing  from  a  cluster 

Southwest  of  stiff>  harsh>  dull-green  leaves,  variously 

lobed  or  toothed.     The  flowers  are  nearly  an  inch  across, 
with  glossy,   bright  yellow  petals  and  beautiful,   fuzzy, 
yellow  centers,  and  are  very  delicate  and  pretty. 
302 


multi-flora.  M.  gr&cilenta. 


ROCK-ROSE  FAMILY.     Cistaccae. 


ROCK-ROSE  FAMILY.     Cistaceae. 

A  rather  large  family,  mostly  of  the  Mediterranean 
region;  herbs  or  Jow  shrubs;  flowers  regular,  perfect,  all  the 
parts  borne  on  the  receptacle;  sepals  five,  the  two  outer 
ones  smaller  and  bract-like,  or  lacking;  petals  three  to  five; 
stamens  many;  ovary  superior,  one-celled,  with  a  single 
style,  or  none;  fruit  a  capsule,  with  several  or  many  seeds. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Helianthemum,  widely  dis- 
tributed, perennials;  leaves  alternate,  undivided,  toothless; 
flowers  yellow  and,  in  most  North  American  species,  of 
two  sorts;  the  earlier  ones  with  large,  yellow  petals,  very 
numerous  stamens  and  a  many-seeded  pod ;  the  later  ones, 
small,  clustered,  with  small  petals  or  none,  three  to  ten 
stamens,  and  small,  few-seeded  pods. 

A    pretty    plant,    with    many,    slender 
Rock-rose  J  . 

Helianthemum        stems  and  narrow,  yellowish-green  leaves, 

scoptrium  forming  clumps  from  one  to  two  feet  high. 

YaWow  The  flowers  are  half  an  inch  to   three- 

quarters  of  an  inch  across,  the  buds  and 
calyxes  reddish  and  the  petals  clear  yellow, 
the  pistil  greenish,  with  a  three-lobed  stigma.  In  favor- 
able situations,  such  as  Point  Loma,  this  makes  attractive 
little  bushes,  neat  yet  feathery,  suggesting  large  clumps  of 
grass,  sprinkled  thickly  with  flowers. 

CACTUS  FAMILY.     Cacta-eae. 

A  large  family,  nearly  all  natives  of  America  and  of  dry 
or  desert  places,  with  strange  characteristics,  which  make 
them  easily  recognized  as  a  whole,  but  many  of  the  in- 
dividuals have  not  yet  been  studied  or  described;  fleshy 
plants,  with  thick  stems,  often  flattened,  ridged  or  covered 
with  knobs,  mostly  without  leaves,  usually  with  spines, 
which  generally  protrude  from  cushions  of  small  bristles; 
the  flowers  perfect,  regular,  showy,  and  mostly  single; 
sepals,  petals,  and  stamens  all  numerous;  ovary  inferior, 
with  a  long  style  and  several  stigmas;  fruit  usually  a  pulpy 
berry,  containing  many  seeds. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Echinocactus,  round  or  oval 
plants,  mostly  ribbed,  with  bunches  of  spines  of  several 
kinds,  arranged  in  straight  or  spiral  rows;  the  fruits  scaly, 
though  spineless. 

304 


Rock-rose*  Heli*nthemum  scop&rium, 


CACTUS  FAMILY.     Cactaceac. 


A  common  and  useful  kind,  the  shape 
?1  Cactus,        an(j  Q£ ten  tjie  g-ze  Q£  a  Barrel,  covered  with 

Eckinocdctus  spines.     The  Indians  cut  off  the  top  of  the 

Wislizlni  plant  and  pound  the  pulp  with  a  stick 

Yellow,  reddish      into  a  soft  mass,  which  they  squeeze  with 

their  hands,  extracting:  a  large  amount  of 
Southwest 

watery  juice,  which  is  wholesome  and  not 

unpalatable  and  has  often  saved  lives  in  the  desert.  Indians 
use  the  spines  for  fish-hooks,  hence  a  common  name,  Fish- 
hook Cactus,  and  the  celebrated  cactus  candy  is  made 
from  it.  The  flowers  are  large. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Echinocereus,  oblong  or  cylin- 
drical, spiny  plants,  generally  a  few  inches  tall,  usually 
growing  in  clumps;  stems  ridged,  or  with  spiny  ribs;  fruits 
spiny. 

This  forms  a  clump  of  several   stems, 

Hedgehog  Cactus  each  about  the  gh  and  gize  of  &  cucum. 
Eckinocereus  ,  .  , 

polyacdnthus  ker,  an(*  armed  Wltn  bunches  of  long,  stiff 
Red  spines.  The  flowers  are  two  or  three 

Spring  inches   long,   with  deep   red   petals,   dull 

Am.,  New  Mex.     pink    antners>  an(j  a  bright  green  pistil. 

This  grows  in  the  Grand  Canyon. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Opuntia,  with  jointed  stems, 
cylindrical  or  flattened,  armed  with  bristles,  usually  with 
spines.  The  fruits  and  fleshy  joints  are  good  for  fodder,  if 
the  spines  are  removed,  and  hence  there  has  been  much 
inquiry  into  the  economic  value  of  these  plants.  It  has 
been  found  that  the  spiny  species  are  the  most  valuable 
for  fodder,  under  extremely  arid  conditions,  as  the  spines 
can  be  burned  off,  while  the  unarmed  forms  are  subject  to 
the  attacks  of  so  many  animals  that  a  crop  cannot  be 
secured  without  the  protection  of  fences.  The  spines  are 
removed  either  by  singeing  the  growing  plant  with  a  torch, 
or  the  upper  parts  are  cut  off  and  thrown  into  a  fire, 
or  sometimes  the  plants  are  made  into  fodder  by  being 
chopped  up,  spines  and  all,  in  a  machine.  The  Prickly 
Pears  in  Sicily  and  the  Orient  came  from  America. 
0  g  From  three  to  six  feet  tall,  resembling 

acanthocbrpa  Cholla,  with  long,  cylindrical  joints  and 

Yellow  whitish   spines.     The   pretty   flowers   are 

Sprmg  about  two  inches  long,  with  orange-yellow 

petals    and    an    ivory-white    pistil.     The 
306 


Opuntia. 


CACTUS  FAMILY.     Cactaccae. 


fruits  are  spiny  and  become  dry  when  ripe.     This  grows  in 
the  desert  around  Needles. 

A  horrible  shrub,  or  dwarf  tree,  four  to 
Ouniiaulida      six   feet   high»    with   a   thick   trunk   and 


Red  several,    spreading,    contorted    branches, 

Spring,  summer  with  cylindrical  joints,  twisting  in  awk- 
Arizona  ward  ways.  The  trunk  and  larger  limbs 

are  brownish-gray,  starred  with  dead,  dry  spines,  but  the 
twigs  are  pale  bluish-green,  covered  thickly  with  stars  of 
pale-yellowish  spines,  each  an  inch  or  so  long,  with  a 
barbed  tip.  From  the  numerous  magenta  flowers  strange, 
yellowish,  cup-shaped  fruits  develop,  seeming  to  spring  one 
out  of  the  other  in  a  haphazard  way,  hanging  in  long  chains, 
awkward  but  rather  ornamental,  and  remaining  on  the 
plants  for  several  years  without  change,  except  that  they 
grow  slightly  larger.  The  distant  effect  of  this  plant  is 
a  pale,  fuzzy  mass,  attractive  in  color,  giving  no  hint  of  its 
treacherous  character  —  more  like  a  wild  beast  than  a  plant! 
The  joints  suggest  a  very  ferocious  chestnut-burr  and 
break  off  at  a  touch,  thrusting  their  spines  deeply  into  the 
flesh  of  the  unwary  passer-by,  so  that  the  Indian  story,  that 
this  plant  flings  its  darts  at  wayfarers  from  a  distance, 
might  almost  as  well  be  true,  and  the  barbs  making  the- 
extraction  difficult  and  painful.  The  ground  under  the 
plants  is  strewn  with  fallen  joints,  which  take  root  and 
propagate  themselves.  Small  animals  pile  these  around 
their  holes  for  defense,  several  kinds  of  birds  build  in  the 
thorny  branches  and  are  safe  from  enemies,  and  the  fruits, 
being  spineless  and  succulent,  are  valuable  for  fodder,  so 
the  Cholla  is  not  entirely  malevolent.  The  name  is 
pronounced  Choya.  There  are  many  similar  kinds,  some 
with  very  handsome  rose-like  flowers,  others  with  bright 
scarlet  fruits.  They  are  curious  and  interesting  inhabi- 
tants of  the  desert. 

Low  plants,  with  no  main  stem,  with 
qpln  L  basilfris  spreading,  flattened  branches,  the  joints 
Pink  of  which  are  flat  disks,  resembling  fleshy, 

Spring  bluish-green     leaves.     These     disks     are 

Arizona  ^alf  an  jnc^  to  an  -nc^  ^{^  an(j  sjx  {nches 

long,  more  or  less  heart-shaped,  sprouting  one  out  of  the 

other,  at  unexpected  angles.     The  beautiful  flower  is  about 

three  inches  across,  like  a  tissue-paper  rose,  pale  or  very 

308 


Cholla 
(fruit) 


0 punt  i  a 
fulgida.. 


CACTUS  FAMILY.     Cactaccae. 


deep  pink,  with  a  whitish  pistil,  yellow  anthers,  and 
crimson  filaments.  The  joints  have  a  strong  fishy  smell, 
when  cut,  and  are  dotted  with  tufts  of  small,  brown  bristles, 
exceedingly  unpleasant  to  get  in  one's  fingers.  This  is 
rare  and  grows  at  the  Grand  Canyon.  Prickly  pears  usu- 
ally have  yellow  flowers  and  long  spines. 

There  are  fifty  or  more  common  kinds 
Common  Prickly       •-».«_,      -~ 
Pear  of  Prickly  Pear,  many  of  them  as  yet  un- 

Opuntia  described  and  little  known.     They  have 

Yellow  flattened  joints  and  yellow  flowers,   like 

Spring,  summer  th  Qne  illustrated  which  is  typical,  often 
Southwest 

measuring  three  or  tour  inches  across,  the 

petals  variously  tinted  outside  with  salmon,  rose,  and 
brown. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Cactus,  round,  cylindrical,  or 
oval  plants,  covered  with  knobs,  bearing  clusters  of  spines, 
those  of  some  species  having  hooked  tips.  They  may  be 
known  by  their  smooth  fruits,  without  scales  or  spines. 

A  quaint  little  plant,  often  no  bigger 
Pincushion  Cactus   .  ,.,,.      ,   ,     „         .!,     , 

Cdctus  Gr&hami  than  a  billiard  ball,  with  long,  blackish, 
(Mamillaria)  hooklike  spines,  projecting  from  stars  of 
pink  smaller  spines.  The  flowers  are  pink  and 

Spring  ^e  berries  are  smooth,  fleshy  fingers  of 

brightest  scarlet,  edible,  pretty  and  odd. 
Sometimes  we  see  one  of  these  prickly  little  balls  peeping 
from  under  a  rock  and  again  we  find  them  growing  in  a 
colony,  looking  much  like  a  pile  of  sea-urchins.  This 
grows  in  the  Grand  Canyon,  and  there  are  similar  kinds  in 
southern  California. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Cereus,  with  cylindrical  or  oval 
stems,  from  a  few  inches  to  forty  feet  tall,  not  jointed,  with 
ribs  or  rows  of  knobs,  running  lengthwise,  and  clusters  of 
spines. 

These  tree-like  plants  are  wonderfully 
Column  Cactus,       ,.      -r-    ,         -,       , 
Sahuaro  dignified  and  solemn  in  aspect,  with  none 

Ctre us  giganttus     of  the  grotesque  or  ferocious  effect  so  corn- 
White  mon  among  their  relations.    They  grow  in 
prmg,  summer     numbers  on  the  mountain  slopes  around 
Tucson  and  are  easily  recognized  by  their 
size  and  very  upright  form,  rearing  their  thick,  cylindrical 
branches  straight  up  in  the  air,  to  a  height  of  thirty  or 
forty  feet.     They  are  smooth  and  light  green,  armed  with 
310 


i 


Common  Prickly  Pear-        Opunti*. 


EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     Onagraccae. 


rows  of  spines  in  stars  along  the  ridges,  and  ornamented 
during  May  and  June  with  handsome,  large,  whitish,  wax- 
like  flowers,  very  perfect  in  form,  opening  in  the  daytime, 
blooming  most  abundantly  on  the  sunny  side  of  the  plant 
and  remaining  open  but  a  short  time.  Woodpeckers 
often  make  holes  for  nests  in  the  branches,  which  are  used 
afterwards  by  a  little  native  owl,  the  smallest  kind  in  the 
world,  and  by  honey-bees,  and  these  holes  often  lead  to 
decay  and  to  the  ultimate  death  of  the  tree.  The  fruits, 
with  crimson  flesh  and  black  seeds,  are  valued  by  the 
Papago  Indians  for  food,  and  mature  in  enormous  quan- 
tities in  midsummer,  but  birds  eat  up  many  of  the  seeds 
and  of  the  millions  reaching  the  ground  only  a  very  few 
germinate  and  develop  into  odd,  little  round  plants,  a  few 
inches  high,  often  eaten  by  some  animal  before  they  become 
sufficiently  prickly  for  protection. 

EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     Onagroceoe. 

A  large  family,  widely  distributed,  most  abundant  in 
America;  herbs,  with  no  stipules;  flowers  usually  perfect, 
their  parts  usually  in  fours;  calyx- tube  attached  to  the 
usually  four-celled,  inferior  ovary  and  usually  prolonged 
beyond  it;  stamens  four  or  eight,  inserted  with  the  petals, 
on  the  throat  of  the  calyx- tube,  or  on  a  disk;  style  single 
with  a  four-lobed  or  round-headed  stigma;  fruit  usually  a 
four-celled  capsule,  containing  small  seeds  or  a  nut.  The 
flowers  are  generally  showy  and  many  are  cultivated. 

This  is  the  only  kind  of  Eulobus.      It 
Calif drnicus  would  be  a  pretty  plant,  if  more  flowers 

Yellow  were  out  at  one  time  and  if  they  did  not 

Spring  close  so  soon.  The  smooth,  hollow,  loosely- 

Southwest  branching  stem  is  from  one  to  three  feet 

tall,  with  a  "bloom,"  the  leaves  are  smooth,  rather  light 
dull-green,  and  the  buds  are  erect.  The  flowers  are  about 
three-quarters  of  an  inch  across,  with  a  very  short  calyx- 
tube,  light-yellow  petals,  fading  to  reddish-pink,  eight 
stamens,  four  of  them  smaller  and  shorter,  and  the  light- 
green  stigma  with  a  round  top.  The  slender  pods  are 
three  inches  long,  smooth,  cylindrical,  and  turning  stiffly 
down,  with  many  seeds.  This  grows  in  mountain  canyons. 

3*2 


Eulobus  C^lifornicus 


EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAAtlLY.     Onagraceae. 


There  are  a  few  kinds  of  Chamaenerion ;  perennials, 
often  woody  at  base;  leaves  alternate;  flowers  in  clusters, 
perfect,  slightly  irregular,  white  or  purplish;  petals  four; 
stamens  eight;  style  threadlike,  with  a  four-cleft  stigma; 
capsule  long,  four-sided,  containing  numerous  seeds, 
tipped  with  a  tuft  of  hairs.  The  calyx-tube  is  not  pro- 
longed beyond  the  ovary,  which  chiefly  distinguishes  this 
genus  from  Epilobium. 

A  striking  and  decorative  perennial, 
Fire-weed,  Great  from  two  to  six  feet  tall,  with  alternate 
Willow-herb  leave^  le  Qn  the  under  sid  the  veing 

Chamaenerion  .  . 

anKustifdiium         making  a  scalloped  border  near  the  margin, 
(Epilobium)  the   upper   leaves   and   stems   sometimes 

Purple,  pink  slightly  downy,  and    the   drooping   buds 

Summer  d  reddish-pink      or      purple.      The 

Across  the  p  * 

continent  flowers  form   a   fine   cluster,   with   small 

bracts,  each  flower  an  inch  or  more  across, 
the  sepals  often  pink  or  purple  and  the  petals  bright 
purplish-pink;  the  stamens  drooping,  with  purplish  an- 
thers; the  style  hairy  at  base,  the  capsule  two  or  three 
inches  long.  This  is  very  common,  both  East  and  West, 
reaching  an  altitude  of  ten  thousand  feet,  and  often  growing 
in  such  quantities  in  the  mountains  as  to  cover  large  tracts 
with  bright  color.  The  seeds  are  furnished  with  tufts  of 
white,  silky  hairs,  making  the  plant  very  conspicuous  when 
gone  to  seed,  covering  it  with  untidy  bunches  of  pale  down 
and  giving  a  strange  shaggy  effect.  It  often  flourishes  in 
places  that  have  been  burned  over,  hence  the  name  Fire- 
weed,  and  Willow-herb  is  from  the  leaves  and  the  silky 
down  on  the  seeds,  suggestive  of  willows. 

This  grows  in  wet  places;  the  flowers 
Water  Willow-  afe  larger  and  handsomer  than  the  last> 

Chamaenerion  ^tlt  ^  *S  not  SO  ta^'      ^he  stems  are  Stout, 

latifdlium  reddish,  and  branching,  from  six  to  eigh- 

(Epilobium)  teen  inches  high,  both  stem  and  leaves 

Magenta  with    a    "bloom,"    and    the    leaves    are 

Summer  . 

Northwest  thickish,  bluish-green  on  the  upper  side 

and  paler  yellowish-green  on  the  under, 
sometimes  toothed,  with  no  veined  border.  The  buds  are 


WaterWillow-herl 
Ch&m^enerion 
Izvtifolium. 


R  re-weed* 
C.&ngustifolium. 


EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     Onagraceac. 


deep-red  and  the  flowers  form  a  handsomer  cluster, 
shorter  than  the  last,  with  leafy  bracts,  each  flower  from 
one  to  over  two  inches  across,  with  reddish-pink  sepals, 
deep-red  outside,  and  magenta  petals  veined  with  deeper 
color,  sometimes  notched,  one  petal  longer  than  the 
others;  the  anthers  purplish;  the  pistil  drooping  and  pur- 
plish, with  a  smooth  style.  This  plant  is  also  covered  with 
tufts  of  white  down  when  gone  to  seed.  The  contrasting 
purples  and  reds  of  the  flowers  give  a  very  vivid  effect, 
set  off  by  the  bluish-green  foliage,  especially  when  growing 
among  the  gray  rocks  of  moraines,  watered  by  icy  glacier 
streams.  It  reaches  an  altitude  of  ten  thousand  feet, 
growing  in  the  East  and  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Epilobium,  differing  from 
Chamaenerion  chiefly  in  the  calyx-tube,  which  is  prolonged 
beyond  the  ovary. 

A  perennial,  not  especially  pretty,  with 
willow  Herb  1-1-1  f  -, 

Epilobium  a  stout,  reddish  stem,  from  one  to  three 

Franciscdnum  feet  tall,  slightly  downy  above,  and  dull 
Pink  green  leaves,  mostly  smooth  and  the 

Spring  lower    ones    opposite.     The    flowers    are 

Northwest  ,          -         ,     1P  ,  .  .    ,    .   , 

less  than  half  an  inch  across,  with  bright 

or  pale,  purplish-pink  petals,  deeply  notched  and  not 
spreading.  This  grows  in  wet  spots  around  San  Francisco. 
There  are  several  kinds  of  Gayophy turn ;  differing  from 
Epilobium  in  the  capsule  and  seeds,  and  easily  distin- 
guished from  them  by  the  hairy  buds;  leaves  alternate, 
long,  narrow,  and  toothless;  flowers  small;  petals  four, 
white  or  pink,  with  very  short  claws;  stamens,  with 
swinging  anthers,  eight,  four  shorter  and  usually  sterile, 
capsule  club-shaped.  The  species  are  difficult  to  dis- 
tinguish, because  of  the  smallness  of  the  flowers. 

A   delicate   little   plant,    with   smooth, 
Gayophy  turn  ' 

criospermum  purplish      stems,      exceedingly      slender 

White  branches,   dull  green  leaves,    and   pretty 

Summer  little  flowers,  an  eighth  of  an  inch  to  half 

Cal.,  Oreg.  an  ^^  across>  white,  with  a  little  yellow 

in  the  center,  fading  to  pink.  This  grows  in  sandy  soil,  at 
rather  high  altitudes,  in  Yosemite. 


316 


Willow-herb - 

Epilobium  Francis  can  urru 


G^yophyium 
eriospermum. 


EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     Onagraceae. 


There  are  numerous  kinds  of  Godetia,  variable  and 
difficult  to  distinguish,  not  yet  fully  understood  by  botan- 
ists, all  western  and  mostly  Californian,  with  narrow, 
alternate  leaves  and  handsome  flowers,  which  close  at 
night.  They  have  four  petals  and  resemble  Onagra,  but 
the  flowers  are  never  yellow  and  the  anthers  are  not 
swinging,  but  fixed  to  the  tips  of  the  filaments  by  their 
bases;  also  resembling  Clarkia,  but  the  petals  are  without 
claws.  The  calyx  is  often  colored,  tube  more  or  less 
funnel-form,  lobes  turned  back,  or  more  or  less  united  and 
turned  to  one  side;  stamens  eight,  unequal,  the  shorter 
ones  opposite  the  petals;  style  threadlike;  stigma  with  four, 
short  lobes;  capsule  four-sided,  or  cylindrical,  mostly  ribbed, 
rather  leathery,  splitting  open,  with  four  valves,  containing 
many  seeds.  These  plants  bloom  in  late  spring,  hence  the 
pretty  name,  Farewell-to-Spring. 

Farewell-to-  A  branching  plant,  woody  at  base,  two 

Spring  ^eet   m"gh»   with   smooth   stems;   smooth, 

Godttia  dtfltxa  toothed  leaves;  nodding  buds  and  large 
pink  handsome  flowers.  The  petals  are  pale- 

CalTf^ni  pink,  about  an  inch  long,  the  pistil  pink, 

and  at  a  distance  the  effect  of  the  flower 
is  much  like  a  Mallow.  As  is  usual  with  Godetias,  the 
sepals  are  stuck  together  and  stand  out  at  one  side,  giving 
the  flower  a  quaint  effect  of  having  thrown  back  a  little 
hood  in  order  to  look  about.  This  grows  in  light  shade. 

This  is  common  in  the  foothills  of  the 
Spring11"*0"  Sierras    and    Coast    Ranges    and    has    a 

Goditia  slender  stem,  about  a  foot  tall,  with  more 

quadrivulnera  or  less  downy  leaves,  sometimes  slightly 
Pink,  lilac  toothed,  and  a  few  very  pretty  flowers* 

NorthweT"1  ab°Ut   an    inch    and   a    half    aCr°SS'    with 

bright  lilac-pink  petals,  usually  splashed 

with  carmine.  This  red  spot  gives  a  vivid  effect  and  the 
delicate  flowers  look  exceedingly  gay  and  charming,  as  they 
sway  in  the  wind  among  tall  grasses  on  open  hillsides. 

From  one  to  two  feet  tall,  with  a  rather 

Codetta  Gdddardit 

var.  capitbta  stout,  more  or  less  branching  stem  and 

Pink  soft,  rather  downy,  dull  green  leaves.     The 

Spring,  summer     flowers  are  about  an  inch  across,  with  pur- 
plish-pink petals,  often  stained  with  crimson 
at  the  tips.     This  is  found  on  dry  hills  in  the  Coast  Ranges, 


F&rewell-to-Spring- 
Godeti*    c^uadrivulner&.  G,deflexa 


EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     Ona?raceae. 


A  handsome  plant,  with  nearly  smooth, 
GodMa  viminca  slender  reddish  stems,  a  few  inches  to  two 
Purphsh-pmk 

Summer  ^eet  ta^»  anc^  smootn»  pale-green,  toothless, 

Northwest  narrow  leaves,  mostly  without  leaf -stalks. 

The  buds  are  erect  and  the  flowers  form  a 
long,  loose  cluster,  with  bright  purplish-pink  petals,  half 
an  inch  to  over  an  inch  long,  with  a  large,  magenta  blotch 
near  the  center,  or  at  the  tip,  and  yellowish  at  base;  the 
stamens  and  pistil  all  purple;  the  calyx-lobes  not  caught 
together,  but  turned  primly  back.  This  forms  fine  patches 
of  bright  color  in  rather  meadowy  places  in  Yosemite  and 
elsewhere  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  foothills.  G.  Dudleydna 
is  pretty  and  slender,  with  drooping  buds  and  light  lilac- 
pink  flowers,  the  petals  paler  at  base,  with  darker  dots, 
the  calyx-lobes  caught  together  and  turned  to  one  side,  and 
also  makes  beautiful  patches  of  color  on  sunny  slopes 
around  Yosemite. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Clarkia,  resembling  Godetia, 
but  the  petals  have  claws.  The  stems  are  brittle;  the 
leaves  mostly  alternate,  with  short,  slender  leaf-stalks;  the 
buds  nodding;  the  flowers  in  terminal  clusters,  with  four 
petals,  never  yellow,  and  four  sepals,  turned  back;  the 
stamens  eight,  those  opposite  the  petals  often  rudimentary; 
the  stigma  four-lobed;  the  capsule  long,  leathery,  erect, 
more  or  less  four-angled,  with  many  seeds.  Named  in 
honor  of  Captain  Clarke,  of  the  Lewis  and  Clarke  expedi- 
tion, the  first  to  cross  the  Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Pacific, 
in  1806. 

A  conspicuous  plant,  on  account  of  the 
Cl&rkia  elegans  °ddly  contrasting  colors  of  the  flowers, 
pink  and  very  variable  both  in  size  and  smooth- 

Spring,  summer  ness.  It  grows  from  six  inches  to  six  feet 
high;  the  stems  more  or  less  branching; 
the  leaves  sometimes  toothed  and  often  reddish;  the  buds 
and  calyxes  often  woolly.  The  flowers  are  very  gay;  the 
sepals  being  dark  red  or  purple,  the  petals,  with  long, 
slender  claws,  bright  pink  and  the  anthers  scarlet!  The 
stamens,  four  long  and  four  short,  have  a  hairy,  reddish 
scale  at  the  base  of  each  filament,  the  anthers  of  the  shorter 
stamens  often  white,  and  the  capsule  is  usually  curved, 
with  no  stalk,  nearly  an  inch  long,  often  hairy.  When  the 
foliage  is  red,  as  it  often  is.  the  various  combinations  of  red 
320 


Godetia  viminea. 


Clarki^  eleq^ns. 


EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     Onagraceae. 


in  the  flowers  and  leaves  are  quite  startling.  This  is  com* 
mon  in  the  foothills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  Coast 
Ranges  and  is  often  rather  shabby  looking,  but  in  favor- 
able situations  is  very  handsome. 

Pretty  and  delicate  and  not  nearly  so 

conspicuous  as  the  last,  with  a  slender, 

rhomboldea  smooth,  branching  stem,  one  to  three  feet 

Purple  tall,  with  smooth  leaves,  mostly  alternate, 

Spring,  summer     nodding  buds,  and  a  few  pretty  flowers, 

68*'  NCV"  ab°Ut  three-cluarters  of  an  inch  across. 
The  sepals  are  reddish-yellow;  the  petals 
pinkish-purple,  often  dotted  with  purple  at  base,  with  a 
short,  broad,  toothed  claw;  the  stigma  magenta;  the  fila- 
ments purple,  with  a  whitish,  hairy  scale  at  the  base  of 
each;  the  anthers  grayish,  all  perfect;  the  capsule  four« 
angled,  slightly  curved,  about  an  inch  long.  This  grows* 
in  the  foothills  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  Coast  Ranges  and 
is  widely  distributed  in  Yosemite,  but  nowhere  very 
abundant. 

Odd  and  exceedingly  charming  flowers, 
Pink  Fairies 

Cl&rkia  pulchttla  Wlth  very  slender,  very  slightly  downy, 
Pink  purplish,  branching  stems,  from  six  inches 

Summer  to  a  foot  tall,  and  smooth  leaves.     The 

Northwest  flowers  are  fantastic  in  form,  the  airiest 

and  most  fairy-like  blossoms  that  can  well  be  imagined, 
over  two  inches  across,  their  delicate  petals  with  long, 
toothed  claws  and  three  lobes,  bright  rose-pink,  shading 
to  a  deeper  tint  at  the  base,  the  calyx  slightly  downy  and 
reddish.  Four  of  the  stamens  are  perfect  and  four  are 
rudimentary;  the  anthers  are  reddish;  the  pistil  white;  the 
capsule  an  inch  long,  eight-angled,  with  a  spreading  stalk. 
It  is  a  pretty  sight  to  see  these  gay  flowers  dancing  in  the 
wind  on  open  mountain  slopes.  C.  concinna  (Euchan- 
dium),  of  the  Coast  Ranges,  is  similar,  equally  beautiful 
and  even  more  brilliant  in  coloring;  the  flowers  sometimes 
in  such  quantities  as  to  make  patches  of  bright  pink  color, 
very  effective  when  growing  among  yellow  Sedums, 
Scarlet  Larkspurs,  and  scarlet  Indian  Pinks,  in  shady 
mountain  canyons. 


322 


rhomboide^. 


Pink  Fairies- 
C.pulchella. 


EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     Onagraceae. 


There  are  several  kinds  of  Sphaerostigma ;  leaves  alter- 
nate; flowers  yellow,  white  or  pink,  turning  green  or 
reddish;  stamens  eight,  with  oblong,  swinging  anthers; 
style  threadlike,  with  a  round- top  stigma;  capsule  four- 
celled,  usually  long  and  narrow,  four-angled,  often  twisted, 
with  no  stalk. 

A  common  kind,  very  variable  in  its 
Evening  Primrose  manner  of  growth,  being  tall  and  erect  in 
Sphaerostigma 

bistdrta  moist,  shady  places  and  spreading  flat  on 

(Oenothera)  the   ground   in    dry,    sunny   spots.     The 

Yellow  leaves  are  dull  green,  more  or  less  downy 

?pf!?g  .  and  more  or  less  toothed,  and  the  flowers 

California  . 

are  three-quarters  of  an  inch  across,  clear 

yellow,  usually  with  a  speck,  or  blotch,  of  reddish-brown 
at  the  base  of  each  petal;  the  stamens  and  pistil  also 
yellow;  the  pods  reddish  and  very  much  twisted.  Gravelly 

washes  are  often  thickly  sprinkled  with 
Sphaerosttgma  .  J 

Veitchianum          these  gay  ana  charming  flowers. 
(Oenothera)  Much  like  the  last,  but  the  flowers  are 

Yellow  only  a  little  over  a  quarter  of  an  inch 

~py!?g  .  across.     The  pods  are  dark  red  and  shiny, 

California  \ 

with  a  few  hairs. 

A  beautiful  seashore  plant,  forming 
Beach  Primrose  j  j  clumps  of  reclining  stems  and 

Sphaerostigma 

viridescens  Pale     £ray»     downy    foliage,     the    twigs 

(Oenothera  and  younger  leaves  silvery-white.       The 

cheiranthijolia  var.  flowers  are  about  an  inch  and  a  quarter 

Yeliow^a)  aCr°SS'  dear  yellow'  often  with  two'  dark 

All  seasons  red   ^ots   at   tne   ^ase   °^   eac^   Petal  I    tne 

California  stamens  and  pistil  also  yellow  of  the  same 

shade;  the  pods  pinkish,  downy,  and  much 
twisted.  The  flat  masses  of  pale  foliage,  strewn  with 
golden  disks,  are  exceedingly  effective,  growing  in  drifting 
sand  hills  along  the  coast,  from  San  Francisco  south. 


324 


.  VeitchiMium, 


Beach  Primrose- 
SphaerostigmAviridescens. 


Evening  Primrose* 
S.  bistorts 


EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     Onagraceac. 


A  queer  little,   stunted-looking,  desert 
Sphaerostlgma 
lortubsa  plant,    with   almost    no    stem,    but    with 

(Oenothera}  several  branches,   spreading   flat  on   the 

White  ground,  stiff,  smooth  and  purplish,  with 

Spring  crowded   clusters  of   flowers,  leaves,  and 

pods,  mostly  at  the  ends,  the  whole 
forming  flat  clumps,  from  six  to  ten  inches  across.  The 
leaves  are  smooth,  slightly  thickish,  pale  bluish-green  and 
toothless;  the  buds  are  erect,  and  the  flowers  are  over  a 
quarter  of  an  inch  across,  white,  with  yellow  anthers  and  a 
green  stigma.  The  pods  are  very  much  twisted  and  form 
odd  little  snarly  bunches. 

There  are  only  a  few  kinds  of  Chyiisma;  the  flowers  in 
terminal  clusters;  the  calyx  with  a  more  or  less  funnel- 
form  tube  and  four  lobes;  the  petals  four,  not  notched; 
the  stamens  eight,  unequal;  the  stigma  with  a  round  top, 
the  capsule  long,  membranous,  with  a  stalk. 

A  charming  desert  plant,  from  a  few 

Chyiisma  inches  to  a  foot  tall,  with  one  or  more, 

Chyiisma  , 

scapoidea  var.         pmkish,     smooth,     rather     leafy     stems, 

clavaejormis  springing  from  a  pretty  clump  of  smooth, 

(Oenothera)  bluish-green  leaves.     The  delicate  flowers 

are  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  across 

Ariz.,  Utah  anc^  f°rm  a  graceful  cluster  of  several  or 

many  blossoms.     The  petals  are  white  or 

yellow,    often    tinted    with    pink,    with    some  specks    of 

maroon  at  the  base,  and  the  sepals  are  pinkish-yellow;  the 

stamens  pale  yellow;  the  stigma  green;  the  pods  erect. 

There   are   several  kinds   of  Pachylophus;    perennials, 

stemless  or  nearly  so;  leaves  from  the  root;  calyx  downy, 

with  a  long  tube;  petals  white  or  pink;  stamens  eight,  with 

threadlike    filaments,    the    alternate    ones    longer;    style 

threadlike;  stigma  four-cleft;  capsule  woody. 

This  has  a  few  large  flowers,  three  inches 
white  v  aing  Qr  more  acrosSf  w{th  pure-white  diaphan- 
PaThjlTphus  ous  Petals,  fading  to  pink,  and  pink  calyx- 

marginatus  lobes.     The  buds  are  erect,  hairy  and  pink, 

(Oenothera)  anc}  the  flowers  spring  from  a  cluster  of  long, 

downy  root-leaves,  narrowing  to  slender 
Summer  *  ' 

Ariz.,  Utah,  Nev.,  leaf -stalks,  with  hairs  on  the  veins  and  on 
Col.  the  toothed  and  jagged  margins,  and  have 

almost  no  flower-stalk,  but  the  hairy  calyx- 
326 


Chylisma  SC&poide* 
.  c  I  av&ef o  r  m  i  s» 


Sphaerostigma. 


EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     Onagraceae. 


tube  is  so  long,  sometimes  as  much  as  seven  inches,  that  it 
looks  like  a  stalk.  The  root  is  thick  and  woody  and  the  cap- 
sule is  egg-shaped  and  ribbed,  with  no  stem.  There  is  a  patch 
of  these  wonderful  flowers  in  the  Grand  Canyon  on  Bright 
Angel  trail,  halfway  between  the  rim  and  the  plateau, 
where  in  a  shaded  spot  beside  a  great  rock  the  pure 
t)lossoms  seem  to  shed  a  moonlight  radiance.  They  are 
equally  beautiful  on  the  dry  plains  of  Utah,  where  they 
grow  in  quantities. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Anogra,  resembling  Onagra, 
but  with  white  or  pink  flowers  and  the  seeds  differently 
arranged;  the  stems  often  clothed  with  papery  bark;  the 
buds  drooping.  The  name  is  an  anagram  of  Onagra. 

A  conspicuous  kind,  often  growing  in 

larg6  Patches'  with  whitish»  downy, 
Angralbicaulis.  branching  stems,  from  a  few  inches  to  a 
(Oenoihera)  foot  tall,  often  with  shreddy  bark,  and 

White  downy,  pale  bluish-green  leaves,  more  or 

leSS  toothed-  The  Drooping,  downy  buds 
are  tinted  with  reddish-pink  and  the 
lovely  flowers  are  from  one  and  a  half  to  three  inches  across, 
with  pure  white  petals,  tinted  with  yellow  at  base,  chang- 
ing to  pink  after  pollination  and  fading  to  crimson.  The 
stamens  have  cobwebby  threads,  white  filaments,  and 
yellow  anthers,  the  pistil  is  green  and  the  curved  capsule  is 
downy  or  hairy.  The  whole  color  scheme,  of  pale  sea- 
green  foliage,  reddish  buds,  and  white,  rose-color,  and 
crimson  flowers,  is  delicate,  harmonious,  and  effective. 
This  grows  in  sandy  places,  and  on  the  prairies  from  Dakota 
to  Mexico. 

A  pretty  plant,   with  an  erect, 


Cut-leaved  gt          gix  {nches  to  two  feet  tall    springing 

Evening  Primrose   . 

Anogra  coronopi-  from  running  rootstocks,  and  pale  green- 
folia  (Oenothera)  more  or  less  downy,  leaves,  finely  cut  into 

White  numerous,   small,   narrow  lobes,    so   that 

Summer,  autumn   th       look  Uk    rather  d       Httl    f  Th 

Ariz.,  Utah,  etc.        .  ,  . 

delicate   flowers   are   the   usual   .bvening 

Primrose  shape,  about  an  inch  across,  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves,  with  pure  white  petals,  greenish  at  the  base  and 
turning  pink  in  fading,  and  a  calyx-tube  two  inches  long, 
with  turned-back,  pinkish-green  lobes.  The  anthers  are 
brown,  the  pistil  green,  the  throat  of  the  corolla  is  closed 
by  a  fringe  of  white  hairs,  the  buds  are  drooping  and  the 


Prairie  Evening  Primrose-  Anogra  eJbi 


EVENING  PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     Onagraceae. 


capsule  is  oblong  and  hairy.  This  is  common  on  prairies 
and  plains,  from  Nebraska  to  Utah,  and  south  to  New 
Mexico,  reaching  an  altitude  of  nine  thousand  feet. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Onagra,  differing  from 
Anogra  in  having  yellow  flowers  and  in  the  arrangement  of 
the  seeds;  with  stems;  leaves  alternate,  with  wavy  or 
toothed  margins;  buds  erect;  flowers  night-blooming,  in 
terminal  clusters;  calyx-tube  long;  petals  four;  stamens 
eight,  equal  in  length;  stigma  four-cleft;  capsule  four- 
angled,  more  or  less  tapering. 

A  fine  biennial,  with  stout,  leafy  stems, 
Evening  Primrose  .  '.          J          . 

Onagra  Hdokeri  from  three  to  Slx  feet  hlSh»  bearing 
(Oenothera)  splendid  flowers,  over  three  inches  across, 

Yellow  with  clear  yellow  petals,  fading  to  pink, 

and  reddish  calyx-lobes.  The  leaves, 
stems,  and  buds  all  downy  and  the  buds 
erect.  The  stigma  has  four,  slender  lobes,  forming  a  little 
cross,  and  the  yellow  pollen  is  loosely  connected  by  cob- 
webby threads,  clinging  to  visiting  insects,  and  is  thus 
carried  from  flower  to  flower;  the  capsule  is  an  inch  long. 
This  is  much  handsomer  than  the  common  Evening  Prim- 
rose, 0.  biennis,  and  especially  fine  in  Yosemite.  As  the 
mountain  shadows  begin  to  slant  across  the  Valley  the 
blossoms  commence  to  open,  until  the  meadows  are 
thickly  strewn  with  "patens  of  bright  gold."  They  stay 
open  all  night,  withering  with  the  noonday  sun. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Lavauxia;  low,  usually  stem- 
less;  leaves  mostly  from  the  root;  calyx- tube  slender;  petals 
four;  stamens  eight,  the  alternate  ones  longer;  ovary  short, 
stigma  four-cleft;  capsule  stout,  four-angled  or  winged. 

An  attractive  little  plant,  in  the  desert, 
Sun-cups  . 

Lavauxia  primi-      Wlth     no     stem»     the     flowers     With     long, 

vlris  (Oenothera)  slender  calyx-tubes,  resembling  stems, 
Yellow  springing  from  a  clump  of  rather  downy 

root-leaves.     The  buds  are  hairy  and  the 
Arizona 

flowers  are  about   an   inch    across,  light 

yellow,  with  pale  yellow  stamens  and  stigma.  This  plant 
varies  a  good  deal  in  size,  bearing  one  or  several  flowers, 
and  the  margins  of  the  leaves  almost  toothless  or  irregu- 
larly slashed.  It  superficially  resembles  Tardxia  ovata^ 
the  Sun-cups  so  common  on  the  southwestern  coast,  for 
the  flowers  have  the  same  little  fresh,  sunny  faces,  but  the 
latter  has  a  round-topped  stigma. 


Evening  Primrose - 
On^gra  Hooken". 


PARSLEY  FAMILY.     Umbelliferac. 


PARSLEY  FAMILY.     Umbelliferae. 

A  large  family,  widely  distributed,  not  abundant  in  the 
tropics;  usually  strong-smelling  herbs,  remarkable  for  their 
aromatic  oil,  mostly  with  hollow,  grooved  stems;  leaves 
alternate,  compound,  generally  deeply  cut,  leaf-stalks 
often  broadened  at  base;  flowers  very  small,  usually  in 
broad,  flat-topped  clusters,  generally  with  bracts;  calyx 
usually  a  five- toothed  rim  around  the  top  of  the  ovary; 
petals  five,  small,  usually  with  tips  curled  in,  inserted  on  a 
disk,  which  crowns  the  ovary  and  surrounds  the  base  of  the 
styles;  stamens  five,  with  threadlike  filaments  and  swinging 
anthers,  also  on  the  disk;  ovary  two-celled,  inferior,  with 
two  threadlike  styles;  fruit  two,  dry,  seedlike  bodies,  when 
ripe  separating  from  each  other,  and  usually  suspended 
from  the  summit  of  a  slender  axis,  each  body  marked  with 
ribs,  usually  with  oil-tubes  between  the  ribs.  The  exami- 
nation of  these  oil-tubes  in  mature  fruits,  with  a  microscope, 
is  necessary  to  determine  most  of  the  genera  and  species, 
so  description  of  genera  is  omitted  here,  and  botanists 
have  added  to  the  difficulties  of  the  amateur  by  giving 
almost  every  genus  more  than  one  name.  The  flowers  are 
much  alike,  yet  the  leaves  often  differ  very  much  in  the 
same  genus.  Many  kind?  are  poisonous,  although  others, 
such  as  Parsley,  Carrot,  and  Parsnip,  are  valuable  food  plants. 

A  fine  robust  plant,  a  foot  or  more  tall, 
Peucedanum  i-  , 

Eurypiera  Wltn  stout,,  purplish  stems  and  smooth, 

Yellow  crisp  leaves,   the  lower  ones  with   three 

Spring  leaflets,  the  upper  with  five,  and  the  teeth 

tipped  with  bristles.  The  flowers  are 
greenish-yellow  and  the  main  cluster  measures  four  or  five 
inches  across,  with  no  bracts  at  base,  but  the  small  clusters 
have  bracts.  The  flowers  are  ugly,  but  the  foliage  is 
handsome  and  the  seed  vessels  richly  tinted  with  wine- 
color,  making  the  plant  decorative  and  conspicuous  on  the 
sea  cliffs  of  southern  California. 

A  quaint  little  plant,  only  about  three 
Turkey  Peas          inches  high,  with  a  tuberous  root,  spread- 

Orogtnta 

linearifolia  m&»  slanting  stems,  and  smooth  leaves,  all 

White  from  the  root,  with  three,  long,  narrow 

Spring  leaflets;    a    reddish,    stiff,    papery    scale 

North-    A  — J 

Utah 


Northwest  and        sheathing  the  stem  at  base>      The  minute, 


white  flowers  form  a  cluster  less  than  an 


Turkey  P 
Oroqeniat 

line&rifoli* 


Peu.ceda.num 
Euryptera. 


PARSLEY  FAMILY.     Umbelliferae. 


inch  across,  without  bracts,  with  a  stout,  ridged  flower- 
stalk  and  composed  of  from  two  to  ten  smaller  clusters, 
with  small  bracts;  the  anthers  red.  This  grows  in  rich 
moist  soil,  in  shady  valleys,  on  mountain  ridges;  in  the 
Wasatch  Mountains,  sometimes  on  the  edge  of  the  snow. 
,  Over  a  foot  tall,  with  very  pretty,  dark 

fdrnica  green  foliage  and  rather  ugly,  dull  yellow 

(Cymdpterus)  flowers,  in  flat-  topped  clusters,  three  inches 
Yellow  across.  The  leaves  are  in  a  cluster  at  the 

C^r^Te  root,   with  long  leaf-stalks  sheathing  at 

base,  very  finely  cut  and  toothed,  with 
stiffish  points;  the  main  flower-cluster  without  bracts,  but 
the  smaller  clusters  with  narrow  bracts. 

An  odd-looking  plant,   for  the  foliage 

looks  like  pieces  °f  a  whisk-broom  stuck 
Cogswllia  platy-  in  the  ground.  It  is  six  to  fourteen  inches 
cdrpa  (Pence-  tall,  with  a  thickish  root  and  minute, 
danum  simplex)  sulphur-yellow  flowers,  forming  a  flat- 

topped  cluster,  about  two  inches  across, 
Northwest  and  without  bracts,  and  composed  of  three  to 
Utah  fifteen  smaller  clusters,  with  small  bracts; 

usually  only  the  outermost  flowers  of  both 
the  large  and  small  clusters  are  fertile.  The  stem  and 
leaves  are  stiff  and  sage-green,  the  root-leaves  with  broad 
leaf  -stems,  reddish  and  papery  at  base,  sheathing  the  stem, 
and  all  the  leaves  cut  into  narrow  divisions,  not  much 
thicker  than  pine  needles,  folded  together  so  that  they 
appear  to  be  cylindrical.  This  grows  on  dry  gravelly 
hills,  at  an  altitude  of  from  six  to  eight  thousand  feet. 

A  fine,  stcut  plant,  about  two  feet  tall, 
Leptotaenia  with  a  thick  spindle-shaped  root  and  dark, 

multlfida 
(Ferula)  rich-green,    feathery    foliage;    the    large 

Yellowish-green  leaves,  over  a  foot  long,  appearing  smooth 
Spring,  summer  but  really  imperceptibly  downy,  finely  cut 
Northwest,  Nev.,  and  lobed  w{th  j  t  t  leaf_stalks; 


Utah,  New  Mex. 

the     small     flowers,     yellowish-green     or 

bronze-color,  in  flat-topped  clusters,  two  or  three  inches 
across,  with  few  or  no  bracts,  with  tall,  stout  flower-stalks, 
•and  composed  of  about  eighteen,  small  clusters,  forming 
round  knobs,  with  many  bracts,  on  slender  pedicels  of 
various  lengths.  This  grows  in  rich  soil  and  is  con- 
spicuous on  account  of  its  size  and  foliage. 
33-4 


Whisk-broom  Parsley^ 
Cogswellia.  | 


PARSLEY  FAMILY.     Umbclllferae. 


Vgiata  arguta  This  has  a  stout,  brownish  stem,  about 

Yellow  eight   inches   tall,   and   fine,   conspicuous 

Spring  foliage,  mostly  in  a  clump  at  the  base,  the 

California  leaves   rich-green   and   very   glossy,    stiff 

and  crisp  in  texture,  though  not  thick,  with  bristle-tipped 
teeth.  The  rather  ugly  little  flowers  are  greenish-yellow 
and  the  main  cluster  has  no  bracts.  This  grows  in  can- 
yons in  southern  California. 

This    has    branching,    purplish    stems, 

Purple  Sanicle,        frQm    gix    inches    to    three    feet    tan     an(j 
Nigger-babies 
Sanicula  handsome      foliage.      The      flowers      are 

bipinnatifida  maroon-color  and  are  crowded  into  balls, 
Purplish  less  than  half  an  inch  across,  forming  a 

Cal^Ore111111116'     lo°Se>  irreSular  cluster»  with  leafY  bracts 
at  the  base.     The  effect  of  the  dark  flowers 
and  fine  foliage  is  rather  attractive  and  it  is  common  on 
grassy  slopes  in  the  hills. 

This  has  a  smooth,  stiff  stem,  one  to 

Boldnderi  ^WO    ^eet    ta^»    t^le    leaves    cut    mto    l°ng» 

White  narrow   divisions,   and   the   flowers   very 

Summer  small,  cream-white  or  pinkish,  forming  a 

Northwest  flat-topped     cluster,     about     two    inches 

across,  with  narrow,  pale  bracts.  This  is  quite  pretty  and 
common  in  Yosemite. 

Decorative  in  form  and  color  and  un- 
Indian  Parsnip  usual  lookingf  with  smooth,  pale  bluish- 
Aulospermum  .  ...  ,  ,,  ,  , 

Idngipes  green  foliage,  with  a     bloom,     the  leaves 

(Cymopterus)  prettily  cut  and  lobed,  with  pinkish  leaf- 
Yellow  stalks,  forming,  when  young,  a  large 
Spring  rosette,  close  to  the  ground,  but  the  stem 
gradually  lengthens  until  the  cluster  of 
leaves,  after  the  flowers  are  gone,  finds  itself  on  the  summit 
of  a  long  stem,  sheathed  at  base.  The  minute,  bright 
yellow  flowers  form  flat-topped  clusters,  with  flower-stems 
two  or  three  inches  tall,  not  hollow,  the  main  cluster  about 
an  inch  across,  usually  without  bracts,  and  composed  of 
five  to  ten  smaller  clusters,  with  bracts.  When  the  plant 
is  young  the  general  effect  of  the  flat,  pale  gray  rosette  of 
fern-like  leaves,  spotted  with  the  contrasting  yellow  of  the 
flowers,  is  pretty  and  striking.  Sometimes  a  few  of  ths. 
flowers  are  purple.  This  has  a  thick  root  and  grows  on  dry 
sunny  hills,  in  gravelly  soil. 

336 


Vel&ea  argute 


Eulophus 
Bolanderi 


S^nicle  - 
bipinnatifidau 


DOGWOOD  FAMILY.     Cornaceae. 


DOGWOOD  FAMILY.     Cornaceae. 

Not  a  very  large  family,  most  abundant  in  the  northern 
hemisphere,  mostly  trees  or  shrubs.  They  have  simple, 
mostly  toothless  leaves,  without  stipules,  usually  opposite 
or  in  whorls.  The  flowers  are  in  round  or  flat-topped 
clusters  and  have  four  or  five  sepals  and  petals  and  four  to 
many  stamens.  The  inferior  ovary  becomes  a  stone-fruit 
that  looks  like  a  berry.  Cornus  is  from  the  Greek  for 
"horn,"  in  allusion  to  the  toughness  of  the  wood. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Cornus,  some  natives  of  Mexico 
and  Peru,  with  small,  white,  greenish  or  purple  flowers,  in 
clusters,  which  often  have  an  involucre  of  large,  white 
bracts. 

A  handsome  shrub  or  small  tree,  from 

Cdrmu  NMi&Uii  ten  to  thirt7  feet  hi£h  and  growing  in  rich 
White  woods,  often  near  streams.  The  flower 

Spring,  summer  clusters  are  composed  of  numerous,  small, 
Oreg.,  Wash.,Cal.greenish  flowers>  forming  a  large,  pro- 
truding knob,  which  is  surrounded  by  large,  white,  petal- 
like  bracts,  usually  six  in  number,  giving  the  effect  of  a 
single  handsome  flower,  measuring  from  three  to  six  inches 
across.  It  resembles  the  Flowering  Dogwood  of  the  East, 
but  as  the  flowers  have  six  instead  of  four  "petals,"  the 
tips  of  which  in  Yosemite  are  neither  puckered  nor  stained 
with  pink,  they  look  different  to  eastern  eyes  and  the 
general  appearance,  though  equally  fine,  is  less  picturesque, 
probably  because  the  shrub  is  rather  larger  and  less  strag- 
gling, the  flowers  bigger  and  more  symmetrical,  and  the 
leaves  brighter  green.  The  effect  of  the  flat  masses  of 
creamy  white  bloom  among  the  darker  forest  trees  is 
magnificent,  and  in  Washington  and  Oregon  the  leaves  turn 
to  brilliant  red  in  the  autumn.  The  fruit  is  a  cluster  of 
bright  red  berries.  The  wood  is  exceedingly  hard  and  is 
used  in  cabinet-making.  There  is  a  tradition  that  when 
Dogwood  blooms  corn  should  be  planted. 


338 


Pacific  Dogwood-          Cornus  NuitalliL 


HEATH  FAMILY.     Ericaceae. 


A  handsome  shrub,  five  to  eight  feet 
Red-osier  Dog-  h{  h  with  smooth  dark  red  branches  and 
wood 

Cdrnus  stolonifera  bright  red  twigs.  The  leaves  are  thin  in 
var.  ripdria  texture,  smooth  and  rich-green  on  the 

White  upper  side,  paler  on  the  under,  and  the 

Spring,  summer,  gmal^  cream.white  flowers,  with  long, 
Utah  Ariz  New  yellow  stamens,  form  handsome,  flat- 
Mex.,  Col.  topped  clusters,  about  two  inches  across, 

smelling  pleasantly  of  honey;  the  berries 
are  dull  white.     This  is  common. 

A  charming  little  plant,  about  six  inches 
Bunchberry  .  .  .  ,  , 

Cornus  mgh»   growing  in  moist,  cool  woods  and 

Canadensis  common  in  the  East.     The  slender  stem, 

White  with  one  or   two   pairs  of   small  leaves, 

Summer  springs  from  creeping,  woody  shoots  and 

West,  except  Ariz.  /  =".  , 

is  crowned  by  a  circle  of  larger  leaves,  six, 

or  rarely  four,  in  number,  smooth  and  bright  green,  setting 
off  a  pretty  white  blossom,  with  a  slender  flower-stalk. 
This  looks  like  a  single  flower,  measuring  about  an  inch 
across,  but  it  is  really  composed  of  a  number  of  tiny, 
greenish  flowers,  forming  a  cluster  in  the  center,  and 
surrounded  by  four  white  bracts,  which  look  like  large 
petals.  The  flowers  are  succeeded  by  a  bunch  of  red 
berries,  insipid  in  flavor,  but  vivid  scarlet  in  hue. 

HEATH  FAMILY.     Ericaceae. 

A  large  and  interesting  family,  of  very  wide  geographic 
distribution,  in  temperate  and  cold  regions;  herbs,  shrubs, 
or  trees;  the  leaves  undivided,  without  stipules;  the  flowers 
mostly  perfect;  the  calyx  with  four  or  five  divisions;  the 
corolla  usually  regular,  with  four  or  five,  usually  united, 
petals;  the  stamens  inserted  under  the  pistil,  usually  as 
many,  or  twice  as  many,  as  the  petals;  the  ovary  usually 
superior,  with  one  style;  the  fruit  a  capsule,  berry,  or  stone- 
fruit,  usually  with  many  small  seeds. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Gaultheria,  mostly  of  the 
Andes;  ours  are  evergreen  shrubs,  with  alternate,  aromatic 
leaves  and  nodding  flowers;  the  calyx  five-cleft;  the  corolla 
more  or  less  urn-shaped,  with  five  teeth;  the  stamens  ten: 
the  fruit  a  berry,  composed  cf  the  tleshy  calyx  surrounding 
the  ovary  and  containing  many  seeds.  The  Wintergreen, 
or  Checkerberry,  used  for  flavoring,  belongs  to  this  genus, 


Red-osier  Dogwood- 
Gornus  stolonifera 


HEATH  FAMILY.     Ericaceae. 


__  _y  A  pretty  little  shrub,  growing  in  mouiv 

Western  Winter-       '.  6 

green  tain  woods,  a  few  inches  nigh,  with  woody 

Gauithtria  stems,    spreading    on    the    ground,    and 

ovatifdlia  glossy  foliage,  almost  hiding  the  flowers. 

Summer  Tlle  twigs  are  fuzzy  and  the  leaves  are 

Northwest  dark  rich-green,  the  small  flowers  white 

and  the  berries  red. 

An  attractive  little  shrub,  usually  from 
Salal,  Shallon 

Gaulthtria  one   to   tnree  ^eet   niSn»   with   handsome 

Shdllon  foliage.     The   leaves   are   finely   toothed, 

White,  pink  dark    olive-green,    leathery    and    rather 

Spring,  summer     giossy    paie  on  the  under  side,  and  the 
Northwest  .-, 

waxy  flowers  hang  gracefully  on  a  stiffly 

bending  flower-stem,  which  is  sticky  and  hairy  and  often 
bright  red,  with  large,  scaly,  red  bracts  at  the  base  of  the 
pedicels  and  smaller  bracts  halfway  up.  The  flowers  are 
nearly  half  an  inch  long,  with  a  yellowish  calyx,  covered 
with  reddish  hairs,  and  a  white  corolla,  tipped  with  pink, 
or  all  pink;  the  filaments  hairy,  with  orange  anthers. 
There  is  often  so  much  bright  pinkish-red  about  the  flower- 
stems  and  bracts  that  the  effect,  with  the  waxy  flowers 
and  dark  foliage,  is  very  pretty.  This  plant  often  grows  in 
great  quantities,  thickly  covering  the  floor  of  the  redwood 
forests.  It  is  called  Salal  by  the  Oregon  Indians,  who  value 
the  black,  aromatic  berries  as  an  important  article  of  food. 
There  are  many  kinds  of  Azalea,  of  North  America  and 
Asia,  mostly  tall,  branching  shrubs;  leaves  alternate, 
thin,  deciduous;  flowers  large,  in  terminal  clusters,  de- 
veloping from  cone-like,  scaly  buds;  calyx  small,  five-parted; 
corolla  funnel-form,  five-lobed  or  somewhat  two-lipped; 
stamens  five,  rarely  ten,  protruding,  usually  drooping; 
style  long,  slender,  drooping;  capsule  more  or  less  oblong. 

One    of    the    most    beautiful    western 

Western  Azalea      shmbs    from  two  to  ten  feet  hi  h    loosely 

Az&lea  occiden-  J . 

t&lis  (Rhodo-          branching,     with     splendid     clusters     of 

dendron)  flowers    and    rich-green    leaves,     almost 

White  smooth,  from  one  to  four  inches  long,  with 

umm^r  a  small,  sharp  tip  and  clustered  at  the 

ends  of  the  twigs.    The  corolla  is  from  one 

and  a  half  to  three  inches  long,  slightly  irregular,  white 

with  a  broad  stripe  of  warm-yellow  on  the  upper  petal 

and  often  all  the  petals  striped  with  pink.     The  western 

342 


5*1*1  - 


HEATH  FAMILY.     Ericaceae. 


woodland  streams  are  bordered  with  these  wonderful 
blossoms,  leaning  over  the  water  and  filling  the  air  with 
their  delicious  fragrance. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Rhododendron,  most  abundant 
in  Asia,  resembling  Azalea,  but  with  evergreen,  leathery 
leaves.  The  name  is  from  the  Greek,  meaning  "rose-tree." 

A  magnificent  shrub,   the  handsomest 
California  Rose       {n    the    West^    frQm    three    tQ    fifteen    feet 

Rhododendron  high»  with  a  grayish  trunk  and  fine, 
Caiif6rmcum  evergreen  foliage.  The  leaves  are  from 
Pink  three  to  ten  inches  long,  rich-green  and 

1"  leathery»  smooth  but  not  shiny»  Paler  on 
the  under  side,  spreading  out  around  the 
large  flower-clusters,  so  as  to  set  them  off  to  great  advan- 
tage, and  the  flowers  are  over  two  inches  across,  scentless, 
with  small,  pale  sepals  and  pink  corollas,  almost  white 
at  the  base  and  shading  to  deep  pink  at  the  edges,  which 
are  prettily  ruffled.  The  upper  petal  is  freckled  with 
golden-brown,  or  greenish  spots  and  arrow-shaped 
markings,  the  pistil  is  crimson  and  the  stamens,  with  pale 
pink  filaments  and  pale  yellow  anthers,  curve  in,  like  little 
serpents'  heads.  The  coloring  of  the  flower  clusters,  mixed 
with  the  crimson-dipped  buds,  is  a  combination  of  delicate 
and  brilliant  tints  and  in  such  places  as  the  redwood 
forests,  along  the  Noyo  River  in  California,  where  the 
shrub  develops  into  a  small  tree,  the  huge  clusters,  glowing 
high  above  us  among  the  dark  forest  trees,  are  a  wonderful 
sight.  This  is  the  "State  flower"  of  Washington. 

There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Arctostaphylos,  mostly 
western;  evergreen  shrubs,  with  very  crooked  branches; 
smooth,  dark  red  or  brown  bark;  alternate  leaves,  and 
usually  nodding,  white  or  pink  flowers,  with  bracted 
pedicels,  in  terminal  clusters,  the  parts  usually  in  fives; 
the  corolla  urn-shaped;  the  stamens  usually  ten,  not  pro- 
truding, the  filaments  hairy;  the  ovary  raised  on  a  disk  on 
the  receptacle;  the  fruit  berry-like,  several  nutlets  sur- 
rounded by  soft  pulp.  The  leaves,  by  a  twisting  of  their 
stalks,  assume  a  vertical  position  on  the  branches,  a  habit 
which  enables  many  plants  of  dry  regions  to  avoid  un- 
necessary evaporation.  These  shrubs  are  often  very 
abundant  and  with  Chaparral  Pea,  Buck  Brush,  Scrub 


344 


Rhododendron 


Rose  Bay- 


HEATH  FAMILY.     Ericaceae. 


Oak,  etc.,  form  the  extensive  brush  thickets  known  as 
chaparral,  so  characteristic  of  the  western  mountain, 
scenery.  AThe  Greek  name  means  "bear-berry,"  as  bears 
are  fond  of  the  berries,  and  Manzanita  is  from  the  Spanish 
for  "little  apple,"  as  the  fruits  often  resemble  tiny  apples. 
They  are  dry  but  pleasantly  acid  and  are  popular  with 
Indians,  bears,  and  chipmunks,  and  jelly  can  be  made  from 
them.  The  largest  Manzanita  tree  known  is  one  in  Napa 
County,  California,  thirty-five  feet  high  and  as  large  across. 

A  decorative  shrub,  from  four  to  six 
Green  Manzanita 

Arctostdphylos  feet  hlSh»  Wlth  spreading  branches.  The 
p&tula  leaves  are  from  one  to  two  inches  long, 

?ink  smooth,  pale  green,  and  leathery  and  the 

inter,  spring       flowers  are  waxy,  a  quarter  of  an  inch  or 
California 

more  long,  crowded  in  pretty,   roundish 

clusters,  of  various  shades  of  pink.  The  very  smooth 
trunk  and  branches  are  picturesquely  gnarled  and  twisted 
and,  in  fine  contrast  to  the  pale  foliage,  are  rich  mahogany- 
color,  with  here  and  there  openings  in  the  outer  bark, 
showing  the  gray,  under  layer,  as  if  the  branches  had  been 
dipped  in  hot  chocolate,  which  had  melted  off  in  some 
places.  The  berry  is  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  across, 
smooth  and  fleshy.  This  forms  most  of  the  chaparral  on 
the  slopes  around  the  Yosemite  Valley,  ranging  from  over 
four  thousand  to  nine  thousand  feet  in  altitude,  and  is 
widely  distributed  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains. 

,,          .  A  handsome  shrub,  three  or  four  feet 

Manzanita 

Arctostdphylos        hlSh»  with  rich-green  leaves,  very  glossy 

bicoior  on  the  upper  side  and  covered  with  close 

pink  white   down    on    the   under.     The   waxy 

pnng  flowers  are  a  lovely  shade  of  pink  and  the 

pretty  fruit  is  about  the  size  of  a  pea,  like  a 

tiny  greenish-yellow  apple,   with  a  brownish-red  cheek. 

This  grows  in  the  South  near  the  coast. 

An  attractive  little  shrub,  with  many 
Kinnikinic.  Red  trailing  branches,  creeping  over  the 
Bearberry 

Arctostaphylos  ground  and  often  covering  the  rocks  with 
Uva-Ursi  a  beautiful  mat  of  evergreen  foliage.  The 

White  leaves  are   small,   toothless,   shining  and 

We^getcUmmer      leathery  and  the  little  white  or  Pinkish> 
bell-shaped  flowers  hang   in  pretty  little 

346 


Green 
Arctost^phylos 


HEATH  FAMILY.     Ericaceae. 


clusters  and  are  succeeded  by  smooth,  round,  red  berries. 
This  is  common  in  the  mountains,  across  the  continent, 
reaching  an  altitude  of  ten  thousand  feet.  The  Indians 
use  it  medicinally  and  in  the  curing  of  animal  skins.  There 
is  a  picture  of  this  in  Schuyler  Mathews'  Field  Book. 

There  are  a  great  many  kinds  of  Vaccinium,  widely 
distributed;  branching  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves  and 
small  flowers,  usually  in  clusters;  the  ovary  inferior,  the 
fruit  a  many-seeded  berry,  crowned  with  the  remains  of 
the  calyx-teeth.  This  is  the  classic  Latin  name.  These 
plants  include  Blueberry,  Huckleberry,  and  Bilberry. 

_  ...      .  An  attractive  shrub,  from  four  to  eight 

California  , 

Huckleberry  *eet  mSn>  Wltn  beautiful,  glossy,  evergreen 
Vaccinium  ovatum  foliage,  which  is  very  ornamental  and 
White,  pink  much  used  in  household  decoration.  The 

er     °lder  leaV6S  are  rich  dark  green'  contrast- 
ing  finely  with  the  younger,  apple-green 

leaves  and,  in  the  spring,  with  the  charming  little  red  ones, 
with  which  the  twigs  are  tipped.  They  are  leathery  in 
texture  and  very  neatly  arranged  along  the  branches,  which 
are  ornamented  with  pretty  clusters  of  waxy,  white  or  pink 
flowers,  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long,  or  with  purple  berries, 
without  a  "bloom,"  which  are  edible  and  make  excellent 
preserves.  This  grows  on  hills  near  the  coast,  especially 
among  the  redwoods. 

There  is  one  kind  of  Azaleastrum;  resembling  Rhodo- 
dendron, but  with  deciduous  leaves;  and  resembling 
Azalea,  but  the  flowers  developing  from  lateral  instead  of 
terminal  buds,  the  corolla  with  five,  regular  lobes,  and  the 
stamens  shorter. 

An  attractive  shrub,  from  two  to  six 

Small  Azalea  feet    hj  h    and    loosely    branching,     with 

Azaleastrum  albi- 
fldrum  grayish-brown  bark  and  rich-green  leaves, 

(Rhododendron)  glossy,  but  not  stiff  or  leathery.  The 
White  flowers  are  about  an  inch  across,  with  a 

Summer  sticky,   aromatic,   pale   green   calyx   and 

waxy-white  corolla,  the  style  and  stamens 
pale  yellow  or  white.  They  have  no  scent  and  are  not 
so  handsome  as  the  last,  but  are  very  beautiful,  growing 
in  high  mountains,  often  close  to  the  snow  line. 

348 


Small  Azale&- 

AzaJe^strum 
albif  lorum. 


AJft. 


California  Huckleberry- V^ccinium  ovatum. 


HEATH  FAMILY.     Ericaceae. 


There  are  several  kinds  of  Kalmia,  almost  all  of  eastern 
North  America,  the  flowers  alike  in  form. 

A  very  pretty  little  evergreen  shrub. 

Swamp  Laurel         frQm  a  few  {nches  tQ  Qver  ft  f Qot  h{  h    with 
Kalmia  micro- 

phylla    (K.  gl°ssv»  leathery,  rich-green  leaves,  whitish 

glauca  var.  on  the  under  side,  with  the  margins  rolled 

microphyila)  back.     The  flowers  are  single  or  in  clusters, 

gink  each  about  half  an  inch  across,  with  five 

No^west,  etc.  sePals  and  a  bright  purplish-pink,  saucer- 
shaped  corolla,  with  five  lobes,  which  is 
prettily  symmetrical  and  intricate  in  form.  There  are  ten 
little  pouches  below  the  border  and  in  these  the  tips  of  the 
ten  anthers  are  caught,  so  that  the  filaments  curve  over 
from  the  center,  and  at  the  touch  of  a  visiting  insect  they 
spring  out  of  the  pouches  and  dust  the  visitor's  back  with 
pollen,  which  is  carried  to  another  flower.  The  little, 
pointed  buds,  angled  and  deep  in  color,  are  also  pretty  and 
the  capsule  is  roundish,  with  many  small  seeds.  This 
grows  in  northern  swamps,  across  the  continent. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Menziesia,  some  Japanese; 
branching  shrubs,  with  alternate,  deciduous,  toothless 
leaves,  and  small,  nodding  flowers,  in  clusters,  developing 
from  scaly  buds,  their  parts  almost  always  in  fours;  stamens 
eight,  not  protruding ;  capsule  more  or  less  egg-shaped. 

A   rather  attractive   little   bush,   from 
Poors  Huckle-       twQ  to  six  feet  high>  with  Hght  brown  bark> 

Menzilsia  hairy  twigs  and  slightly  hairy  leaves,  with 

urcelolaria     (M.    hairy  margins.     The  flowers  are  less  than 

jerruginea)  half  an  inch  long,  with  a  hairy  calyx  and 

Yellowish,  reddish  dull   cream-colored    corolla,    tinged   with 

Summer 

Northwest  dull-pink  or  red,  and   hang   prettily  in  a 

circle,  on  drooping  pedicels,  which  become 
erect  as  the  capsules  ripen.  When  crushed,  the  stems 
and  foliage  have  a  strong  skunk-like  smell. 

There  are  only  a  few  kinds  of  Ledum,  all  much  alike. 

A  loosely-branching,   evergreen   shrub, 
Woolly  Labrador    frQm  Qne  tQ  four  feet  h{gh>      The  bafk  ig 

Ledum  Groen-  reddish  and  the  twigs  are  covered  with 

Idndicum  reddish  wool,  the  color  of  iron  rust,  and 

White  the  leathery,  dark  green  leaves,  which  are 

Spring,  summer  alternate    with  rolled-back  margins,  are 

Northwest,  etc.  j       •IT 

also  covered  with  reddish  wool  on  the 
350 


Fool's  Huckleberry- 
Menziesia  urcelolaria* 


ia  microphyllsu 


Woolly  L^br^dor  Te^-    LedumGroenl^ndicum. 


HEATH  FAMILY.     Ericaceae, 


under  side.  The  flowers  are  a  good  deal  less  than  half  an 
inch  across,  with  five,  very  small  sepals;  five,  spreading, 
white  petals;  a  green  ovary,  and  from  five  to  seven,  long, 
conspicuous  stamens,  giving  a  feathery  appearance  to  the 
pretty  flower-clusters,  which  before  blooming  are  en- 
closed in  large,  scaly  buds.  Both  foliage  and  flowers  are 
aromatic.  This  is  found  across  the  continent,  as  far  south 
as  Pennsylvania,  and  in  Greenland.  L.  glandulbsum  is 
similar,  but  not  woolly.  These  plants  grow  in  swamps  and 
damp  places  and  arc  considered  poisonous. 

There  are  only  a  few  kinds  of  Phyllodoce,  of  arctic  and 
alpine  regions;  low  shrubs,  with  small,  leathery,  evergreen 
leaves;  flowers  nodding,  with  bracts,  in  terminal  clusters; 
calyx  usually  with  five  divisions;  corolla  more  or  less  bell- 
shaped,  usually  five-lobed;  stamens  usually  ten;  stigma 
with  a  round  top,  or  four  to  six  lobes;  capsule  roundish: 
often  called  Heather,  but  we  have  no  native  Heather. 

A  charming  little  shrub,  from  six  to  ten 
Red  Heather  . 

Phyllodoce  Breweri mches  tall»  Wlth  £av  flowers  and  dark 
(Bryanthus)  yellowish-green  leaves,  standing  out 

Pink  stiffly  from  the  stem,  like  the  bristles  of  a 

Summer  bottle-brush.     The     flowers     are     sweet- 

Northwest  .     «  1      1     ir  •      1  -^1 

scented,  nearly  half  an  inch  across,  with 
reddish  calyxes  and  pedicels  and  bright  pink,  saucer- 
shaped  corollas,  with  from  seven  to  ten,  long,  purple 
stamens,  a  purple  pistil  and  crimson  buds.  This  makes 
heathery  patches  on  high  mountain  slopes,  up  to  twelve 
thousand  feet  in  the  Sierra  Nevadas. 

Much  like  the  last,  but  the  nodding 
Red  Heather  flowers  are  smaller  and  not  quite  so 
Phyllddoce  em-  prettyf  with  bell-shaped  corollas  and  the 

petriformis  _     r 

(Bryanthus)  stamens  not  protruding.    It  forms  beauti- 

Pink  ful  patches  of  bright  purplish-pink  color 

Summer  on  mountainsides,  up  to  eleven  thousand 

Northwest  feet>  farther  north  than  the  last. 

This  makes  heather-like  patches  on 
Yellow  Heather  rocks  an(j  has  many  rough,  woody  stems, 
Phyllodoce  «  .  ,  „  . \  , 

glandulifldra  crowded     with     yellowish-green     leaves, 

(Bryanthus)  shorter  and  broader  than  those  of  Red 

Yellowish  Heather.     The  drooping  flowers  are  about 

Summer  three-eighths  of  an  inch  long,  with  a  hairy, 

greenish-yellow  calyx  and  yellowish  corolla, 

352 


Red  He*ther- 
P.  Brewer i. 


Red  Hearthei — 
P.  empetriformis 


Yellow  Heather-    Phyllodoce  qlandulif  lora. 


WINTERQREEN  FAMILY.     Pyrolaceae. 


something  between  cream  and  pale-lemon  in  color.  At  a 
distance  the  effect  of  the  flowers  is  much  more  yellow  than 
close  by,  but  they  are  not  so  pretty  as  either  the  red  or 
white  heathers. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Cassiope,  named  for  the 
mother  of  Andromeda,  resembling  Heather;  the  sepals  four 
or  five,  without  bracts  at  the  base;  the  corolla  bell-shaped, 
with  four  or  five  lobes;  differing  from  Phyllodoce  in  capsule, 
form  of  corolla  and  filaments. 

This  makes  thick  patches  of  many  woody 
White  Heather 
Cassiope  stems,  a  few  inches  high,  the  twigs  thickly 

Menensihna  clothed     with    odd-looking,    small,    dark 

White  green  leaves,  overlapping  like  scales  and 

Summer  ridged  on  the  back.     The  single  flowers 

Northwest  b 

are  white  and  waxy,  resembling  the  bells 

of  Lily-of- the- valley,  often  with  red  calyxes  and  pedicels, 
and  are  pretty  and  delicate,  set  off  by  the  stiff,  dark  foliage. 
This  grows  in  the  highest  mountains,  at  an  altitude  of  ten 
thousand  feet  and  above. 

WINTERGREEN  FAMILY.     Pyrolaceae. 

A  small  family,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere;  low, 
generally  evergreen,  perennials,  with  branched  rootstocks; 
leaves  with  leaf-stalks;  flowers  perfect,  nearly  regular, 
white  or  pink;  calyx  with  four  or  five  lobes;  corolla  with 
four  or  five  lobes,  or  five  petals;  stamens  twice  as  many  as 
the  divisions  of  the  corolla ;  ovary  superior,  stigma  more  or 
less  five-lobed;  fruit  a  capsule,  with  many  minute  seeds. 

The  only  kind,  much  like  Chimaphila,  a 
Single  Beauty  .       *  .    ' 

Monies  unifldra  charming  little  perennial,  with  a  single 
White  flower-stalk,  from  two  to  six  inches  tall, 

Summer  springing  from  a  cluster  of  glossy,  bright 

Northwest,  etc.       green    leayes>    w{th    toothed    edges>    and 

bearing  a  single,  lovely  sweet-scented  blossom,  about 
three-quarters  of  an  inch  across,  with  usually  five  sepals 
and  five,  spreading,  waxy- white  petals;  the  long,  straight 
style,  with  a  five-lobed  stigma,  projecting  from  the  ovary, 
which  forms  a  green  hump  in  the  center  of  the  flower, 
surrounded  by  eight  or  ten  stamens.  This  little  flower 
modestly  turns  its  face  down  to  the  ground  and  We  have  to 
pick  it  to  find  how  very  pretty  it  is.  It  grows  in  wet, 
northern  mountain  woods,  across  the  continent. 
354 


White  Heather- 
C^ssiope 


Single  Beauty- 

Morveses 
unifier^ 


WINTERGREEN  FAMILY.     Pyrolaccac. 


There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Pyrola;  leaves  mostly 
from  the  root;  flowers  usually  nodding,  in  clusters,  with 
bracted  flower-stalks;  sepals  and  petals  five;  stamens  ten; 
capsule  roundish,  five-lobed,  cobwebby  on  the  edges. 
These  plants  are  often  called  Shinleaf,  because  English 
peasants  used  the  leaves  for  plasters.  Pyrola  is  from  the 
Latin  for  "pear,"  because  of  the  resemblance  of  the  leaves  of 
some  kinds.  The  aromatic  Wintergreen,  or  Checker-berry, 
used  for  flavoring,  is  a  Gaultheria,  of  the  Heath  Family. 

One  of  our  most  attractive  woodland 
Pyrola  bracteata  Plants»  f™™  six  to  twenty  inches  tall, 
Pink  with  handsome,  glossy,  rather  leathery, 

Summer  slightly  scalloped  leaves.     The  buds  are 

deep  reddish-pink  and  the  flowers  are 
half  an  inch  across,  pink  or  pale  pink,  and  waxy,  with  deep 
pink  stamens  and  a  green  pistil,  with  a  conspicuous  style, 
curving  down  and  the  tip  turning  up.  The  pretty  color 
and  odd  shape  of  these  flowers  give  them  a  character  all  their 
own  and  they  are  sweet-scented.  This  is  found  in  Yosemite 
and  in  other  cool,  shady,  moist  places,  and  there  are  several 
similar  kinds. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Chimaphila,  of  North  America 
and  Asia,  with  reclining  stems  and  erect,  leafy  branches. 

A  very  attractive  little  evergreen  plant, 
Pipsissewa  three  to  gix  inches  h-  h  ^^  d  k 

Chimaphila  ' 

Menzilsii  gl°ssy»   leathery,    toothed,    leaves,    some- 

White  times  mottled  with  white,  and  one  to  three, 

Summer  pretty  flowers,  about  three-quarters  of  an 

Northwest  and  inch  across  with  yellOwish  sepals  and 
California  •  ,  •  < 

waxy-white  or  pinkish  petals,  more  or  less 

turned  back.  The  ovary  forms  a  green  hump  in  the  center 
and  has  a  broad,  flat,  sticky  stigma,  with  five  scallops,  and 
the  ten  anthers  are  pale  yellow  or  purplish.  This  has  a 
delicious  fragrance,  like  Lily-of-the-valley,  and  grows  in 
pine  woods  in  the  Sierra  Nevada  and  Coast  Ranges. 
Chimaphila  is  a  Greek  name,  meaning  "  winter-loving.  " 

INDIAN  PIPE  FAMILY.     Monotropaceae. 
A  small  family,  mostly  North  American;  saprophytes, 
(plants  growing  on  decaying  vegetable  matter,)  without 
leaves;  flowers  perfect;  calyx  two-  to  six-parted;  corolla  unit- 
ed or  not,  with  three  to  six  lobes  or  petals,  occasionally  lack- 

356 


Pipsissew** 
Chim^phila  Menziesi? 


INDIAN  PIPE  FAMILY.     Monotropaccac. 


ing;  stamens  six  to  twelve;  ovary  superior;  fruit  a 
capsule. 

The  only  kind,  a  strange  plant,  widely 
**  celebrated  for  its  peculiar  beauty.     The 

sanguinea  name    is    misleading,    for    the    splendid 

Red  creatures  push  their  way,  not  through  the 

Spring,  summer  gn  but  through  the  dark  forest  carpet 
Cal.,  Oreg.,  Nev.  .' 

of  pine-needles,  soon  after  the  snow  has 

melted.  The  fleshy  stems  aie  from  six  inches  to  over  a 
foot  tall,  the  leaves  reduced  to  red  scales,  and  the  bell- 
shaped  flowers,  with  five  lobes,  are  crowded  towards  the 
upper  half  of  the  stem  and  mingled  with  long,  graceful, 
curling,  red  bracts.  The  plants  are  shaded  with  red  all 
over,  from  flesh  color,  to  rose,  carmine,  and  blood-red,  and 
are  translucent  in  texture,  so  that  when  a  shaft  of  sunlight 
strikes  them  they  glow  with  wonderful  brilliance,  almost 
as  if  lighted  from  within.  They  sometimes  grow  as  many 
as  fifteen  together,  and  are  found  in  the  Sierras,  up  to  nine 
thousand  feet.  They  are  pointed  out  to  tourists  by  Yo- 
semite  stage  drivers,  but  the  government  forbids  their 
being  picked,  for  fear  of  extermination. 

The  only  American  kind,  an  odd  plant, 
Indian  Pipe 

Mondtropa  all  translucent  white,   beautiful   but  un- 

unijlbra  natural,  glimmering  in  the  dark  heart  of 

White  the  forest  like  a  pallid  ghost,  mournfully 

tc.  changing  to  gray  and  black  as  it  fades. 

The  stem  is  about  six  inches  tall,  springing 
from  a  mass  of  fibrous  roots  and  bearing  a  single  flower, 
beautiful  but  scentless,  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch 
long,  with  two  to  four  sepals,  five  or  six  petals,  and  ten  or 
twelve  stamens,  with  pale  yellow  anthers.  Sometimes  the 
whole  plant  is  tinged  with  pink.  This  grows  in  rich  moist 
woods,  almost  throughout  temperate  and  warm  North 
America,  in  Japan  and  India,  and  is  also  called  Ghost- 
flower  and  Corpse-plant. 

There    are    two    kinds    of  Hypopitys. 
Pine-sap  This  is  much  like  the  last,  but  not  so 

5*2Jf*      paiiid»  with  severai  st°ut  stems'  ab°ut 

(Monotype)  eight  inches  tall,  bearing  a  long  one-sided 

Flesh-color  cluster    of    flowers,     sometimes    slightly 

Summer  fragrant,  each  about  half  an  inch  long. 

West,  etc.  The  whole  plant  is  waxy>  flesh-color   or 

358 


Indian  Pipe-  Pine 

Monotropa.  un'rf  Ior&.    Hypopitys.  Hypopitya 


INDIAN  PIPE  FAMILY.    Monotropaceac. 


yellowish,  tinged  with  red  or  pink,  and  though  interesting 
is  not  so  delicately  pretty  as  Indian  Pipe.  It  seems  to  be  a 
stouter  plant  around  Mt.  Rainier  than  in  the  East  and 
grows  in  thick  woods,  across  the  continent  and  in  Europe 
and  Asia.  H.  sanguined  is  a  new  kind,  recently  discovered 
in  the  Arizona  mountains;  six  to  twelve  inches  tall,  growing 
in  dense  shade  at  high  altitudes,  and  brilliant  red  through- 
out. 

The  only  kind,   found  only  in   North 
Pine-  rops  America,  a  strange  plant,  harmonious  in 

Pterospora  -^        a  •  «_  -,  ,.  , 

Andromcdla  color,  with  a  fleshy,  brownish  or  reddish 

White  stem,   from   one   to  four  feet   tall,   with 

Summer  yellowish  bracts  and  covered  with  sticky 

Across  the  hairs,  springing  from  a  mass  of  matted, 

continent  _, 

fibrous,  astringent  roots.     The  flowers  are 

a  quarter  of  an  inch  long,  with  pink  pedicels,  brownish 
bracts,  a  brownish-pink  calyx,  with  five  lobes,  and  an 
ivory-white  corolla,  with  five  teeth;  the  stamens  ten,  net 
protruding;  the  style  short,  with  a  five-lobed  stigma;  the 
capsule  roundish,  five-lobed,  with  many  winged  seeds. 
We  often  find  dead  insects  stuck  to  the  stem.  In  win- 
ter, the  dry,  dark  red  stalks,  ornamented  with  pretty 
seed-vessels,  are  attractive  in  the  woods.  This  usually 
grows  among  pine  trees,  across  the  continent,  but  no- 
where common.  The  Greek  name  means  "wing-seeded." 
It  is  also  called  Giant  Bird's-nest  and  Albany  Beech- 
drops.  Allotropa  virgata,  of  the  Northwest,  is  similar,  but 
smaller,  with  five,  roundish  sepals  and  no  corolla. 

_,        .      .  There  are  two  kinds  of  Pleuricospora; 

Flowering-fungus         .     .  . 

Pleuricdspora  t"is  1S  from  three  to  eight  inches  tall,  with 
fimbriolata  flowers  half  an  inch  long,  deliciously  fra- 

Flesh-color  grant,  with  four  or  five,  scale-like,  fringed 

Summer  sepals,  four    or    five,     separate,     fringed 

petals,  resembling  the  sepals,  and  eight 
or  ten  stamens.  The  ovary  is  egg  shaped,  one-celled,  with 
a  thick  style  and  flattish  stigma,  and  the  fruit  is  a  watery 
berry.  If  the  waxy,  flesh-colored  flowers  were  set  off  by 
proper  green  leaves  they  would  be  exceedingly  pretty,  but 
they  are  crowded  on  a  fleshy  stem,  of  the  same  color  as 
themselves,  mixed  with  fringed  bracts,  with  brownish 
scales  instead  of  leaves,  and  have  an  unnatural  appearance. 
I  found  thirty  of  these  curious  plants,  growing  in  a  little 


Flower!  n  g-f  ungus- 
Pleuricospora 
fimbriolat*. 


Pine  drops* 
Pterospora* 
Andromedea. 


PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     Primulaceae. 


company,  pushing  their  way  up  through  the  mold  and 
pine-needles,  in  the  Wawona  woods. 

PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     Primulaceae. 


A  rather  large  family,  widely  distributed;  herbs;  leaves 
undivided;  flowers  perfect,  regular,  parts  usually  in  fives, 
corolla  mostly  with  united  petals,  stamens  on  the  base  or 
tube  of  the  corolla,  opposite  its  lobes,  sometimes  with  some 
extra,  sterile  filaments;  ovary  one-celled,  mostly  superior, 
with  one  style  and  round-headed  stigma;  fruit  a  capsule, 
with  one  or  many  seeds. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Anagallis,  not  native  in  this 
country. 

A  little  weed,  common  in  gardens  and 

Scarlet  Pimpernel  waste    places      with     smoOth,     four-sided, 
Poor-man's  .  .  «  «     «*         .,• 

Weather-glass        stems,  branching  and  half  trailing  on  the 

Anagallis  ground,   smooth,   toothless,   bright  green 

arvensis  leaves    and    charming    little    flowers,    a 

quarter  of  an  inch  or  more  across,  with  a 
West  etc  five-lobed  calyx  and  wheel-shaped,  five- 

lobed  corolla,  usually  bright  orange-red 
and  darker  in  the  center,  rarely  white;  the  stamens  five, 
with  hairy  filaments;  the  capsule  smooth  and  roundish, 
containing  many  minute  seeds.  The  flowers  and  leaves 
are  usually  in  pairs,  the  seed-vessels  on  the  tips  of  slender 
stems,  curving  around  and  toward  each  other,  as  if  the 
plant  were  stretching  out  its  little  hands,  and  opening  its 
little  blossoms  only  in  bright  weather  and  closing  them  at 
night.  The  Greek  name  means  "amusing."  The  plant 
was  used  medicinally  by  the  ancients. 

There  are  three  kinds  of  Trientalis,  much  alike,  peren- 
nials, with  tuberous  roots.  The  Latin  name  means  "one 
third  of  a  foot,"  the  height  of  these  plants. 

A  little  woodland  plant,  with  a  slender 
Star-flower  gt         from  three  tQ  gix  inc^es  tall   bearing 

Trientalis 

latifolia  at  ^e  toP  a  circ^e  °*  from  four  to  six, 

White,  pink  smooth,  bright  green  leaves  and  one  or  two, 

Spring,  summer     threadlike  flower-stalks,  each  tipped  with 
Northwest,  Cal.,     a  delicate  flower.    The  corolla  is  about  half 
an  inch  across,  wheel-shaped,  with  no  tube 


St&r--f  lower 
Trienialis 


Scarlet  Pimpernel  - 
An&gaJlis  arvensis. 


PRIMROSE  FAMILY.     Primulaceae. 


and  usually  with  six,  white  or  pinkish  petals,  sometimes 
deep  pink,  or  flecked  with  lilac  outside.  The  ovary  makes 
a  purplish  dot  in  the  center,  surrounded  by  curling,  yellow 
anthers,  with  threadlike  filaments  united  at  base.  The 
capsule  contains  a  few,  rather  large,  white  seeds.  We  often 
find  these  dainty  little  plants  growing  in  companies,  their 
starry  blossoms  glimmering  in  the  shade,  prettily  set  off 
by  their  neat  circle  of  leaves. 

There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Dodecatheon,  of  North 
America  and  Asia;  perennials,  with  root-leaves;  flowers  in 
bracted,  terminal  clusters;  calyx  with  four  or  five  lobes, 
turned  back  in  flower  but  erect  in  fruit;  corolla  with  four  or 
five,  long  lobes,  turned  strongly  back  over  the  short  tube 
and  thick  throat;  stamens  of  the  same  number  as  the  lobes, 
the  anthers  pointing  straight  forward,  inserted  on  the 
throat  of  the  corolla,  filaments  short,  flat  and  united,  or 
lacking;  style  long;  capsule  containing  many  seeds.  The 
Greek  name,  meaning  "twelve  gods,"  seems  far-fetched, 
but  Linnaeus  fancied  the  cluster  of  flowers  resembled  a 
little  assembly  of  divinities.  Common  names  are  Prairie 
Pointers,  Mosquito-bills,  Wild  Cyclamen,  and  American 
Cowslip,  the  latter  poor,  because  misleading. 

A  very  decorative  plant,  with  a  smooth, 
Large  Shooting-     stout^  reddish  stem>  five  to  eighteen  inches 

Dod*c&tk«m  tall»  very  slightly  hairy  towards  the  top, 

Jeffreyi  springing  from  a  cluster  of  root-leaves, 

Pink  five  to  eighteen  inches  long,  smooth, 

Summer  sometimes  slightly  toothed,  and  bearing  a 

cluster  of  from  five  to  fifteen  beautiful 
flowers.  The  corolla  is  usually  an  inch  or  more  long, 
usually  with  four  petals,  purplish-pink,  paler  at  the  base, 
with  a  yellow  and  maroon  ring  and  maroon  "bill."  This 
has  a  faint,  oddly  sweet  scent  and  grows  in  wet,  mountain 
meadows.  I  found  a  very  beautiful  white  form  at  Lost 
Lake,  in  Yosemite,  more  delicate,  with  lighter  green  foliage 
and  pure  white  corollas,  ringed  with  yellow  and  maroon. 
Not  so  handsome  as  the  last,  but  very 

attractive,  with  a  slightly  roughish  stem, 
Cleveland*  twelve  to  sixteen  inches  tall,  bearing  a 

White  fine  crown  or.  flowers  and  springing  from  a 

Spring  cluster  of  smooth,  slightly  thickish  leaves, 

California  ,  ,         . ~,         .,,        r 

paler  on  the  under  side,  with  a  few  teeth. 

364 


Shooting  St 
Dodecatheon Jeffrey! 


D.\     Cleveland! 


OLIVE  FAMILY.     Olcaceac> 


The  sepals  are  slightly  downy  and  the  corollas  are  a  bout- 
three-quarters  of  an  inch  long,  with  pure-white  petals, 
sometimes  lilac-tinged,  yellow  at  base,  with  a  ring  of 
maroon  scallops  and  a  dark  purple  "bill."  The  flowers  are 
deliciously  fragrant,  like  Clove  Pinks.  This  grows  in  the 
south. 

A  charming  little  plant,  growing  in  wet, 
Small  Shooting-  rich  mountajn  meadows,  with  a  smooth 
Dodeccitheon  reddish  stem,  about  eight  inches  tall, 

paudfldrum  bearing  a  bracted  cluster  of  several  delicate 

Pink  flowers,  and  springing  from  a  loose  clump 

Spring,  summer       f  smooth  leaves.     The  flowers  are  about 

West 

three-quarters  of  an  inch  long,  with  bright 
purplish-pink  petals,  with  a  ring  of  crimson,  a  ring  of 
yellow  and  a  wavy  line  of  red,  where  they  begin  to  turn 
back;  the  stamens  with  united  filaments  and  long  purplish- 
brown  anthers;  the  pistil  white. 

OLIVE  FAMILY.     Oleaceae. 

A  rather  large  family,  widely  distributed,  including  Olive, 
Lilac,  and  Privet;  trees  and  shrubs;  leaves  mostly  opposite; 
without  stipules;  flowers  perfect  or  imperfect,  with  two 
to  four  divisions,  calyx  usually  small  or  lacking,  corolla 
with  separate  or  united  petals,  sometimes  lacking;  stamens 
two  or  four,  on  the  corolla,  ovary  superior,  two-celled, 
with  a  short  style  or  none;  fruit  a  capsule,  berry,  stone- 
fruit,  or  wing-fruit. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Fraxinus,  almost  all  trees. 

An  odd  and  beautiful  shrub,  growing  on 

Flowering  Ash,        Brf  h    A        {         {{  {n  th     Qrand  Canyon 
Fringe-bush 
Frdxinus  about  as  large  as  a  lilac  bush,  with  smooth, 

macropetala  bright-green  leaves,  some  of  the  leaflets 

White  obscurely  toothed,  and  drooping  plumes  of 

Arizona  fragrant  white  flowers.    The  calyx  is  very 

small,  and  the  four  petals  are  so  long  and 
narrow  that  the  effect  of  the  cluster  is  of  a  bunch  of  white 
fringe.  The  fruit  is  a  flat  winged-seed. 


366 


Flowering  Ash-  Fr*xi 


nus 


GENTIAN  FAMILY.     Gentianaccae. 


GENTIAN  FAMILY.     Gentianoceae. 

A  large  family,  widely  distributed,  most  abundant  in 
temperate  regions;  smooth  herbs,  with  colorless,  bitter 
juice;  leaves  toothless,  usually  opposite,  without  leaf- 
stalks or  stipules;  flowers  regular;  calyx  four  to  twelve- 
toothed  ;  corolla  with  united  lobes,  twisted  or  overlapping 
in  the  bud,  of  the  same  number  as  the  calyx-teeth;  stamens 
inserted  on  the  tube  or  throat  of  the  corolla,  as  many  as  its 
lobes,  alternate  with  them;  ovary  superior,  mostly  one- 
celled,  with  a  single  style  or  none,  and  one  or  two  stigmas; 
fruit  a  capsule,  mostly  with  two  valves,  containing  many 
seeds.  These  plants  were  named  for  King  Gentius  of 
Illyria,  said  to  have  discovered  their  medicinal  value. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Frasera,  North  American,  all 
but  one  western;  herbs,  with  thick,  bitter,  woody  roots; 
leaves  opposite  or  in  whorls;  flowers  numerous;  corolla 
wheel-shaped,  with  four  divisions,  each  with  one  or  two 
fringed  glands  and  sometimes  also  a  fringed  crown  at  base ; 
stamens  on  the  base  of  the  corolla,  with  oblong,  swinging 
anthers,  the  filaments  often  united  at  base;  ovary  egg- 
shaped,  tapering  to  a  slender  style,  with  a  small,  more  or 
less  two-lobed,  stigma;  capsule  leathery,  egg-shaped,  with 
flattish  seeds. 

A  handsome  plant,  though  rather  coarse, 

Columbo,  Deer's     from  twQ  to  gix  f     t  tall   with  j    glossy 

Tongue 

Frlsera  spedosa  stem>  very  stout»  sometimes  over  two 
Greenish- white  inches  across  at  the  base,  and  very  smooth, 
Spring,  summer,  pale  green  leaves,  in  whorls  of  four  and 
autumn  s^  ^  jower  ones  sometimes  a  foot  long. 

The  flowers  are  mixed  with  the  leaves  all 
along  the  upper  part  of  the  stem,  but  mostly  crowded  at 
the  top  in  a  pyramidal  cluster  about  six  inches  long,  and 
are  each  nearly  an  inch  and  a  half  across,  with  a  greenish 
or  bluish-white  corolla,  the  lobes  bordered  with  violet 
and  dotted  with  purple,  and  on  each  lobe  two  glands 
covered  by  a  fringed  flap,  resembling  a  small  petal,  these 
fringes  forming  a  sort  of  cross  on  the  corolla.  The  four 
stamens  stand  stiffly  out  between  the  corolla-lobes  and  the 
general  effect  of  the  flower  is  so  symmetrical  that  it  suggests 
an  architectural  or  ecclesiastical  ornament.  Though  the  • 
flowers  are  not  bright,  this  plant  is  decorative  on  account 

368 


Columbo- 

,  specosa 


GENTIAN  FAMILY.     Gentianaceac. 


of  its  luxuriant  size  and  pale  foliage,  and  if  Mr.  Burbank 
could  make  the  flowers  clear  white  or  purple  it  would  be 
magnificent.  It  grows  in  the  western  mountains,  as  far 
east  as  Dakota  and  New  Mexico.  The  finest  I  ever  saw 
were  on  an  open  slope,  in  a  high  pass  in  the  Wasatch 
Mountains,  where  they  reared  their  pale  spires  proudly  far 
above  the  surrounding  herbage. 

Quite  a  pretty  plant,  too  colorless  to  be 
Small  Columbo          „       . 
Frdsera  niiida        effective   at    a   distance,  but  not   coarse, 

Bluish-white  with  a  smooth,  pale  stem,  over  a  foot  tall, 
Summer  and  smooth,  dull,  bluish-green  leaves, 

Cal.,  Oreg.  slightly    stiffish.    prettily    bordered    with 

white,  mostly  in  a  clump  near  the  base.  The  flowers  are 
about  half  an  inch  across,  shaped  like  the  last ;  with  bluish- 
white  petals,  specked  with  dull-purple,  with  a  green  line 
on  the  outside,  with  one  green  gland  near  the  center, 
fringed  all  around;  large  whitish  anthers,  becoming 
pinkish,  and  a  white  pistil. 

There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Erythraea,  widely  dis- 
tributed, usually  with  red  or  pink  flowers;  calyx  with  five  or 
four,  narrow  lobes,  or  divisions;  corolla  salver-form,  with 
five  or  four  lobes;  anthers  twisting  spirally  after  shedding 
their  pollen ;  stigmas  two,  oblong  or  fan-shaped.  The  Greek 
name  means  "red"  and  the  common  name,  Centaury, 
from  the  Latin,  meaning  "a  hundred  gold  pieces,"  alludes 
to  the  supposedly  valuable  medicinal  properties  of  these 
plants. 

From  three  to  twelve  inches  tall,  with 

Canchalagua,         apple-green  leaves,  mostly  on  the  stems, 

California 

Centaury  smooth  and  thin  in  texture,  and  flowers 

Erythrata  venusta  an  inch  or  more  across,  a  very  vivid  shade 
(Centaurium)  of  purplish-pink,  with  a  yellow  or  white 

"eye,"  bright  yellow  anthers  and  green 
Spring,  summer         .     . 
California  pistil.    These  are  attractive,  because  they 

look  so  gay  and  cheerful,  but  the  color  is  a 
little  crude.  The  flowers  are  not  so  large  in  Yosemite  as 
they  are  in  some  places,  such  as  Point  Loma,  but  are  very 
numerous  and  cover  large  patches  with  brilliant  color. 
These  plants  are  called  Canchalagua  by  Spam'sh-Califor- 
j  who  use  them  medicinally. 


370 


Small  Columbo* 
,  nit  id  a 


GENTIAN  FAMILY.     Gentianaceae. 


This  has  a  slender,  leafy  stem,  from  a 
TaD  Centaury         few  inches  to  over  a  foot  taUf  an(j  flowers 

cxaitatl  \E.  not  s0  lar^e  as  the  last>  but  Pretty  and  gay, 

Douglasii)  about  half  an  inch  across,  bright  pink  with 

(Centauriuni)         a  distinct  white  "eye."     This  grows  in 

I?0?  sandy  soil,  as  far  east  as  Wyoming. 

Spring,  summer,  j  J  ° 

autumn  There  are  many  kinds  of  Gentiana,  cf 

West,  etc.  northern   regions    and   the   Andes;   calyx 

tubular,  usually  with  five  teeth;  corolla 
variously  shaped  with  from  four  to  seven  lobes,  often 
fringed,  or  with  folds  between  the  teeth;  style  short  or 
lacking;  stigma  two-lipped. 

,  A  pretty  plant,  with  leafy,  often  branch- 

Northern  Gentian  . 

Gentiana  acuta  mS  stems,  from  six  to  twenty  inches  tall, 
Purple  and  numerous  flowers,  with  stiff  pedicels 

Summer  and  leafy  bracts,   forming   several  small 

west,  etc.  clusters  along  the  upper  part  of  the  stem. 

They  are  each  about  half  an  inch  long,  various  shades  of 
purple  or  blue,  sometimes  white,  and  easily  recognized 
by  the  little  crown  of  white  fringe  in  the  throat  of  the 
rather  tubular,  five-lobed  corolla.  These  plants  have  very 
small  roots,  so  that  it  is  difficult  to  pick  them  without 
pulling  them  up,  and  as  they  are  annuals  they  are  easily 
exterminated.  They  are  common  in  northern  mountains, 
in  moist  places  across  the  continent,  and  in  Europe  and  Asia. 

This  has  smooth,  thin  leaves  and  pretty 
Gentian 
Genti^na  flowers,   three-quarters  of  an  inch   long, 

propinqua  with   lilac   or   purple   corollas,   satiny   in 

Purple  texture,  with  four  lobes,  pointed  at  the 

tips    and    more    or    less    fringed.      This 

grows  in  high  mountains. 

A  handsome  perennial,  with  leafy  stems, 

Blue  Gentian  frQm  fiye  tQ  fifteen  incheg  tall  beari  one 
Gentid.na  calycosa  ° 

Blue  or  several,  fine  flowers  at  the  top.     They 

Autumn  are  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  with  a  bright 

Northwest  blue    corolla,    dotted    with    green,    with 

plaited  folds  and  small  teeth  between  the  five  lobes.  This 
has  been  found  in  Yosemite,  but  is  more  common  at  Lake 
Tahoe.  There  are  many  other  handsome  large  Blue 
Gentians  in  the  West.  G.  lutea,  with  yellow  flowers,  is  the 
German  kind  from  which  the  well-known  drug,  gentian,  is 
made. 

372 


Tkll  Cent^ury- 


Northern  Genii^n- 


Gentian 
G.propinqu^. 


MILKWEED  FAMILY.     Asclepiadaceae. 


MILKWEED  FAMILY.      Asclepiadaceae. 

A  large  family,  widely  distributed,  most  abundant  in 
warm  regions;  ours  are  perennial  herbs,  usually  with  milky 
juice  and  tough  fibrous  inner  bark;  leaves  generally  large, 
toothless,  without  stipules;  flowers  peculiar  in  shape,  in 
roundish  clusters;  calyx  with  a  short  tube  or  none  and  five 
lobes;  corolla  five-lobed;  stamens  five,  on  the  base  of  the 
corolla,  with  short,  stout  filaments,  anthers  more  or  less 
united  around  the  disk-like  stigma,  which  covers  and  unites 
the  two  short  styles  of  the  superior  ovary.  The  two  parts 
of  the  ovary  develop  into  two  conspicuous  pods,  opening 
at  the  side,  containing  numerous  flattish  seeds,  arranged 
along  a  thick,  central  axis,  usually  each  with  a  tuft  of 
silky  down  to  waft  it  about. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Asclepias,  with  oddly-shaped 
flowers,  interesting  and  decorative  in  form;  calyx  rather 
small,  the  pointed  sepals  turned  back;  corolla  with  its 
petals  turned  entirely  back,  so  as  to  cover  the  sepals  and 
expose  the  peculiar-looking  central  arrangements  of  the 
flower,  called  the  "crown."  In  the  middle  is  the  large,  flat, 
shield-shaped,  five-lobed  or  five-angled  stigma,  surrounded 
by  the  anthers,  which  are  more  or  less  united  to  each  other 
and  to  the  stigma,  encircled  by  five,  odd,  little  honey- 
bearing  hoods,  the  same  color  as  the  petals,  each  with  a 
horn,  either  enclosed  within  it  or  projecting  from  it,  the 
whole  collection  of  stigma,  anthers,  and  hoods,  forming  the 
"crown."  The  pods  are  thick  and  pointed.  Named  for 
./Esculapius,  as  some  of  these  plants  are  medicinal.  Indians 
used  to  make  twine  from  the  fibrous  bark  of  some  kinds. 

A  handsome  plant,  decorative  in  form 
Showy  Milkweed  .  .          .          .      .  .  , 

AscKpias  speddsa  and  harmonious  m  coloring,  with  a  stout 
pink  stem,  from  one  to  four  feet  tall,  and  light 

Spring,  summer  bluish-green  leaves,  usually  covered  with 
West  white  down.  The  flowers  are  sweet- 

scented,  with  woolly  pedicels,  purplish-pink  petals,  and 
waxy,  white  "hoods,"  the  buds  yellowish-pink.  The 
cluster,  about  three  inches  across,  sometimes  comprises 
as  many  as  fifty  flowers  and  is  very  beautiful  in  tone,  being 
a  mass  of  delicately  blended,  warm,  soft  tints  of  pink, 
cream,  and  purple.  This  grows  in  canyon  bottoms  and 
along  streams. 

374 


Showy  Milkweed- 


Asclepi&s  specios^. 


MILKWEED  FAMILY.     Asclepiadaceae. 


This  is  three  feet  or  more  tall,   fine* 
Pale  Milkweed       ,      ,  . 

Asdlpios  erdsa  looking,  though  too  pale,  with  a  stout, 
Greenish- white  smooth,  gray-green  stem  and  gray-green 
Spring  leaves,  mottled  with  white  and  very  stiff, 

California  the  under  sjde  white-woolly,  and  flower- 

clusters  two  and  a  half  inches  across,  composed  of  numer- 
ous greenish-white  flowers,  each  half  an  inch  long,  their 
stalks  covered  with  white  wool. 

A  foot  and  a  half  tall,  with  very  fragrant 
Desert  Milkweed 

Asdtpias  vestlta  flowers»  and  verY  woolly  all  over,  especially 
var.  Mohavensis  the  upper  leaves,  stems  and  buds,  which 
Yellow  and  pink  are  thick  with  long  white  wool.  The  buds 
are  pinkish-purple  and  the  flowers  have 
dull  pink  petals  and  cream-colored  hoods, 
becoming  yellow,  and  form  clusters  over  two  inches  across. 
This  grows  in  the  Mohave  Desert  and  the  effect  is  har- 
monious, but  not  so  handsome  as  the  last. 

The  genus  Gomphocarpus  is  distinguished  from  As- 
clepias  by  the  absence  of  horns  or  crests  in  the  hoods. 

A  handsome  plant,  smooth  all  over  and 

Purple  Milkweed  more  Qr  legs  tjnged  wjth  purple,  with  a 
Gomphocarpus  . 

cordifdiius  stout,  purple  stem,  from  one  and  a  half 

(Asdepias)  to  three  feet  tall,  with  rubbery,  dull,  light 

Purple  and  yellow  bluish-green    leaves.       The    flowers    are 

Summer  scentless,  with  purplish  sepals,  maroon  or 

Oreg.,  Cal.  •   t  •  «_ 

purple   petals,   and  yellowish   or   pinkish 

hoods,  and  form  a  very  loose  graceful  cluster,  over  three 
inches  across,  dark  in  color  and  contrasting  well  with  the 
foliage.  This  is  common  in  Yosemite  and  elsewhere  in 
California,  at  moderate  altitudes. 

The  genus  Asclepiodora,  of  the  southern  part  of  North 
America,  resembles  Asclepias,  but  the  flowers  are  larger, 
the  petals  not  turned  back,  the  hoods  flatter,  with  crests 
instead  of  horns;  leaves  mainly  alternate;  corolla  wheel- 
shaped;  petals  spreading;  hoods  oblong,  blunt,  spreading 
and  curving  upward,  crested  inside;  five  tiny  appendages 
alternating  with  the  anthers  and  forming  an  inner  crown 
around  the  stigma.  The  name  is  from  the  Greek,  meaning 
the  gift  of  ^3£sculapius. 


Pale  Milkweed- 
Asclepias  eros^. 


Purple    Milkweed- 
Gomphocarpus  cord  if  olios, 


DOGBANE  FAMILY.     Apocynaceae. 


A  striking  plant,  though  dull  in  color, 
Spider  Milkweed  '  ° 

Asdepioddra  from  one  to  one  and  a  half  feet  tall,  with  a 

decumbens  rough,  rather   slanting   stem,  dull    green, 

Green  and  roughish,     rather     leathery     leaves,    and 

clusters  of  slightly  sweet-scented,  queer- 
Spring,  summer      *«.'•.*  ,     ,r 
Southwest              looking  flowers,   each  over  half  an  inch 

across,  with  greenish-yellow  petals,  the 
hoods  white  inside  and  maroon  outside,  their  tips  curved  in, 
a  green  stigma  and  brown  anthers.  The  effect  is  a  dull-yel- 
low rosette,  striped  with  maroon,  curiously  symmetrical 
and  stiff  in  form,  suggesting  an  heraldic  "Tudor  rose." 
The  pods,  three?  or  four  inches  long,  stand  up  stiffly,  on 
pedicels  curved  like  hooks.  This  grows  on  dry  hillsides 
and  is  widely  distributed. 

DOGBANE  FAMILY.     Apocynaceae. 

A  large  family,  widely  distributed,  chiefly  tropical;  ours 
are  perennial  herbs,  with  milky,  bitter  juice;  leaves  tooth- 
less, usually  opposite,  without  stipules;  flowers  perfect, 
parts  in  fives;  corolla  united;  stamens  on  the  corolla,  as 
many  as  its  lobes,  alternate  with  them,  ovary  superior, 
in  two  parts,  united  by  a  single  or  two-parted  style,  de-  - 
veloping  into  two  pods;  seeds  often  tufted  with  hairs.  The 
Greek  name  alludes  to  the  superstition  that  these  plants 
are  poisonous  to  dogs. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Apocynum,  with  branching 
stems,  tough  fibrous  bark,  and  small,  white  or  pink  flowers, 
in  clusters;  calyx  with  pointed  teeth,  its  tube  adhering  to 
the  ovaries  by  means  of  a  thickish,  five-lobed  disk;  corolla 
bell-shaped,  five-lobed,  with  five,  small,  triangular  appen- 
dages, inside  the  tube,  opposite  the  lobes;  stamens  with 
short,  broad  filaments  and  arrow-shaped  anthers,  slightly 
adhering  to  the  blunt,  obscurely  two-lobed  stigma;  pod 
slender,  cylindrical ;  seeds  numerous,  small,  feathery. 

An  attractive  plant,  from  one  to  four 

Spreading  Dog-       f     t    hi  h         ith    many      smooth,     widely 
bane,  Honey- 
bloom  spreading  branches,  purplish  on  one  side, 

Apocynum  an-       and    smooth    leaves,    rather    dark    green 

drosaemifdlium       above,   pale   underneath,   with   yellowish 

White,  pink  veins.    The  little  flowers  are  white,  tinged 

West  etc  with  pink,  often  striped  with  pink  inside, 

mainly  in  loose  clusters  at  the  ends  of  the 

378 


Doq-b^ne-         \\  Spider  Milkweed- 

Apocynum  andrdsaemifolium.  Asclepiodoraflecumbenf 


BUCK-BEAN  FAMILY.     Menyanthaceae. 


branches,  and  though  not  conspicuous  are  delicate  and 
pretty.  The  pods  are  from  two  to  seven  inches  long.  This 
is  widely  scattered  in  fields  and  open  woods,  occurring  in  a 
variety  of  forms,  and  common  in  the  East. 

BUCK-BEAN  FAMILY.     Menyanthaceae. 

A  small  family,  widely  distributed;  perennial  herbs,  with 
creeping  rootstocks,  growing  in  water  or  marshes;  the 
leaves  smooth,  alternate,  or  from  the  root;  the  flowers 
perfect,  regular,  in  clusters;  the  calyx  five-lobed;  the 
corolla  more  or  less  funnel-form  with  five  lobes  or  teeth; 
the  stamens  five,  on  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its 
lobes;  the  ovary  superior,  or  partly  so,  with  one  cell;  the 
fruit  usually  an  oval  capsule,  with  a  few  flattish,  smooth 
seeds. 

This  is  the  only  kind,  a  handsome  plant, 
Menydnihes  eight  or  ten  inches  tall,   with  a   stout. 

trijoiibta  yellowish-green     stem     and     rich     green 

White  leaves,    with    long,    sheathing    leaf-stalks 

Spring,  summer  and  three  leaflets  w;th  toothless  or  some- 
Northwest  , 

what  scalloped  edges.     The  flowers  are 

about  half  an  inch  long,  with  a  white  corolla,  tinged  with 
pink  or  lilac,  the  spreading  lobes  covered  with  white  hairs, 
with  black  and  yellow,  swinging  anthers  and  a  green  pistil, 
with  a  two-lipped  stigma.  There  are  from  ten  to  twenty 
flowers  in  each  cluster  and  the  effect  is  charming,  suggest- 
ing a  bunch  of  little  fringed  lilies.  This  grows  in  northern 
bogs  across  the  continent  and  also  in  Europe  and  Asia. 
It  used  to  be  found  around  San  Francisco,  but  is  now 
extinct. 

MORNING-GLORY  FAMILY.     Convolvulaceae. 

A  large  family,  most  abundant  in  the  tropics;  ours  are 
herbs,  usually  with  twining  or  trailing  stems;  the  leaves 
alternate,  or  mere  scales,  without  stipules;  the  flowers 
perfect,  with  five  sepals;  the  corolla  with  united  petals, 
more  or  less  funnel-form  and  more  or  less  five-lobed, 
folded  lengthwise  and  twisted  in  the  bud ;  the  stamens  five, 
on  the  base  of  the  corolla;  the  ovary  superior,  with  from 
one  to  three  styles;  the  fruit  usually  a  capsule,  with  from 
one  to  four  large  seeds. 

380 


Back-bean-  Menyanthes 


MORNING  GLORY   FAMILY.     Convolvulaceac. 


There  are  a  great  many  kinds  of  Convolvulus,  widely 
distributed;  ours  are  mostly  twining  or  prostrate  perennials; 
the  flowers  large,  with  a  slender  style  and  two  stigmas ;  the 
fruit  a  capsule,  usually  with  two  large  seeds.  The  name 
is  from  the  Latin,  meaning  "to  entwine."  These  plants 
are  often  called  Bindweed. 

This  is  a  troublesome  weed,  introduced 
^ory  M°rning"  from  Europe,  with  very  deep  roots  and 
^onlolvulus  pretty  flowers.  The  leaves  are  dull  green 

arvensis  and    look    roughish,     though    they    are 

White,  pinkish  smooth  or  nearly  so,  and  the  flowers  are 
Spring,  summer,  about  an  inch  across  white  insid  striped 
autumn  .  . 

West  etc.  with  pink  and  tinged  with  yellow  at  the 

base,  and  pink  outside,  striped  with  duller, 
deeper  color.  The  scamens  and  pistil  are  white  and  the 
buds  purplish-pink.  The  flower  stalks  usually  have  a  pair 
of  bracts  near  the  middle. 

An  attractive  plant,  with  pretty  foliage 
Yellow  Morning-  and  large>  pale  flowers,  the  stems  trailing 

Com>6lvulus  on    the   Sround   and    climbing   over   low 

ocddenialis  bushes.    The  leaves  are  smooth  and  dark 

Cream-color  bluish-green   and   the   flowers  are   about 

Summer  two  jnches  and  a  half  across,  very  pale 

Northwest  .  .  ., ,     '  ,    . 

yellow,  almost  cream-color,   with  stripes 

of  slightly  deeper  yellow,  tinged  with  pink.  The  anthers 
and  the  pistil  are  pale  yellow  and  the  flower-stalks  have 
two  bracts  just  beneath  the  calyx. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Cuscuta,  or  Dodder,  widely 
distributed  and  difficult  to  distinguish;  leafless  parasites, 
without  green  coloring,  with  twining,  threadlike  stems  and 
inconspicuous  flowers,  in  clusters.  The  seed  germinates  in 
the  soil  and  produces  a  twining  stem,  which  attaches  itself 
to  a  neighbor  by  means  of  suckers.  These  plants  are 
easily  recognized,  for  they  look  like  tangled  bunches  of 
coarse  thread,  and  are  often  very  conspicuous  on  account  of 
their  coloring,  sometimes  making  fine  masses  of  bright 
orange-color,  beautiful  in  tone,  though  the  plants  are  very 
unattractive.  They  have  other  names,  such  as  Love-vine 
and  Strangle-weed. 


382 


Field  Morning-glory* 
C. 


Yellow  Morning-glory-   Convolvulus  occidentals 


PHLOX  FAMILY.     Polemoniaccae. 


PHLOX  FAMILY.     Polemoniaceae. 


Not  a  large  family,  most  abundant  in  western  North 
America,  a  few  in  Europe  and  Asia;  sometimes  slightly 
woody;  the  leaves  without  stipules;  the  flowers  generally 
regular;  the  calyx  with  five  united  sepals;  the  corolla  with 
five  united  petals,  rolled  up  in  the  bud  and  often  remaining 
more  or  less  twisted  to  one  side  in  the  flowers;  the  stamens 
with  slender  filaments,  with  swinging  anthers,  often  un- 
equally inserted,  on  the  tube  or  throat  of  the  corolla  and 
alternate  with  its  lobes;  the  ovary  superior,  with  a  slender 
style  and  three-lobed  stigma,  but  in  immature  flowers  the 
three  branches  are  folded  together  so  that  the  style  appears 
to  have  no  lobes;  the  pod  with  three  compartments,  con- 
taining few  or  many  seeds,  which  are  sometimes  winged 
and  sometimes  mucilaginous. 

There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Polemonium,  growing 
in  cool  places,  usually  perennials;  the  leaves  alternate,  with 
leaflets,  not  toothed;  the  calyx  not  ribbed  or  angled,  bell- 
shaped;  the  corolla  more  or  less  bell-shaped;  the  stamens 
equally  inserted,  but  often  of  unequal  lengths;  the  seeds 
mucilaginous  when  wet.  This  is  the  Greek  name,  used  by 
Dioscorides. 

A  graceful  plant,  with  attractive  and 
Jacob's  Ladder      unusual_iooking  foliage.     The  juicy  stem 

Polemonium 

occidentcLle  (P.       anc^  tender,  bright  green  leaves  are  smooth 
coeruleum)  or  hairy  and  the  pretty  flowers  are  nearly 

Blue  three-quarters  of  an  inch  across,   bright 

Newest  rather    purplish    blue,    paler    inside    and 

delicately  veined  with  blue,  with  a  yellow 
"eye."  The  stamens  are  protruding,  with  white  anthers, 
and  the  pistil  is  long  and  protruding,  even  in  quite  small 
buds.  This  is  variable  and  grows  in  damp  places  in  the 
mountains,  across  the  continent  and  also  in  the  Old  World. 
The  common  name  comes  from  the  shape  of  the  leaf  and  it 
is  also  called  Greek  Valerian.  Another  handsome  sort  is 
P.  carneum,  with  flowers  varying  in  color  from  salmon  to 
purple,  growing  in  the  mountains  of  California  and  Oregon, 
but  rather  rare. 


384 


Jacob's  Ladder  - 
Polemonium  occident&le. 


PHLOX  FAMILY.     Polemoniace&e. 


There  are  many  kinds  of  Linanthus;  low,  slender 
annuals,  with  opposite,  palmately-divided  leaves  and  thus 
differing  from  Gilia,  the  divisions  narrow  or  threadlike, 
looking  almost  like  whorls  in  some  kinds,  or  rarely  toothless, 
occasionally  some  of  the  upper  leaves  alternate;  the  flowers 
scattered,  or  in  terminal,  roundish  clusters;  the  calyx-tube 
thin  and  dry  between  the  ribs  or  angles,  the  teeth  equal ;  the 
corolla  more  or  less  wheel-shaped,  funnel-form,  or  salver- 
form;  the  stamens  equally  inserted  on  the  corolla;  the 
seeds  few  or  many,  developing  mucilage  when  moistened. 
The  Greek  name  means  "flax  flower." 

A  queer  little  plant,   only  about   two 

Lindmhus  .      ,          ,.    ,  •',.        , 

Pdrryae  (Gilia)  inches  mgh»  Wlth  almost  no  stem,  very 
White  small,  stiff  leaves,  and  several  large, 

Spring  pretty  flowers,  with  cream-white  corollas, 

California  about  an  inch  across,  with  five  crests  in 

the  throat,  and  the  tube  tinged  with  purple  on  the  outside. 
They  are  exceedingly  fragile  and  diaphanous  in  texture 
and  form  little  white  tufts,  which  look  very  odd  and  attrac- 
tive, sprinkled  over  the  sand  in  the  Mohave  Desert. 

This  has  slender,  purplish,  rather  hairy 
Lindnthus  brevi-  .       *  .       ' 

culus  (Gil  a)          stems,  from  six  to  eight  inches  tall,  stiff, 

Pink,  violet  dull  green,  hairy  leaves,  tipped  with  bris- 

Spring  ties,  and  flowers  over  half  an  inch  across, 

California  with  stic^y>  hairy  caiyxes.     The   slender 

corolla-tubes  are  half  an  inch  long,  with  delicate  rose-pink  or 
violet  petals,  white  anthers,  and  a  whitish  pistil.    This  looks 
very  pretty  growing  on  the  bare  sand  of  the  Mohave  Desert. 
This  is  very  pretty,  with  a  stiff,  slender, 

Lindnthus  an-  ,     .        ,  .  .  P  Jt  . 

drosaceus  (Gilia)  nairy»  branching  stem,  irom  three  inches  to 
Lilac,  pink,  or  a  foot  tall,  with  stiffish,  dull  green  leaves, 
white  apparently  in  whorls  and  cut  into  very  nar- 

Spring,  summer  row  Divisions,  with  bristlesor  hairs  along  the 
California  •//*«*«  ,  1f 

margins.     I  he  flowers  are  over  half  an  inch 

across,  with  a  long  threadlike  tube,  and  are  usually  bright 
lilac  but  sometimes  pink  or  white,  with  a  yellow,  white,  or 
almost  black  "eye,"  orange-colored  anthers  and  a  long, 
yellow  pistil.  The  flower-cluster  is  mixed  with  many  bracts 
and  the  stems  often  branch  very  symmetrically,  with 
clusters  at  the  tips.  This  is  common  on  dry  hillsides, 
growing  in  the  grass,  and  often  makes  bright  patches  of 
color.  There  are  several  named  varieties. 

386 


Lin&rvthus  breviculus. 


PHLOX  FAMILY.     PolemomacesLC. 


Exceedingly  pretty  flowers,  with  very 
Evening  Snow 

Lindnthus  dichdt-  slender,  brown  stems,  often  branching, 
omus  (Cilia)  from  two  to  twelve  inches  tall,  and  a  few, 

White  rather    inconspicuous,  dull  green    leaves. 

Spring  /pjle  flowers  are  an  ^h  or  m0re  across, 

California 

with  a  salver-form  corolla,   with  a  long 

slender  tube,  white  and  beautifully  sheeny  in  texture, 
bordered  with  dull  pink  on  the  outside,  showing  where  the 
petals  overlapped  in  the  bud;  the  stamens  and  pistil  not 
showing  in  the  throat.  They  have  a  strong  and  unpleasant 
odor,  but  the  effect  of  the  airy  flowers  is  beautiful,  es- 
pecially in  the  desert,  as  they  sway  to  and  fro  in  the  wind 
on  their  slender  stalks.  They  open  only  in  the  evening, 
but  stay  open  all  night  and  keep  on  opening  and  closing 
for  several  days,  getting  larger  as  they  grow  older.  This  is 
common  on  open  slopes  and  hills,  but  is  variable  and  not 
easily  distinguished  from  similar  species. 

A  charming  little  desert  plant,  about 
Yellow  Gilia 
Lindnthus  three   inches   tall,    with   a   very   slender, 

dureus  (Gilia)         usually    smooth,  widely  branching    stem 

Yellow  and  small,  pale  green  leaves,  apparently  in 

whorls  and  cut  into  very  narrow  divisions, 

quite  stiff  and  tipped  with  a  bristle.    The 

flowers  are  about  half  an  inch  across,  bright  yellow,  with  an 

orange-colored   "eye"  and   tube,  orange  anthers  and  a 

yellow  pistil,  and  they  look  exceedingly  gay  and  pretty  on 

the  pale  sand  of  the  desert. 

A  very  pretty  little  plant,  slightly  hairy, 

Lindnthus  Parvi- 

fldrus  (Gilia)  Wltn  a  slender  stem,  from  three  to  ten 
White,  pink,  lilac  inches  tall,  and  clusters  of  small,  stiff, 
Spring  dark  green  leaves.  The  flowers  are  about 

three-quarters  of  an  inch  across,  with  long, 
threadlike,  yellow  tubes,  sometimes  an  inch  and  a  half 
long,  and  white,  pink,  or  lilac  petals,  with  an  orange  or 
white  "eye"  and  often  brownish  on  the  outside,  with 
yellow  anthers  and  a  conspicuously  long,  yellow  pistil. 
This  is  common  throughout  California,  growing  in  open 
ground  on  hills  and  sea-cliffs.  L.  paruiflorus  var.  acicularis 
is  similar,  but  smaller.  The  flowers  are  similar,  but  often 
have  so  little  white  about  them  that  they  are  yellow  in 
general  effect,  and  are  sometimes  specked  with  crimson  at 
the  base  of  the  petals.  They  grow  in  sandy  places  in 
southern  California. 


L.&ureus. 


Evening  Snow- 
L.  dichotomies* 


Lin^nthus 
pa.rviflorus« 


PHLOX  FAMILY.     Polemoniaccac. 


Charming    little    flowers,    exceedingly 

Ground  Pink,         delicate  and  gay.     The  stem  is  usually 

Fringed  Gilia 

Lindnthus  dian-       Only  a  few  mches  tall»  the  leaveS  are  very 

thifldrus  (Gilia)  narrow,  and  the  flowers  are  three-quarters 
Pink  of  an  inch  across,  with  bright  pink  petals, 

?P^ng  .  prettily  toothed  at  the  tips,  shading  to 

California  ,  .  .,         .        ,  ,      .J 

white  and  yellow  in  the  center  and  oiten 

with  a  purple  ring  in  the  throat.  This  is  common  in 
southern  California  and  often  grows  in  quantities,  sprink- 
ling the  ground  with  its  bright  little  flowers. 

This  is  a  few  inches  tall,  with  purplish 

Ltndnlhus  hm-  . 

fldrus  (Gilia)  stems,  which  are  so  very  slender  and  wiry 
White  that  they  look  hardly  thicker  than  hairs 

Spring,  summer  and  the  flowers  seem  to  be  hovering  in  the 
air,  giving  an  exceedingly  pretty  and  deli- 
cate effect.  The  leaves  are  stiff  and  dark  green  and  the 
flowers  are  half  an  inch  or  more  across,  with  a  yellowish 
tube  and  white  petals,  delicately  veined  with  blue,  with  a 
pale  yellow  pistil  and  orange  anthers.  This  grows  on  the 
dry  tops  of  mesas,  in  southern  California. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Phlox,  natives  of  North 
America  and  Asia,  usually  perennials,  the  leaves  toothless, 
mostly  opposite,  at  least  the  lower  ones;  the  calyx  five- 
ribbed;  the  corolla  salver-form;  the  stamens  inserted  very 
unequally  in  the  tube  and  not  protruding;  the  seeds  not 
mucilaginous.  The  salver-form  corolla  and  the  seeds  not 
being  mucilaginous  distinguishes  Phlox  from  Gilia.  The 
name  is  from  the  Greek,  meaning  "flame." 

A   charming   little   plant,   with   woody 
Alpine  Phlox 

Phlox  Dougidsii  stems  a  few  inches  tall  and  partly  creeping 
White,  lilac  along  the  ground,  densely  crowded  with 

Summer  numerous  needle-like  leaves,  forming  dull 

Northwest,  etc.  green,  cushion-like  mats,  sometimes  over  a 
foot  across  and  suggesting  some  sort  of  prickly  moss. 
These  prickly  cushions  are  sprinkled  thickly  all  over  with 
pretty  lilac  flowers  and  the  effect  is  most  attractive.  The 
flowers  vary  in  tint  from  white  to  pink  and  purple  and  are 
nearly  three-quarters  of  an  inch  across  and  slightly  sweet- 
scented.  The  tube  is  longer  than  the  hairy  calyx,  and  the 


390 


Alpine  Phlox 
Phlox  Douglasii 


Ground  Pink- 
Linanthus  di&nthif  lorus. 


PHLOX  FAMILY.     Polemoniaceae* 


petals  fold  back  in  fading.  This  grows  on  gravelly  slopes 
and  summits  around  Yosemite  and  in  the  Northwest,  from 
the  Rocky  Mountains  to  Nebraska,  and  its  patches  of 
pale  color  are  often  conspicuous  in  dry  rocky  places,  or  in 
open  forests,  at  an  altitude  of  three  to  seven  thousand  feet. 
Very  attractive  common  flowers,  with 

Wild  Sweet  many  stems,  three  to  eight  inches  high, 

William  -        J 

Phl6Xlongif6lia  fr°m     a     WO°dy     baSG'       The     leaVGS    are 

Pink  smooth  or  somewhat  downy,  stiffish,  pale 

Spring,  summer,    gray-green    and    rather    harsh,    and    the 

autumn  flowers  are  over  three-quarters  of  an  inch 

West,  etc.  ....  . 

across,  clear  pink,  or  various  shades  from 

deep-pink  to  white,  with  an  angled  calyx.  Only  two  yellow 
stamens  show  in  the  throat  and  the  style  is  long  and 
slender.  This  grows  on  hills  and  in  valleys,  as  far  east  as 
Colorado,  and  its  pretty  flowers  are  very  gay  and  charming, 
particularly  when  growing  in  large  clumps  in  fields  or 
beside  the  road.  P.  Stdnsburyi,  common  on  the  plateau 
in  the  Grand  Canyon,  blooming  in  May,  is  similar,  but  has 
sticky  hairs  on  the  calyx. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Gilia,  variable  and  not  easily 
distinguished;  the  leaves  nearly  always  alternate  and  thus 
differing  from  Linanthus;  the  corolla  funnel-form,  tubular, 
or  bell-shaped,  but,  unlike  Phlox,  rarely  salver-form  and  the 
seeds  are  usually  mucilaginous  when  wet.  These  plants 
were  named  for  Gil,  a  Spanish  botanist. 

A  brilliant  biennial  or  perennial  plant, 
Scarlet  Gilia,  varying  in  general  form  and  color.  In 
Skyrocket 

Cilia  aggreglta  Utah  li  1S  somewhat  coarse  and  usually 
Red  has  a  single,  leafy,  roughish,  rather 

Spring,  summer,    sticky  stem,   from  one  to   two  feet  tall, 

autumn  purplish   towards   the   top,  and   thickish, 

Southwest,  Utah,    * 

etc  somewhat  sticky  leaves,  deeply  lobed  and 

cut,  in  a  cluster  at  the  root  and  alternate 
along  the  stem,  dull  bluish-green  in  color,  smooth  on  the 
under  side,  with  more  or  less  sparse  woolly  down  on  the 
upper  side,  as  if  partially  rubbed  off.  The  flowers  have  no 
pedicels,  or  very  short  ones,  and  form  small  clusters  in  the 
angles  of  the  leaves  along  the  upper  part  of  the  stem,  but 
are  mainly  at  the  top,  in  a  large,  handsome,  somewhat 
flat- topped,  loose  cluster.  They  are  each  more  than  half 
an  inch  across,  with  a  corolla  of  clear  scarlet,  the  lobes 
392 


Wild 

Phlox  St^nsburyi 


PHLOX  FAMILY.     Polemomaceae. 


shading  at  base  to  white,  finely  streaked  with  crimson  and 
prettily  fringed  at  the  tips.  The  stamens  are  equally  or 
unequally  inserted  in  the  corolla  throat,  the  buds  are 
prettily  twisted  and  fringed  at  the  tips  and  usually  have 
a  dark  purplish  calyx.  Sometimes  the  flowers  are  all 
scattered  along  the  stalk,  making  a  wand  of  bloom.  This 
grows  on  mountain  sides  and  sometimes  has  a  very  dis- 
agreeable smell,  hence  the  local  name  of  Polecat  Plant. 
In  Yosemite  it  is  much  more  delicate  in  character,  with 
several,  smooth  or  downy,  reddish,  leafy  stems,  from  one  to 
four  feet  high,  from  a  branched  base,  bearing  very  graceful 
clusters  of  flowers,  the  petals  of  various  shades  of  scarlet, 
pink,  and  crimson,  often  streaked  with  white,  or  yellowish 
dotted  with  red,  their  long  points  curled  back.  Often  the 
buds  are  scarlet  and  the  flowers  pink,  giving  a  very  vivid 
effect.  The  protruding  stamens  are  inserted  in  the  notches 
between  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  with  red  or  pink  filaments 
and  yellow  or  purple  anthers.  This  has  the  look  of  a  hot- 
house flower  and  is  very  beautiful  and  striking  when 
growing  in  masses  in  high  mountain  woods.  This  has 
several  common  names  which  are  very  misleading,  such  as 
Wild  Cypress  and  Wild  Honeysuckle*  There  are  several 
named  varieties.  It  grows  in  the  Southwest  and  also  from 
British  Columbia  to  New  Mexico. 

A   beautiful   kind,    with   rather   hairy, 
Bird's  Eyes  ,  .      .      , 

Cilia  tricolor          branching  stems,  from  six  inches  to  over 

White  and  purple  a  foot  tall,  and  dull  green,  rather  hairy 
and  yellow  leaves,  prettily  cut  into  long  narrow  lobes. 

The  floweis  are  in  clusters,  sweet-scented 
and  beautifully  marked,  with  corollas  a 
half-inch  or  more  in  length,  open  funnel-shaped,  with  a 
yellow  tube  marked  by  a  white  border,  and  two  dark 
purple  spots  in  the  throat  below  each  of  the  blue  or  whitish 
corolla-lobes,  forming  an  "eye."  The  calyx  lobes  often 
have  purple  margins,  the  anthers  are  bright  blue,  with 
lilac  filaments,  and  the  pistil  is  lilac.  This  is  common  on 
low  hills  in  western  California. 

A  strange  little  desert  plant,  stunted- 
Blue  Desert  Gilia   ,  ,    ....      ^  £  , 
Cilia  rigidula         looking  but  with  brilliant  flowers,  forming 

Blue  low,    prickly   clumps   of    stiff,    dry,    dull 

Summer  green,  needle-like  foliage,  suggesting  cush- 

Arizona  Q£  .faTsh  moss,  with  numerous  wood}' 

394 


Bird'sEyes  Gi lia  tricolor. 


PHLOX  FAMILY.     Polemoniaccac. 


stems,  two  or  three  inches  high,  and  numbers  of  pretty 
flowers,  half  an  inch  across,  deep  bright  blue,  with  a  little 
yellow  in  the  center;  the  stamens,  with  bright  yellow 
anthers,  projecting  from  the  throat.  This  bravely  opens 
its  bright  blue  eyes  in  the  desert  wastes  of  the  Petrified 
Forest. 

A  little  desert  plant,  about  three  inches 
Downy  Giha 

Cilia  floccosa  tal1'  m°re  °r  leSS  downY  a11  over>  the  uPPcr 

Blue  leaves  and  buds  covered  with  soft  white 

Spring  down   and    the   lower   leaves   dark  green 

Southwest  •  and  stiff>  tippe(i  with  a  bristle.  The  tiny 
flowers  have  a  blue  corolla,  varying  from  sky-blue  to 
almost  white,  with  a  yellow  throat  and  white  stamens,  and 
although  they  are  too  small  to  be  conspicuous,  the  effect 
of  the  bits  of  blue  on  the  desert  sand  is  exceedingly  pretty. 

This  resembles  Alpine  Phlox  in  general 
Small  Prickly  b 

Gilia  effect,   but  the  corolla  is  funnel-form  m- 

Gilia  pungens  stead  of  salver-form,  for  the  lobes  do  not 
White  spread  so  abruptly.  The  many  stems  are 

Summer  woodv    below,    a    few   inches   high,    and 

California  ,  .  , 

crowded  with  leaves,  which  are  dull  green, 

stiff,  and  cut  into  needle-like  divisions,  which  look  like 
single  leaves,  about  half  an  inch  long.  The  flowers  are 
pretty  and  fragrant,  half  an  inch  across,  white  or  pale  pink, 
often  with  purplish  streaks  on  the  outside,  with  rounded 
lobes,  the  edge  of  each  overlapping  the  next,  and  yellow 
anthers,  not  projecting  from  the  throat  of  the  corolla. 
This  forms  loose  mats  on  rocky  ledges,  at  high  altitudes. 

Cilia  multicaulis  %  A  rather  Pretty  little  Plant'  about  eight 
Lilac  inches  tall,  with  several  slender,  slightly 

Spring  hairy    stems    and    leaves    cut    into    very 

California  narrow  divisions.     The  little  flowers  are 

pale  lilac,  quite  delicate  and  pretty,  though  not  conspicu- 
ous, and  form  clusters  at  the  tips  of  the  branches.  This 
sometimes  grows  in  quantities  in  the  hills  of  southern 
California  and  is  variable. 


396 


Downy  Cili 
G.floccos^. 


G.multicaulis. 


Prickly  Gilia-G.pungens. 


PHLOX  FAMILY.     Polemoniaceae. 


An  unusual-looking,  conspicuous,  shrub- 
Large  Prickly  ' 
Gilia                      by  plant,  suggesting  some  kind  of  small 

Cilia  Califdrnica  prickly  pine-  or  cedar,  with  lovely  flowers. 
P*nk  It  forms  large  straggling  clumps,  about 

Summer  two  £cet  hjgft  \\H\-\  many  woody  stems  and 

California  . 

rich -green  foliage,  the  leaves  cut  into  small, 

spreading,  needle-like  lobes,  and  ornamented  with  num- 
bers of  brilliant  flowers.  They  are  an  inch  or  more  across, 
with  bright  pink  petals  and  a  white  "eye,"  and  are  most 
delicate  in  texture,  with  a  satiny  sheen  and  smelling  sweet 
like  violets.  This  grows  on  hills  and  is  very  beautiful  on 
Mt.  Lowe. 

This  varies  a  good  deal  in  color  and 
Cilia 

achillaejdlia  beauty.      The    stems    are    smooth    and 

Blue,  white  slender,  from  one  to  two  feet  tall,  and  the 

Spring,  summer  leaves  are  alternate,  smooth  or  downy, 
delicately  cut  into  many  fine  divisions. 
The  numerous  small  flowers  are  funnel-form,  with  pro- 
jecting stamens,  and  form  a  close  round  head,  which  is  an 
inch  or  more  across,  without  bracts.  The  calyx  is  more  or 
less  woolly,  with  sharp  triangular  teeth,  the  tips  turned 
back.  Usually  the  flowers  are  blue  of  some  shade,  deep 
or  pale,  sometimes  forming  patches  of  color  in  the  fields, 
but  the  prettiest  I  have  seen  grew  in  the  woods  near  Santa 
Barbara,  the  individual  flowers  larger  than  usual  and  pure 
white,  with  bright  blue  anthers.  It  is  common  in  Yo- 
semite,  but  rather  dull  bluish -white  and  not  pretty. 

Very  much  like  the  last,  but  the  flowers 
Cilia  capitata 
Blue  are    smaller   and    form    a    smaller,    more 

Spring,  summer  compact  head.  The  corollas  are  blue,  with 
Northwest  and  narrow  petals,  varying  in  tint  from  pur- 
California  plish-blue  to  pale  lilac,  the  calyx  not  woolly, 
and  the  cluster  is  about  an  inch  across,  the  stamens  giving 
it  a  fuzzy  appearance.  The  leaves  are  smooth  or  slightly 
downy  and  the  seed-vessels  form  pretty  pale  green  heads. 
This  is  common  and  sometimes  grows  in  such  quantities 
as  to  be  very  effective. 

Cilia  muhifldra  The  general  effect  of  this  plant  is  incon- 

Blue  spicuous,    though    the   flowers   are    quite 

Summer  pretty   close   by.       The   roughish   woody 

Ariz.,  New  Mex.     stem   ig  Qnly  &   few  incheg   tall   and   theQ 

branches  abruptly  into  several  long  sprays,  clothed  with 
398 


PHLOX  FAMILY.     Polemoniaceae. 


many  very  small,  narrow,  pointed,  thickish,  dull  green 
leaves  and  ornamented  towards  the  end  with  small  clusters 
of  flowers,  which  are  lilac  or  blue,  marked  with  purple 
lines,  less  than  half  an  inch  across,  with  five  irregular 
lobes  and  blue  anthers.  This  grows  at  the  Grand  Canyon 
and  in  dry  open  places  in  the  mountains. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Collomia,  almost  all  annuals; 
leaves  alternate,  usually  toothless;  flowers  in  clusters; 
differing  from  Gilia  and  Linanthus  in  the  calyx,  which 
increases  in  size  as  it  grows  older;  corolla  tube-shaped, 
funnel -form,  or  salver-form,  with  spreading  lobes;  stamens 
unequally  inserted  on  the  corolla-tube,  with  unequal 
filaments;  seeds  usually  mucilaginous. 

Very  pretty  flowers,  which  attract  at- 
Colldmia  grandi-  J    £         J  \ 

flora  (Gilia)  tention  because  of  their  unusual  coloring. 

Buff  The  leafy  stem  is  from  one  to  two  feet 

Summer  tall  and  slightly  downy  and  the  leaves  are 

Cal.,  Utah,  Wash.  generaiiy  toothless,  smooth,  and  rather 
dark  green.  The  flowers  form  a  roundish  terminal  cluster, 
which  is  about  two  inches  across,  surrounded  by  broad 
bracts,  which  are  sticky  to  the  touch.  The  corolla  is 
funnel-form,  about  an  inch  long,  various  shades  of  buff  or 
salmon-color,  and  as  the  downy  buds  are  yellow,  the  newly- 
opened  flowers  buff,  and  the  older  ones  pinkish  or  cream- 
white,  the  combinations  of  color  are  odd  and  effective. 
This  is  quite  common  in  Yosemite,  in  warm  situations,  and 
much  cultivated  in  Germany.  It  is  sometimes  called  Wild 
Bouvardia,  but  this  is  a  poor  name,  as  it  is  that  of  a  plant 
belonging  to  an  entirely  different  family. 

From  six  inches  to  over  a  foot  tall,  with 
Collomia  lineans 
(Gilia)  a  rather  stout,  very  leafy  stem,  more  or 

Pink  less     branching,     and     alternate     leaves, 

Summer  smooth,  toothless,  and  rather  dark  green, 

the  upper  stems  and  buds  hairy  and  sticky. 
The  flowers  have  no  pedicels  and  narrow  funnel-form  or 
salver-form  corollas,  bright  pink,  about  a  quarter  of  an 
inch  across,  and  are  crowded  in  roundish  clusters,  at  the 
tips  of  the  leafy  branches,  the  larger  clusters  toward  the 
top.  Though  the  tiny  flowers  are  bright  and  pretty  this  is 
not  an  effective  plant.  It  grows  in  dry,  open,  sandy 
places  and  the  foliage  has  a  rather  disagreeable  smell  when 
crushed. 

4.00 


Collomi^x 
qrandiflora 


C.line&ris 


WATERLEAF  FAMILY.     Hydrophyllaceac. 


WATERLEAF  FAMILY.    Hydrophylloceoe. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  mostly  natives  of  western  North 
America;  often  hairy;  with  no  stipules;  the  leaves  mainly 
alternate  or  from  the  root;  the  flowers  chiefly  blue  or  white, 
often  in  coiled  clusters;  the  calyx  with  five  united  sepals: 
the  corolla  with  five  united  petals;  the  stamens  five,  on  the 
base  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes,  with  thread- 
like filaments  and  usually  with  swinging  anthers;  the 
ovary  superior,  the  styles  two  or  two-cleft;  the  fruit  a 
capsule,  containing  few  or  many  seeds.  The  leaves  were 
formerly  supposed  to  have  water-cavities  in  them,  hence 
the  misleading  name.  Some  of  this -family  resemble  some 
of  the  Borages,  but  the  stamens  are  long,  the  styles  are 
two,  at  least  above,  and  the  ovary  has  not  the  four  con- 
spicuous lobes  of  the  latter  family. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Phacelia,  hairy  plants,  with  no 
appendages  between  the  sepals;  resembling  Hydrophyllum, 
except  that  the  petals  overlap  in  the  bud,  instead  of  being 
rolled  up,  and  the  seeds  arc  different.  The  name  is  from 
the  Greek,  meaning  "cluster." 

This    has    pretty   and    rather    unusual 
Phaceha  .        t  f        , 

Phacelia  Idngipes    looking  foliage,  for  the  leaves  are  a  pecu- 
Purple  liar  shade  of  bluish-green,  with  purplish 

Spring  margins.      They    are    somewhat    sticky, 

soft  and  velvety,  and  although  hairy  are 
not  disagreeable  to  touch.  The  hairy,  purplish  stems  grow 
from  a  few  inches  to  a  foot  tall  and  the  pretty  flowers  are 
lilac  or  purple,  with  yellow  anthers,  and  measure  three- 
quarters  of  an  inch  across.  This  grows  on  sunny,  sandy 
mountain  slopes. 

A  low  plant,  partly  creeping,  with  weak, 

PktcUia  tletho-      brittle,    sticky    stems    and    soft,    slightly 

tnaefdlia  thickish,  very  dull  yellowish-green  leaves, 

Lilac,  white  sticky  and  often  dingy  with   dust.     The 

ummer  flowers  are  usually  violet,  but  sometimes 

pure  white,  about  three-eighths  of  an  inch 
across,  with  yellow  stamens,  and  are  rather  pretty.  I 
found  this  little  plant  growing  under  a  huge  red  rock  in  the 
Grand  Canyon,  on  apparently  perfectly  dry,  bare  soil. 
It  has  an  aromatic  and  slightly  unpleasant  smell  and  is 
rare. 

402 


Phacelia 
longipes. 


glechom^efoli^. 


WATERLEAF  FAMILY.     Hydrophyllaceaet 


_,  A  mountain  plant,  which  in  favorable 

Phacelia 

Phacelia  sericea      situations   is   exceedingly   handsome   and 
Purple  conspicuous,  about  a  foot  tall,  but  some- 

Summer  times  more,  with  downy,  leafy  stems,  and 

68*'  NeV'f  handsome»   silky-downy  foliage,  cut  into 

many  narrow  divisions.  The  bell-shaped 
flowers  are  three-eighths  of  an  inch  across,  rich  purple, 
with  very  long,  purple  filaments  and  yellow  anthers,  and 
are  crowded  in  magnificent  clusters,  sometimes  eight  inches 
long  and  very  feathery.  The  corolla  dries  up  and  remains 
on  the  fruit.  This  has  a  disagreeable  smell  and  grows  at 
very  high  altitudes,  where  it  is  unusual  to  find  such  large 
showy  flowers.  In  dry  unfavorable  situations  it  is  often 
small  and  pale  in  color. 

This  has  very  handsome  flowers,  but 
Phacelia  Pdrryi  the  Plant  is  to°  straggling.  The  branching, 
Purple  reddish  stems  are  very  hairy  and  rather 

Spring  ^  sticky,  from  one  to  nearly  two  feet  tall, 

with  dull  green,  hairy  leaves,  which  are 
harsh  but  not  disagreeable  to  touch,  and  the  flowers  are 
over  three-quarters  of  an  inch  across,  with  a  very  hairy 
calyx  and  a  bright  purple  corolla,  with  a  cream-colored 
spot,  the  shape  of  a  horseshoe,  at  the  base  of  each  petal. 
The  filaments  are  purple  and  hairy,  with  cream-colored 
anthers  and  the  style  is  white,  tipped  with  purple.  This 
sometimes  grows  in  such  quantities  as  to  give  a  very 
brilliant  color  effect  and  is  found  from  Los  Angeles  to  San 
Diego. 

.  This  is  from  eight  inches  to  two  feet 

Phacelia  distans     hiSh»  with  hairy,  soft,  dull  green  leaves  and 
Violet  hairy  stems,  which  are  usually  branching 

Spring  and  spreading.     The  flowers  are  less  than 

half  an  inch  across,  with  a  very  hairy, 
sticky  calyx,  a  violet  corolla,  varying  in  tint  from  dull 


404 


Phacelia  Parry  i. 


WATERLEAF  FAMILY.     Hydrophyllaceae. 


white  to  bright  blue,  fading  to  purple,  and  purple  filaments 
with  whitish  anthers.  This  grows  in  dry  places  and  is 
common,  often  forming  large  clumps  covered  with  flowers 
which  are  quite  effective  in  color,  though  the  plants  are  too 
straggling  and  hairy  to  be  very  attractive  close  by.  P. 
ramosissima  is  similar  but  coarser,  the  flowers  are  larger, 
and  the  plant  is  exceedingly  hairy,  the  calyxes  being  cov- 
ered with  conspicuous,  long,  white  hairs,  and  the  whole 
plant  unpleasant  to  touch. 

A  charming  little  desert  plant,  four  or 
Phacelia  ^       inches  high,  with  one  or  more,  pur- 

Phacelia  ,•  t_     ,  •       •         / 

Fremont'i  phsh,  branching  stems,  springing  from  a 

Purple  pretty  cluster  of  thickish,  dull  green  root- 

Spring  leaves.      The    flowers    are    half    an    inch 

Utah*™68*  and  across»  with  sticky,  hairy  calyxes  and  buds 
and  bright  purple  corollas,  with  bright 
yellow  throats,  from  which  the  stamens  do  not  protrude. 
These  little  flowers  look  very  gay  and  pretty  against  the 
desert  sand. 

This  is  a  delicate  and  pretty  plant,  in 
Phaceha  .         *.,..*,.  r  •     • 

Phacelia  linebris     sPlte  of  lts  haiiy  foliagc,  from  six  inches  to  i 
Purple  a  foot  high,  with  a  hairy  stem,  purplish  | 

Spring,  summer  and  somewhat  branching,  and  alternate  : 
681  and  leaves»  which  are  sometimes  deeply  cleft, 
usually  have  no  leaf-stalks  and  are  hairy 
and  light  yellowish -green  in  color.  The  flowers  are  pretty, 
grouped  in  rather  long  clusters,  and  arc  each  about  half  an 
inch  across,  with  a  hairy  calyx  and  a  corolla  delicately 
tinted  with  various  shades  of  clear  lilac  and  blue,  shading 
to  white  in  the  center,  with  long  narrow  appendages  in  the 
throat  between  the  stamens,  which  are  long  and  conspicu- 
ous, giving  a  feathery  appearance  to  the  cluster.  The 
anthers  are  dark  purple  and  mature  before  the  stigma,  and 
the  buds  are  pink  and  white.  This  grows  on  dry  hillsides, 
often  under  sage-brush. 


406 


Ph&celia  lineao-is. 


Fremontii. 


WATERLEAF  FAMILY.     Hydrophyllaceae. 


Phacelia  ^  Verv  hanc^some  kind,  though  rather 

Phacelia  coarse,  and  hairy  and  sticky  all  over,  but 

grandifldra  with  lovely,  delicate  flowers.     The  stems 

Lilac  are  from  one  to  three  feet  tall  and  the 

CaHrorrda  ^^  &reen  leaves  are  velvety  on  the  upper 

side  and  hairy  on  the  under.  The  flowers 
often  measure  two  inches  across,  with  a  lilac  or  mauve 
corolla,  shading  to  white  in  the  center,  flecked  and  streaked 
with  brown,  blue,  or  purple,  and  the  stamens  have  purple 
filaments  and  pale  yellow  anthers.  This  plant  is  un- 
pleasantly sticky,  with  a  viscid  fluid  which  stains  every- 
thing with  which  it  comes  in  contact,  is  poisonous  to  some 
people,  and  is  found  from  Santa  Barbara  to  San  Diego. 

This  is  a  white  variety,   with  pretty, 
Phactlia  visctda 

var.  albiflora          delicate  white  flowers.    Phaceha  viscida  is 
White  very  much  like  P.   grandiflora,  and  has 

Spring  ^  about  the  same  range,  but  is  not  so  large 

a  plant,  usually  about  a  foot  tall,  with 
smaller  flowers,  about  an  inch  across.  The  corollas  are 
blue,  with  purple  or  white  centers. 

Charming  flowers,   though  the  foliage 
Wild  Canterbury-  ig   rather   toQ   hairy>      The   ^^   reddigh 

Phacllia  stems    are     hairy,    brittle,    and     loosely 

Whitlavia  branching,  about  a  foot  tall,  and  the  leaves 

Purple  dun    green    and    hairy.      The    handsome 

California  flowers  are  in  graceful  nodding  clusters, 

with  a  bell-shaped  corolla,  about  an  inch 
long,  a  rich  shade  of  bluish-purple,  the  long  conspicuous 
stamens  and  pistils  giving  an  airy  look  to  the  blossoms. 
The  filaments  are  purple  and  the  anthers  almost  white 
and,  as  in  other  Phacelias,  when  the  corolla  drops  off  the 
long  forked  style  remains  sticking  out  of  the  calyx  like  a 
thread.  This  grows  in  light  shade  in  rich  moist  soil  in  the 
hills. 


408 


Wild  Canterbury-bell- 
P.Whitliwisx. 


ifc  viscid^  v&r.  aJbiflora. 


WATERLEAF  FAMILY.     Hydrophyllaceae. 


This  just  misses  being  a  very  pretty 
Abpine  Phacelia  .  J  .        , ^        * 

Phacelia  alplna  Plant>  for  the  leaves  are  attractive,  but  the 
Lilac  flowers  are  too  small  and  too  dull  in  color 

Summer  for  the  general  effect  to  be  good.     The 

Utah,  Nev.,  etc.  stcms  are  about  ten  inches  tall,  purplish 
and  downy,  and  the  leaves  are  dull  green  and  rather 
downy,  with  conspicuous  veins.  The  buds  are  hairy  and 
the  flowers  are  lilac  and  crowded  in  coiled  clusters,  to 
which  the  long  stamens  give  a  very  feathery  appearance. 
This  is  found  in  the  mountains,  as  far  east  as  Montana 
and  Colorado,  and  reaches  an  altitude  of  over  twelve 
thousand  feet. 

This  is  a  fine  plant,  from  six  to  eighteen 
Wild  Heliotrope      .  '     , 

Phacelia  crenuldta  mches  tall»  Wlth  Purplish  stems  and  hand- 
Lilac  some  coarse  foliage,  all  rough,  hairy,  and 
Spring  very  sticky.  The  flowers  are  lilac,  with 
Arizona  purple  stamens  and  pistil,  and  the  general 
effect  is  that  of  a  large  coarse  Heliotrope.  The  flowers  have 
a  pleasant  scent,  but  the  foliage  has  a  strong  and  disagree- 
able smell,  and  it  grows  on  the  plateau  in  the  Grand  Canyon. 

A  little  desert  plant,  not  very  pretty, 
Arizona  Phacelia        .  ,  11-          n  ,    n          r     ' 

Phacelia  with    several    hairy    flower-stalks,    from 

Arizonica  three  to  six  inches  tall,  springing  from  a 

White,  mauve  rosette  of  soft  thickish  leaves,  slightly 
hairy,  dull  green  in  color,  and  something 
the  shape  of  the  leaves  of  P.  Fremontii, 
but  the  lobes  not  nearly  so  small.  The  flowers  are  in 
tightly  coiled  clusters;  the  corolla  a  little  more  than  a 
quarter  of  an  inch  across,  dull  white,  with  a  pinkish  line  on 
each  lobe  and  lilac  anthers,  the  general  effect  being  mauve. 
There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Nemophila,  natives  of 
North  America,  mostly  California!!,  slender,  fragile  herbs, 
with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves,  more  or  less  d  vided,  and 
usually  large,  single  flowers,  with  rather  long  flower- 
stalks.  The  calyx  has  an  appendage,  resembling  an  extra 
little  sepal,  between. each  of  the  five  sepals,  which  makes 
these  plants  easy  to  recognize,  and  the  corolla  is  wheel- 
shaped  or  bell-shaped,  usually  with  ten,  small  appendages 
within,  at  the  base,  and  the  petals  are  rolled  up  in  the  bud; 
the  stamens  are  short;  the  styles  partly  united.  The  name 
is  from  the  Greek,  meaning  "grove  lover,"  because  these 
plants  like  the  shade. 

410 


Wild  Heliotrope- 
Ph&celia 


WATERLEAF  FAMILY.     Hydrophyllaceae, 


These  are  exceedingly  charming  little 
Baby  Blue-eyes» 
Mariana  plants,  with  slender,  weak,  hairy  stems, 

Nemophilainsignis  varying  a  good  deal  in  height,  but  usually 
Blue  and  white  low  and  spreading,  and  pretty,  light 

•  green,  soft,  hairy  foliage,  sprinkled  with 

ia  . 

many   lovely   flowers,   an   inch   or   more 

across,  with  hairy  calyxes  and  sky-blue  corollas,  which  are 
clear  white  in  the  center  and  more  or  less  specked  with 
brown,  with  ten  hairy  scales  in  the  throat.  The  blue  of 
their  bright  little  faces  is  always  wonderfully  brilliant,  but 
they  are  variable  and  are  usually  deeper  in  color  and  rather 
smaller  in  the  South.  This  is  one  of  the  commonest  kinds 
of  Nemophila  in  California  and  it  is  a  general  favorite. 
It  is  called  Mariana  by  the  Spanish  Californians. 

This  is  much  like  the  last,  but  it  is  a 
Baby  Blue-eyes 
Nemdphila  taller   and    more    slender   plant,    usually 

intermedia  about  ten  inches  high.     The  lovely  deli- 

Blue  and  white  cate  flowers  are  less  than  an  inch  across, 
Summer  with  light  blue  corollas,  usually  shading  to 

white  at  the  center  and  delicately  veined 
with  blue,  or  speckled  with  purple  dots.  This  grows  among 
the  underbrush. 

These     are     charming     flowers,     their 

Spotted  Ne-  corollas  oddly  and  prettily  marked.     The 

mophila 

Nemophila  weak,  hairy  stems,  from  three  to  twelve 

macul&ia  inches  long,  are  usually  spreading  and  the 

White  and  purple  leaves  are  opposite,  hairy,  and  light  green. 

Summer  The  flowers  are  about  an  inch  across,  with 

California 

hairy  calyxes  and  white  corollas,  which  are 

prettily  dotted  with  purple  and  usually  have  a  distinct 
indigo  spot  at  the  tip  of  each  petal,  which  gives  an  unusual 
effect.  The  filaments  are  lilac  and  the  anthers  and  pistil 
are  whitish.  This  is  common  in  meadows  around  Yosemite 
and  in  other  places  in  the  Sierras  at  moderate  altitudes. 


412 


Etaby  Blue-eyes-       Nemophil*  insignis. 


WATERLEAF  FAMILY.     Hydrophyllaceae. 


This  is  a  straggling  plant,  with  pretty 
Nemophila  delicate  flowers,  which  suggest  some  sort  of 

Nemdphila  aurlta   Nightshade.     The  stems  are  pale,  square, 
Purple  juicy  and  very  brittle,  from  one  to  three 

Summer  feet  long>  and  the  ieaves  are  bright  green 

and  most  of  them  are  alternate,  with  leaf- 
stalks which  are  winged  and  clasping  at  base.  The  backs 
of  the  leaves,  and  the  stems  and  calyxes,  are  covered  with 
hooked  bristles,  which  enable  the  plant  to  climb  over  its 
neighbors  and  give  it  the  feeling  of  Bed-straw  to  the  touch. 
The  flowers  are  nearly  an  inch  across,  with  purple  corollas, 
shading  to  white  in  the  center  and  paler  outside,  with 
purple  scales  in  the  throat  and  purple  stamens.  This  is 
rather  coarser  than  most  Nemophilas  and  grows  in  light 
shade  on  hillsides. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Conanthus,  low  hairy  herbs, 
with  alternate,  toothless  leaves.  The  calyx  and  corolla 
are  without  appendages;  the  stamens  are  not  protruding, 
and  are  unequal  in  length  and  unequally  inserted  in  the 
tube  of  the  corolla;  the  style  is  two-lobed  and  the  capsule 
is  roundish  and  contains  from  ten  to  twenty,  smooth  seeds. 
This  is  a  pretty  little  desert  plant, , 
Conanthus  spreading  its  branches  flat  on  the  ground  i 

Condnlhus  r»  «         •         ,    /•          r  •  i 

aretiotdes  ancl  beanng  tufts  of  grayish-green,  very 

Pink  hairy  foliage  and  a  number  of  charming ; 

Spring  little  flowers,  which  are  three-eighths  of  an  i 

Idaho,  Nev.,  •nc|1  acrosSj  wj£h  Very  hairy  calyxes  and ! 

bright  purplish-pink  corollas,  with  a  white 
and  yellow  "eye"  and  a  long,  slender,  yellow  tube,  which 
is  slightly  hairy  on  the  outside.  The  styles  and  anthers 
are  of  various  lengths  in  different  plants.  These  gay  little 
flowers  look  very  pretty  on  the  dreary  mesas  around  Reno 
and  suggest  some  sort  of  Gilia. 


414 


Climbing    Nemophila* 
Con^nthus  ^retioides.  N. 


WATERLEAF  FAMILY.     Hydrophyllacea* 


There  are  only  two  kinds  of  Romanzoffia. 

This    is    a    charming    little    perennial 
Romanzoffia 
Romanzoffia  Plant»    whlch    f°rms    beautiful    clumps    of 

sitchensis  delicate   foliage   and   flowers,    suggesting 

White  some    sort    of    Saxifrage.       The    many, 

Summer  smooth,  slender,  pale  green  stems,  from 

Northwest,  etc.  '.       .         '    f         &   . 

four  to  nine  inches  tall,  spring  from  slender, 

threadlike  rootstocks,  bearing  tubers,  and  the  leaves  are 
mostly  from  the  root,  smooth,  bright  green,  and  prettily 
scalloped,  with  long  leaf-stalks.  The  flowers  are  in  loose 
clusters  and  are  each  half  an  inch  or  more  long,  with  a 
white  corolla,  which  is  without  appendages  inside  and  is 
exceedingly  beautiful  in  texture,  with  yellow  stamens, 
unequally  inserted,  and  a  long,  threadlike  style,  with  a 
small  stigma.  These  little  plants  grow  in  moist,  shady 
spots  among  the  rocks,  as  far  north  as  Alaska  and  often 
reach  very  high  altitudes,  where  it  is  a  delight  to  find  their 
pearly  flowers  and  lovely  foliage  in  some  crevice  in  the 
cliffs  watered  by  a  glacier  stream.  These  plants  are  found 
as  far  north  as  Alaska  and  were  named  in  honor  of  Count 
Romanzoff,  who  sent  the  Kotzebue  expedition  to  Alaska. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Emmenanthe,  much  like 
Phacelia,  but  the  stamens  not  protruding,  and  the  corolla 
bell-shaped,  cream-color  or  yellow,  becoming  papery  in 
withering  and  not  falling  off,  hence  the  Greek  name, 
meaning  "lasting  flower." 

A  low  plant,  with  many,  downy  branches, 
Emmenanthe 

Emmendnihe  spreading  almost  flat  on  the  ground,  and 
lutea  small,  thickish  leaves,  light  dull  green,  and 

Yellow  slightly  downy.     The  flowers  are  rather 

?J>ring'1vTUmmer  more  than  a  quarter  of  an  inch  across, 
Idaho,  Nev.,  etc.  . 

with    hairy    calyxes,    and    bright    yellow 

corollas,  hairy  outside,  with  ten  little  appendages  inside, 
and  grow  in  coiled  clusters.  The  little  flowers  are  gay  and 
pretty  and  look  bright  and  cheerful  on  the  desert  sands 
where  they  live.  This  is  found  as  far  east  as  Oregon. 


Emmenanthe 


ifc  sitchensis. 


WATERLEAF  FAMILY.     Hydrophyllaceae. 


Pretty  plants,  from  eight  to  fourteen 
Whispering  Bells     .  *    *  ' 

Emm*ndn//>e  mches  tall>  wlth  branching,  hairy  stems 
pendulijldra  and  light  green,  soft,  downy  leaves.  The 

Yellowish  flowers  are  less  than  half  an  inch  long, 

Spring,  summer  with  le  Uow  corollas  and  are  at  first 
Southwest 

erect,  but  gradually  droop  until  they  hang 

gracefully  on  their  very  slender  pedicels.  They  become 
dry  and  papery  as  they  wither,  but  keep  their  form,  and 
when  the  wind  shakes  their  slender  stems  they  respond 
with  a  faint  rustling  sound.  This  grows  in  dry  places  and 
is  common  in  the  South.  In  Arizona  it  grows  only  in 
protected  canyons. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Hydrophyllum,  perennial  or 
biennial  herbs,  with  fleshy  running  rootstocks  and  large, 
more  or  less  divided  leaves,  mostly  alternate.  The  corolla 
is  bell-shaped/with  a  honey-gland  at  the  base  of  each  of  the 
petals,  which  are  rolled  up  in  the  bud.  The  filaments  are 
hairy,  the  style  two-cleft  above,  both  stamens  and  style 
are  generally  long  and  protruding,  and  the  ovary  is  one- 
celled  and  hairy,  containing  from  one  to  four  seeds. 

This  is  a  pretty  plant,  from  six  to 
twelve  inches  high,  with  a  rather  weak 
Hydrophyllum  stem  and  conspicuous  leaves,  which  are 
capithtum  alternate,  pale  green,  soft  and  downy,  or 

Lilac  hairy,  with  five  or  seven  divisions,  prettily 

Spring  lobed    and    cut,    with    rather    prominent 

Northwest,  Utah         .  ,  •    ,  •  , 

veins,  and  long,  succulent,  pinkish  leaf- 
stalks, sheathing  the  stem.  The  flowers  are  rather  small, 
with  short  pedicels,  and  a  number  are  crowded  together  in 
roundish  clusters,  about  an  inch  across,  with  almost  no 
flower-stalk.  The  calyx  is  covered  with  white  hairs,  the 
corolla  is  lilac  or  white,  somewhat  hairy  on  the  outside,  and 
the  stamens  and  style  are  long  and  conspicuous,  sticking 
out  like  cats'  whiskers  and  giving  a  pretty  feathery  appear- 
ance to  the  whole  cluster,  which  becomes  in  fruit  a  con- 
spicuous, very  fuzzy,  round  head,  covered  with  bristly 
white  hairs,  making  the  children's  quaint  common  name 
for  this  plant  quite  appropriate.  It  grows  in  rich  soil,  in 
mountain  woods,  and  is  one  of  the  earliest  spring  flowers. 
It  is  sometimes  called  Bear's  Cabbage,  but  this  name  is  far 
t'etched,  both  as  regards  bears  and  cabbages ! 

418 


Ccxt's  Breeches- 
Hydrophyllum 
c&pit&tum. 


Whispering  Bells         m 

Emmeruxnthe  pen|[fduliflor&c 


WATERLEAF  FAMILY.     HydrophyllacesLC. 


There  are  several  kinds  of  Eriodictyon,  shrubs,  with 
alternate,  toothed,  leathery,  evergreen  leaves,  which  are 
netted-veined,  generally  green  and  smooth  on  the  upper 
side  and  whitish  and  downy  on  the  under,  with  leaf -stalks; 
the  flowers  in  coiled  clusters;  the  corolla  more  or  less 
funnel-form  or  salver-form,  without  appendages  in  the 
tube;  the  stamens  and  the  two  distinct  styles  not  pro- 
truding; the  capsule  small,  with  few  seeds.  The  name  is 
from  the  Greek  for  "wool"  and  "net,"  in  allusion  to  the 
netted  wool  on  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves. 

A  branching   shrub,   from   two   to   six 

Yerba  Santa,  feet  h{  h  with  thickish  leaves  with  toothed 

Mountain  Balm  .          .. 

Eriodictyon  or  wavv  margins,  from  two  to  six  inches 

Califdmicum  long,  dark  and  shiny  on  the  upper  side, 
White,  lilac  pale  with  close  down  and  netted-veined  on 

Summer  the    un(}erside.       The    flowers    are    not 

Cal.,  Oreg.,  Wash.  -11 

especially  pretty,  about  half  an  inch  long, 

with  white,  lilac,  or  purple  corollas,  and  are  slightly  sweet 
scented.  The  leaves  are  strongly  and  pleasantly  aromatic 
when  they  are  crushed  and  were  used  medicinally  by  the 
Indians,  hence  the  Spanish  name,  meaning  "holy  herb." 
Cough-syrup  is  made  from  them  and  also  substitutes  for 
tobacco  and  hops.  This  grows  on  dry  hills  and  is  very 
variable,  being  sometimes  a  handsome  shrub.  There  are 
intermediate  forms  between  this  and  the  next,  E.  tomen- 
tosum,  which  are  difficult  to  distinguish. 

A  large   leafy   shrub,   about   five   feet 

high  and  mUCh  handsomer  than  the  last' 
Eriodictyon  with   velvety,   light  green   branches   and 

tomentdsum  very  velvety,  purplish  twigs.    The  beauti- 

Lttac  fui  leaves  are  veined  like  chestnut  leaves 

5pr!fg  .  and  made  of  the  thickest,   softest,   sea- 

Calif  orma  .  .      '       . 

green  or  gray  velvet,  like  a  mullein  leaf  in 

texture,  but  much  smoother  and  softer.  The  flowers  are 
three-quarters  of  an  inch  long,  with  a  pale  pinkish-lilac 
corolla,  shading  to  purple  and  white,  downy  on  the  outside, 
and  form  quite  handsome  clusters,  mixed  with  pretty  gray 
velvet  buds,  the  lilac  of  the  flowers  harmonizing  well  with 
the  gray  foliage.  This  grows  in  quantities  on  Point  Loma, 
and  other  places  along  the  coast,  from  San  Diego  to  Santa 
Barbara.  There  are  several  similar  varieties. 

420 


WoollyVerb^S&nt* 
E.tomentosurn 


Eriodictyon  \   |C^llforn  Icum 


BORAGE  FAMILY.     Boraginaceae. 


BORAGE     FAMILY.     Boraginaceae. 

A  large  family,  widely  distributed,  chiefly  rough-hairy 
herbs,  without  stipules;  usually  with  alternate,  toothless 
leaves;  flowers  usually  in  coiled,  one-sided  clusters;  calyx 
usually  with  five  sepals;  corolla  usually  symmetrical,  with 
five  united  petals,  often  with  crests  or  appendages  in  the 
throat;  stamens  five,  inserted  in  the  tube  of  the  corolla, 
alternate  with  its  lobes;  ovary  superior,  with  a  single, 
sometimes  two-cleft,  style,  and  usually  deeply  four-lobed, 
like  that  of  the  Mint  Family,  forming  in  fruit  four  seed-like 
nutlets.  Mature  fruit  is  necessary  to  distinguish  the 
different  kinds.  These  plants  superficially  resemble  some 
of  the  Waterleaf  Family,  but  the  four  lobes  of  the  ovary  are 
conspicuous. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Lappula,  chiefly  of  the  north  - 
temperate  zone;  leaves  narrow;  corolla  blue  or  white, 
salver-form  or  funnel-form,  with  a  very  short  tube,  the 
throat  closed  by  five  short  scales,  the  stamens,  with  short 
filaments,  hidden  in  the  tube;  ovary  deeply  four-lobed; 
style  short;  nutlets  armed  with  barbed  prickles,  forming 
burs,  giving  the  common  name,  Sticksecd,  and  the  Latin 
name,  derived  from  "bur."  Some  of  them  resemble 
Forget-me-nots,  but  are  not  true  Myosotis. 

Though  the  foliage  is  harsh,  this  plant 
White  Forget-        jg  SQ  gracefui  an(j  ]ms  such  pretty  flowers 

Ldppula  ^at  ^  *s  most  attractive.     It  is  from  ten 

subdecumbens  to  eighteen  inches  tall,  with  several 
White  yellowish,  hairy  stems,  springing  from  a 

Spring,  summer  perenniai  root  an(j  a  duster  of  root-leaves, 
Northwest 

the  stem-leaves  more  or  less  clasping  at 

base,  all  bluish-green,  covered  with  pale  hairs,  with 
prominent  veins  on  the  back  and  sparse  bristles  along  the 
edges.  The  flowers  form  handsome,  large,  loose  clusters 
and  the  hairy  buds  are  tightly  coiled.  The  calyx  is  hairy, 
with  blunt  lobes,  and  the  corolla,  about  half  an  inch  across, 
is  pure  white,  or  tinged  with  blue,  often  marked  with  blue, 
with  two  ridges  on  the  base  of  each  petal,  and  the  throat 
closed  by  five  yellow  crests,  surrounded  by  a  ring  of  fuzzy 
white  down.  This  grows  on  dry  plains  and  hillsides,  some- 
times making  large  clumps. 


White  Forget-me-not-         L^ppulao^subdecumbens 


BORAGE  FAMILY.     Boraginaceae. 


Beautiful  flowers,  resembling  true  For- 
get-me-nots,  but  larger,  with  velvety,  often 
Ldppulo  reddish  stems,  from  one  to  two  feet  tall, 

velutina  velvety  leaves,  and  flowers  in  handsome, 

Blue  loose,    somewhat    coiling    clusters.      The 

Summer  corolla  is  about  half  an  inch  across,  sky- 

Califomia 

blue,  the  most  brilliant  blue  of  any  flower 

in  Yosemite,  with  five,  white,  heart-shaped  crests  in  the 
throat;  the  buds  pink.  This  is  rather  common  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada  at  moderate  altitudes.  L.  nervosa,  of  high  alti- 
tudes, is  similar,  but  with  smaller  flowers,  the  leaves 
rough-hairy,  but  green.  This  has  very  prickly  nutlets, 
which  stick  in  the  wool  of  sheep  and  are  dreaded  by 
shepherds.  L.  floribunda,  also  growing  in  the  mountains  of 
California  and  Oregon,  has  similar,  small,  blue  flowers, 
sometimes  pink,  and  hairy,  gray  foliage.  L.  Calif ornica, 
of  the  northern  Sierra  Nevada  mountains,  has  small  white 
flowers. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Lithospermum,  chiefly  of  the 
northern  hemisphere;  with  reddish,  woody  roots,  hairy 
leaves,  without  leaf-stalks,  and  flowers  crowded  in  clusters, 
mixed  with  leaves  and  leafy  bracts;  corolla  funnel-form  or 
salver- form,  the  throat  often  hairy  or  crested ;  stamens  with 
short  filaments,  not  protruding  from  the  throat  of  the 
corolla;  ovary  four-lobed,  with  a  slender  style,  stigma  with  a 
round  head  or  two  lobes;  nutlets  usually  white  and  smooth. 
The  Greek  name  means  "stony  seed."  Puccoon  is  the 
Indian  name,  and  these  plants  are  also  called  Cromwell, 
and  sometimes  Indian  Dye-stuff,  because  the  Indians  made 
dye  from  the  roots,  which  yield  a  beautiful  delicate  purple 
color. 

A  rather  pretty  plant,  about  a  foot  tall, 
Hairy  Puccoon  w^  severai  stout,  yellowish-green  stems, 
Lithospermum  '  '  J  .  1  r 

pildsum  covered  with  white  hairs  and  very  leafy, 

Yellow  springing    from    a    thick    perennial    root. 

Spring,  summer  The  leaves  are  bluish-gray  green  and 
Northwest,  Utah,  downy  harsh  on  the  under  side  and  the 
etc. 

flowers    are     numerous     and     pleasantly 

scented,  with  a  very  hairy  calyx  and  a  salver-form  corolla, 
about  three-eighths  of  an  inch  across,  silky  outside,  the 
throat  downy  inside,  but  without  crests.  The  flowers  are 

424 


Hai  ry  Raccoon  - 
Lithospermum  pllosum.1  • 


BORAOE  FAMILY.     Boraginaceae. 


yellow,  an  unusual  shade  of  pale  corn-color,  and  harmonize 
with  the  pale  foliage,  but  are  not  conspicuous,  and  the 
flower  cluster  is  so  crowded  with  leaves  and  leafy  bracts 
that  it  is  not  effective.  This  grows  in  dry  fields,  as  far 
east  as  Nebraska,  and  sometimes  makes  pretty  little 
bushes,  over  two  feet  across. 

These  are  pretty  flowers,  but  have  a 
Pretty  Puccoon 
Lithospermum        disagreeable  smell.     They  are  perennials, 

angustifblium  with  a  deep  root  and  hairy  or  downy, 
Yellow  branching  stems,  from  six  inches  to  two 

Spnns  feet  high,  and  hairy  or  downy  leaves,  which 

are  rather  grayish  green.  The  flowers  are 
in  terminal  leafy  clusters  and  are  of  two  sorts.  The  corollas 
of  the  earlier  ones  are  very  pretty,  clear  bright  yellow, 
sometimes  nearly  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  with  toothed 
lobes,  which  are  charmingly  ruffled  at  the  edges,  and  with 
crests  in  the  throat,  but  the  later  flowers  are  small,  pale, 
and  inconspicuous.  This  grows  in  dry  places,  especially  on 
the  prairies,  and  is  very  widely  distributed  in  the  western 
and  west  central  states. 

This  has  a  rough,  hairy  stem,  about  a 
IMk^ptrmum  foot  tall»  and  dul1  green,  rough,  hairy 
multiflorum  leaves,  with  bristles  along  the  edges.  The 

Yellow  yellow  flowers  are  half  an  inch  long  and 

Summer  form  rather  pretty  coiicd  clusters.     This 

Ariz.,  Utah,  etc. 

grows  in  open  woods  at  the  Grand  Can- 
yon, and  is  found  as  far  east  as  New  Mexico  and  Colorado. 
There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Amsinckia,  natives  of 
the  western  part  of  our  country  and  of  Mexico  and  South 
America.  They  are  rather  difficult  to  distinguish,  rough, 
hairy  or  bristly,  annual  herbs,  the  bristles  usually  from  a 
raised  base,  and  with  yellow  flowers,  in  curved,  rather 
showy,  clusters.  The  corolla  is  more  or  less  salver-form, 
without  crests,  but  with  folds;  the  stamens  and  pistil  not 
protruding,  the  stigma  two-lobed.  In  order  to  insure  cross 
pollination  by  insects,  in  some  kinds  the  flowers  are  of  two 
types,  as  concerns  the  insertion  of  the  stamens  on  the 
corolla  and  the  length  of  the  style.  Several  of  these  plants 
are  valuable  in  Arizona  for  early  spring  stock  feed,  and  the 
leaves  of  young  plants  are  eaten  by  the  Pima  Indians  for 
greens  and  salads. 

426 


Pretty  Raccoon-  Cromwell  - 

Li  th  os  per  mum  angustifolium.       L.multif  lorum. 


BORAGE  FAMILY.     Boraginaceac. 


This  has  bright  flowers,  but  the  foliage 
?!a"fto  G°rd0'      is  dreadfully  harsh.    The  stem  is  from  one 

x1  ladle-neck, 

Buckthorn  Weed  to  three  ^eet  tall,  often  widely  branching, 

Amsinckia  with  white  bristles  scattered  over  it,  and 

intermedia  the    leaves   are    dull    green   and   bristly. 

The  flowers  are  pretty,  about  half  an  inch 
Spring,  summer 
•yyest  long,    with    narrow    sepals    and    bnght 

orange  coi-ollas,  with  five  bright  red  spots 
between  the  lobes.  The  nutlets  are  roughened  with  short, 
hard  points.  These  plants  are  very  common  and  some- 
times form  rank  thickets  in  fields  and  waste  places.  They 
are  very  abundant  in  southern  Arizona  and  are  valued  as  a 
grazing  plant  for  stock  and  are  therefore  known  as  Saccato 
Gordo,  which  means  "fat  grass." 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Cryptanthe,  most  of  them 
western  and  difficult  to  distinguish.  They  are  slender, 
hairy  plants,  with  small  flowers,  which  are  usually  white,  in 
coiled  clusters;  the  calyx  bristly;  the  corolla  funnel-form, 
usually  with  five  crests  closing  the  throat;  the  nutlets 
never  wrinkled.  These  plants  resemble  white  Forget-me- 
nots  and  are  sometimes  so  called.  The  Greek  name  means 
"hidden  flower, "  perhaps  because  of  the  minute  flowers  of 
some  kinds. 

A  rather  attractive  little  plant,  but  in- 
Nievitas 
Cryptanthe  conspicuous    except    when    it    grows    in 

intermedia  patches,  when  it  powders  the  fields  with 

Whjte  white,  like  a  light  fall  of  snow,  and  suggests 

p"n^  .  the    pretty    Spanish    name,    which    is    a 

diminutive  of  "nieve, "  or  snow.  The 
slender,  roughish  stem  is  about  ten  inches  tall,  the  light 
green  leaves  are  hairy,  with  fine  bristles  along  the  edges, 
and  the  pretty  little  flowers  are  white,  about  a  quarter  of 
an  inch  across,  with  yellow  crests  in  the  throat.  Pop- 
corn Flower,  Plagiobbthrys  nothofiilvus,  of  the  Northwest, 
is  also  called  Nievitas,  as  it  often  whitens  the  ground 
with  its  small,  fragrant,  white  flowers,  which  are  very  much 
like  the  last. 


428 


N?evit&$- 

Cryptanthe 
intermedia 


Gordo  - 

Amsinckia 

intermedia. 


BORAGE  FAMILY.     Boraginaccac. 


There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Mertensia,  natives  of 
the  northern  hemisphere.  They  are  handsome  perennials, 
never  very  hairy  and  sometimes  perfectly  smooth  all  over, 
with  leafy  stems  and  broad  leaves,  sometimes  dotted,  the 
lower  ones  with  leaf-stalks.  The  pretty,  nodding  flowers 
are  in  clusters  and  have  a  purple,  blue,  or  white  corolla, 
often  turning  pink,  more  or  less  trumpet-shaped,  the  lobes 
not  spreading  much,  the  throat  open,  with  or  without 
crests;  the  ovary  deeply  four-lobed,  with  a  threadlike 
style  and  one  stigma;  the  nutlets  wrinkled.  These  plants 
are  all  commonly  called  Lungwort. 

A  very  attractive  and  graceful  moun- 
Lungwort  tain  plant,   with  pretty  flowers  and  fine 

Mertensia  Sibirica  foliage.  The  stems  are  hollow  and  usually 
Blue  smooth,  from  one  to  five  feet  tall,  and  the 

Summer  leaves  are  rather  thin  and  soft  in  texture, 

Northwest  ,  4I,  ,, 

usually  smooth,   with  a      bloom.       The 

flowers  are  in  handsome  loose  clusters,  most  of  them 
drooping,  and  have  a  corolla  over  half  an  inch  long,  which 
is  a  beautiful  shade  of  bright  light  blue,  often  tinged  with 
pink,  with  white  crests  in  the  throat,  and  the  style  is  long 
and  protruding.  The  buds  are  bright  pink,  contrasting 
well  with  the  blue  flowers.  This  grows  near  streams,  in  the 
higher  mountains.  It  is  often  called  Mountain  Bluebell, 
but  that  name  belongs  to  Campanula  and  is  therefore 
misleading.  (This  has  recently  been  "separated"  into 
several  species.) 

This  is  an  attractive  plant  and  looks 
Lungwort 

Mertensia  a   g°°d    deal    like   a    Forget-me-not.      It 

brevisiyla  grows  from  four  to  ten  inches  tall  and  has 

Blue  dull  bluish-green  leaves,  which  are  downy 

o?mWyo     °n  the  Upper  Side  and  smooth  on  the  under' 
and  graceful  clusters  of  pretty  little  flowers. 

The  buds  are  pinkish-purple  and  the  flowers  are  small, 
with  hairy  calyxes  and  brilliant  sky-blue  corollas,  the 
stamens  and  style  not  protruding.  This  grows  in  mountain 
canyons,  up  to  an  altitude  of  seven  thousand  feet. 


430 


i 
M.brevistylsu 


BORAGE  FAMILY.     Boraginaceae. 


There  are  many  kinds  of  Heliotrope,  widely  distributed 
in  temperate  and  tropical  regions;  ours  have  small,  white 
or  blue  flowers,  in  coiled  spikes;  the  corolla  salver-form  or 
funnel-form,  without  crests  or  hairs;  the  stamens  not 
protruding,  the  filaments  short  or  none,  the  anthers  some- 
times joined  by  their  pointed  tips;  the  ovary  not  four- 
lobed,  but  sometimes  grooved,  with  a  short  style,  the 
stigma  cone-shaped  or  round. 

This  is  not  a  pretty  plant  and  is  rather 

Sea-side     eho-      insignificant  because  of  its  dull  coloring. 

trope,  Chinese  6 

pusley  It  iorms  low,  branching,  straggling  clumps, 

Helioirdpium          with    thickish    stems   and    leaves,    which 
Curassavicum         are  succulent  and  perfectly  smooth,  with  a 

^hlte  "bloom,"  and  the  flowers  are  small,  the 

Summer,  autumn 

Cal.  Oreg    etc      corolla  white  or  pale  lilac,  with  a  yellow 

"eye"  which  changes  to  purple,  forming 
crowded  coiled  spikes,  mostly  in  pairs,  without  bracts. 
The  fruit  consists  of  four  nutlets.  This  1.5  widely  dis- 
tributed, in  moist,  salty  or  alkaline  places,  growing  also 
in  the  East  and  in  South  America  and  the  Old  World. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Oreocarya,  natives  of  western 
North  America  and  Mexico,  coarse,  hairy,  perennial  or 
biennial  herbs,  with  thick  woody  roots;  the  leaves  narrow, 
alternate  or  from  the  root;  the  flowers  small,  mostly  white, 
in  clusters,  with  a  funnel-form  or  salver-form  corolla,  usually 
with  crests  and  folds  in  the  throat;  the  stamens  not  pro- 
truding; the  style  usually  short.  The  name  is  from  the 
Greek,  meaning  "mountain-nut,"  which  docs  not  seem 
very  appropriate. 

A  rather  pretty  plant,  about  six  inches 
Oreocarya 
Oreocbrya  tall,  not  rough  and  harsh  like  most  kinds 

of  Oreocarya,  for  the  pale  grayish-green 
stem  and  leaves  are  covered  with  white 


Spring  down.    The  flowers  are  quite  pretty,  about 

Ariz.,  Utah,  «tc.  .  .M 

three-eighths    of    an    inch    across,    with 

white  corollas,  with  yellow  crests,  in  the  throat.  This  is 
found  as  far  east  as  southern  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 
0.  setosissima  is  quite  tall,  growing  in  the  Grand  Canyon, 
and  has  a  large  cluster  of  small  white  flowers  and  is  harsh 
and  hairy  all  over,  covered  with  such  long  stiff  white 
hairs  as  to  make  it  conspicuous  and  very  unpleasant  to 
touch. 

432 


Chinese 
Pusley- 
Heliotropium 
Cur&ssavicum 


multic^ulis 


VERBENA  FAMILY.     Verbcnaccac. 


VERBENA  FAMILY.     Verbenoceoe. 

A  large  family,  widely  distributed;  herbs  and  shrubs; 
leaves  opposite,  or  in  whorls;  flowers  perfect,  in  clusters; 
calyx  with  four  or  five  lobes  or  teeth;  corolla  with  four  or 
five  united  lobes,  almost  regular  or  two- lipped ;  stamens  on 
the  corolla,  usually  four,  in  two  sets;  ovary  superior,  with 
one  style  and  one  or  two  stigmas,  when  ripe  separating 
into  from  two  to  four,  one-seeded  nutlets. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Verbena,  chiefly  American; 
perennials;  calyx  tubular,  with  five  teeth;  corolla  usually 
salver-form,  with  five  lobes,  usually  slightly  two-lipped; 
stigmas  with  two  lobes,  only  the  larger  lobe  fertile;  fruit 
four  nutlets.  This  is  the  Latin  name  of  some  sacred  plant. 

This  is  very  much  like  a  garden  Verbena, 
Wild  Verbena 
Verbtna  an  attractive  little  plant,  from  four  to  six 

Arizonica  inches  tall,  with  hairy  stems  and  prettily 

shaped  leaves,  dull  green,  soft  and  hairy. 
The  gay  little  flowers  are  about  half  an 
inch  across,  with  a  bright  pinkish-lilac 
corolla,  with  a  white  or  yellowish  "eye,"  and  a  sticky- 
hairy  calyx,  and  form  a  charming  flat-topped  cluster. 
This  grows  among  the  rocks,  above  the  Desert  Laboratory 
at  Tucson  and  in  similar  places. 

A  loosely-branching  plant,  from  one  to 
Common  Vervain  two  feet  tall,  with  dull  green,  hairy  stems, 
Verbena  prostrata  dull  green,  soft,  hairy  leaves,  and  very 

small  flowers  in  a  long  spike,  too  few  open 
spring,  summer,  „       .  _,  .     . 

autumn  at  one  time  to  De  effective.    The  corolla  is 

California  lilac  or  bluish,  often  with  a  magenta  tube 

and  magenta  "eye."     This  grows  in  dry 
open  hill  country. 

MINT  FAMILY.     Labiatae. 

A  very  large  family,  with  distinctive  characteristics; 
widely  distributed.  Ours  are  herbs  or  low  shrubs,  generally 
aromatic,  with  usually  square  and  hollow  stems;  leaves 
opposite,  with  no  stipules;  flowers  perfect,  irregular,  in 
clusters,  usually  with  bracts;  calyx  usually  five- toothed, 
frequently  two-lipped;  corolla  more  or  less  two-lipped, 
apper  lip  usually  with  two  lobes,  lower  lip  with  three; 
stamens  usually  four,  in  pairs,  on  the  corolla-tube,  alter- 
434 


Wild  Verbena- V.Arizonica* 


Common  Vervain-  Verbeh*  prostr&t*. 


MINT  FAMILY.     Lablatae. 


nate  with  its  lobes;  ovary  superior,  with  four  lobes,  sepsu 
rating  when  ripe  into  four,  small,  smooth,  one-seeded 
nutlets,  surrounding  the  base  of  the  two-lobed  style,  like 
the  four  nutlets  of  the  Borage  Family,  but  the  flowers  of  the 
latter  are  regular.  These  plants  are  used  medicinally  and 
include  many  herbs  used  for  seasoning,  such  as  Sage, 
Thyme,  etc. 

There  are  a  few  kinds  of  Micromeria;  trailing  perennials; 
flowers  small;  calyx  tubular,  with  five  teeth;  corolla  two- 
lipped,  with  a  straight  tube;  stamens  four,  all  with  anthers, 
not  protruding.  The  Greek  name  means  "small." 

An  attractive  little  plant,  resembling 
the  Httle  eastern  Gill-over-the-ground, 
with  slender  trailing  stems,  slightly  downy 
Chamissdnis  foliage,  and  lilac  or  whitish  flowers,  about 
(M.  DouglasH)  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long.  The  calyx  and 

Lilac,  white  corolla    are    hairy    on    the    outside;    the 

Spring,  summer 

Cal.  Oreg.,  Wash.  cor°Ua  has  an  erect  upper  lip,  sometimes 
notched,    and    a    spreading,    three-lobed 
lower  lip,  and  the  stamens  are  four,  the  lower  pair  shorter. 
This  is  common  in  shady  places  near  the  coast.    It  has  a    i 
pleasant  aromatic  fragrance  and  was  used  medicinally  by 
California  Indians,  so  it  was  called  "good  herb"  by  the    j 
Mission  Fathers,  and  is  still  used  as  a  tea  by  Spanish- 
Calif  ornians,  who  call  it  Yerba  Buena  del  Campo,  "field 
herb,"  distinguishing  it  from  Yerba  Buena  del  Poso,  "herb 
of  the  well,"  the  garden  mint. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Monardella,  fragrant  herbs,  , 
all  western,  chiefly  Californian;  leaves  mostly  toothless; 
flowers  small,  in  terminal  heads,  on  long  flower-stalks,  with 
bracts,  which  are  often  colored;  calyx  tubular,  with  five, 
nearly  equal  teeth;  corolla  with  erect  upper  lip,  two-cleft, 
lower  lip  with  three,  nearly  equal  lobes;  stamens  four, 
protruding,  sometimes  the  lower  pair  longer. 

An  attractive  plant,  pretty  in  color  and 
Western  Penny-    f  with     purplish      often     branching 

royal, j  Mustang 
2£int  stems,  from  six  inches  to  over  two  feet 

Monardella  high,   smooth   leaves,   and    small    bright 

lanceolata  pinkish-lilac  flowers,  crowded  in  terminal 

¥la(  heads,  about  an  inch  across,  with  purplish 

California  bracts.     The  outer  ring  of  flowers  blooms 

first  and  surrounds  a  knob  of  small  greel 

4.36 


Micromer'&Chamissonis 


Wasting  Min*~ 


Mon&rdella  l&nceol&ta, 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labiatae. 


buds,  so  that  the  effect  of  the  whole  flower-head  slightly 
suggests  a  thistle.  This  has  a  strong,  pleasant  smell  like 
Pennyroyal  and  is  abundant  in  Yosemite,  and  elsewhere  in 
the  Sierra  Nevada  foothills. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Ramona,  abundant  in  southern 
California;  shrubby  plants,  with  wrinkled  leaves  and 
flowers  like  those  of  Salvia,  except  for  differences  in  the 
filaments;  stamens  two.  They  are  very  important  honey- 
plants,  commonly  called  Sage,  and  by  some  botanists 
considered  to  be  a  species  of  Salvia. 

A  low  desert  shrub,  from  two  to  three 
Desert  Ramona       , 

Ramona  incdna  fcet  hlgh>  varying  very  much  in  colcr. 
(Audibertid)  On  the  plateau  in  the  Grand  Canyon  it  is 

Blue  delicate  and  unusual  in  coloring,  with  pale 

Spring  gray,    woody    stems    and    branches    and 

Southwest 

small,  stimsh,  gray-green,  toothless  leaves, 

covered  with  white  down.  The  small  flowers  are  bright 
blue,  projecting  from  close  whorls  of  variously  tinted 
brants,  and  have  long  stamens,  protruding  from  the 
corolla-tube,  with  blue  filaments  and  yellow  anthers,  and 
a  blue  style.  The  bracts  are  sometimes  lilac,  sometimes 
pale  blue,  or  cream-color,  but  always  form  delicate  pastelle 
shades,  peculiar  yet  harmonizing  in  tone  with  the  vivid 
blue  of  the  flowers  and  with  the  pale  foliage.  This  is 
strongly  aromatic  when  crushed.  In  the  Mohave  Desert  it 
is  exceedingly  handsome,  but  the  coloring  is  often  less 
peculiar,  as  the  foliage  is  not  quite  so  pale  as  in  other 
places,  such  as  the -Grand  Canyon,  and  the  flowers  vary 
from  blue  to  lilac  or  white.  It  blooms  in  spring  and  when 
its  clumps  of  purple  are  contrasted  with  some  of  the  yellow 
desert  flowers,  clustered  about  the  feet  "of  the  dark  Joshua 
Trees  which  grow  around  Hesperia,  the  effect  is  very  fine. 
This  is  a  handsome  and  very  decorative 
Humming-bird  plant>  thoug^  rather  coarse  and  sticky,. 

Ramona  grandi-  with  a  stout>  bronze-colored  stem,  which 
flora  (Audibertia)  is  woody  at  base,  from  two  to  three  feet 
Red  tall,  and  velvety,  wrinkled  leaves,  from: 

three  to  eight  inches  long,  with  scalloped 
edges  and  white  with  down  on  the  under 
side.     The  flowers  are  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  with  crim- 
son corollas  of  various  fine  shades,  which  project  from  the 
crowded    whorls    of   broad,    bronze    or    purplish    bracts, 
438 


Humming-bird   Sage-    X    j?          R&mona  gr&ndiflora 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labiatac. 


arranged  in  tiers  along  the  stem.  Sometimes  there  are  as 
many  as  nine  of  these  clusters  and  the  effect  of  the  whole  is 
dark  and  very  rich,  especially  in  shady  places.  This  is 
common  in  the  hills,  from  San  Francisco  south.  Humming- 
birds are  supposed  to  be  its  only  visitors. 

A    very    conspicuous,    shrubby    plant. 
White  Ball  Sage  ,,         -,  ^         -m      1     o 

Ramdna  nivea  much  handsomer  than  Black  Sage,  from 
(Audibertia)  three  to  six  feet  high,  with  many,  downy, 

Lilac  stout,  leafy  stems,  woody  below,  forming 

Spring  enormous   clumps  of   pale   foliage.     The 

California 

leaves  are  covered  with  pale  down  and  are 

a  delicate  shade  of  sage-green  and  feel  like  soft  thick 
velvet,  and  the  mauve  or  lilac  flowers,  about  three-quarters 
of  an  inch  long,  are  arranged  in  a  scries  of  very  round, 
compact  balls  along  the  stiff  stalks.  This  is  a  honey-plant 
and  smells  strong  of  sage,  and  is  common  in  the  South, 
giving  a  beautiful  effect  of  mingled  mauve  and  gray. 

Not  so  handsome  as  the  last,  but  a  very 

White  Sage  conspicuous  plant,  ou  account  of  its  size 

Ramona  poly-  r                              .          . 

sitichya  (Audi-  anc*  t"e  Pa^e  tmt  °*  lts  f°nage»  though  the 

bertia),  (Salvia  flowers  are  too  dull  in  color  to  be  striking. 

apiana)  it  is  shrubby  and  has  a  number  of  stems, 

White,  lilac  which  form  a  loose  clump  from  three  to 

Spring 

California  s^x  ^eet  n^^»  with  rat-hcr  leathery,  resinous 

leaves,  all  but  the  upper  ones  with  scal- 
loped edges,  and  the  whole  plant  is  covered  with  fine 
white  down,  so  that  the  general  effect  is  pale  gray,  blending 
with  the  white  or  pale  lilac  flowers  and  purplish  buds.  The 
flowers  are  about  half  an  inch  long  and  arc  very  queer  in 
form,  for  the  only  conspicuous  part  is  the  lower  lip,  which 
is  very  broad  with  a  ruffled  edge  and  is  turned  straight  up 
and  backward,  so  as  to  conceal  almost  all  the  rest  of  the 
flower.  The  long  jointed  stamens,  which  arc  borne  on  the 
lower  lip,  stand  out  awkwardly  like  horns  and  from  one 
side  of  the  flower's  face  a  long  white  pistil  sticks  out,  with 
something  the  effect  of  a  very  long  cigar  hanging  out  of  the 
corner  of  its  mouth !  All  these  eccentric  arrangements  are 
apparently  for  the  purpose  of  securing  cross-pollination 
from  the  bees,  which  frequent  these  flowers  by  the  thou- 


440 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labiatae. 


sand,  as  this  is  a  famous  bee-plant  and  the  white  honey 
made  from  it  is  peculiarly  delicious.  It  grows  abundantly 
in  valleys  and  on  hillsides,  from  Santa  Barbara  to  San 
Diego,  and  has  a  very  strong  disagreeable  smell. 

A  conspicuous  shrubby  plant,  from 
Black  Sage,  three  to  six  feet  high^  with  stjflgsh  leaves, 

Ramdna  stocky-  which  are  downy  on  the  under  side, 
o\des  (Audibertia)  wrinkled  on  the  upper,  and  grayish-green 
Lilac,  white  and  downy  when  young,  but  become 

^pr!fg  .  smoother  and  dark  green  as  they  grow 

California 

older.    The  flowers  are  pale  lilac  or  white, 

half  an  inch  long,  and  the  calyx-lobes  and  bracts  are  tipped 
with  bristles.  The  compact  flower  clusters,  usually  about 
five  in  number  and  rather  small,  are  arranged  in  tiers  on 
long  slender  stalks,  which  stand  up  stiffly  all  over  the 
bush.  This  is  common  on  southern  hillsides,  often  forming 
dense  thickets  for  long  distances,  smells  strong  of  sage  and 
is  an  important  bee-plant. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Hyptis,  very  abundant  in 
South  America  and  Mexico,  but  only  a  few  reaching  the 
southwestern  border  of  our  country;  the  calyx  with  five 
almost  equal  teeth;  the  corolla  short,  the  lower  lip  sac- 
shaped  and  abruptly  turned  back,  the  other  four  lobes 
nearly  equal  and  flat;  the  stamens  four,  included  in  the 
sac  of  the  lower  lobe. 

A  shrub,  from  three  to  five  feet  high, 
Hyptis  Emoryi  w^  very  Pale»  roundish,  woody  stems 
Purple  and  branches  and  small,  very  pale  gray 

Spring  leaves,    thickish   and   soft,    covered   with 

Arizona  white  woouy  down.     The  little  fragrant, 

bluish-purple  flowers,  with  white  woolly  calyxes,  are 
crowded  in  close  clusters  about  an  inch  long.  Only  a  few 
flowers  are  out  at  one  time  and  they  are  too  small  to  be 
pretty,  but  the  effect  of  the  shrub  as  a  whole  is  rather 
conspicuous  and  attractive,  on  account  of  its  delicate 
coloring,  the  lilac  of  the  flower-clusters  harmonizing  with 
the  gray  foliage,  which  gives  out  a  very  strong  smell  of 
sage  when  crushed.  This  grows  among  the  rocks  above  the 
Desert  Laboratory  at  Tucson  and  in  similar  places,  bloom- 
ing in  early  spring  and  much  visited  by  bees. 


442 


Hyptis- 
Elmoryi. 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labiatae 


There   are   several   kinds   of   Prunella, 

Self-heal  widely  distributed,  but  this  is  the  only  one 

Prunella  vulgbns  . 

Purple  common  in  this  country  and  is  probably 

Spring,  summer,  not  native.  It  is  abundant  in  dampish 
autumn  places,  in  the  far  West  often  staying  green 

Across  the  a^  wmter,  a  perennial,  sometimes  hairy, 

continent 

from  two  inches  to  over  a  foot  high.    The 

leaves,  often  obscurely  toothed,  have  leaf -stalks  and  the 
small  flowers  are  crowded  in  a  series  of  whorls,  with  pur- 
plish bracts  and  forming  a  spike  or  head.  The  calyx  is  two- 
lipped,  with  five  teeth  and  often  purplish,  and  the  corolla  is 
purple,  pink,  or  occasionally  white,  with  an  arched  upper 
lip,  a  spreading,  three-lobed  lower  lip,  and  four  stamens, 
under  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla,  the  lower  pair  longer. 
This  is  usually  not  pretty,  but  in  favorable  situations  in 
the  West  is  often  handsome,  with  brighter-colored,  larger 
flowers.  The  name,  often  spelled  Brunella,  is  said  to 
be  derived  from  an  old  German  word  for  an  affection  of  the 
throat,  which  this  plant  was  supposed  to  cure.  There  is  a 
picture  in  Mr.  Mathews'  Field  Book. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Stachys,  widely  distributed; 
herbs,  often  hairy,  with  a  disagreeable  smell ;  the  calyx  with 
five,  nearly  equal  teeth ;  the  corolla  with  a  narrow  tube,  the 
upper  lip  erect,  the  lower  lip  spreading  and  three-lobed,  the 
middle  lobe  longest;  the  stamens  four,  in  pairs,  usually 
under  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla. 

This  is  a  handsome  plant,  with  a  stout, 
Hedge  Nettle  . 

St&chys  cili&ta          r°USh'  haiIT  stem'  OVer  tw°  feet  tal1'  and 

Magenta  very  bright  green  leaves,  which  are  thin  in 

Spring,  summer  texture  but  velvety.  The  flowers  are  in 
whorls,  making  a  large  cluster,  and  have  a 
purplish  calyx,  smooth  or  with  a  few  stiff  hairs,  and  a 
corolla  about  an  inch  long,  deep  pink  or  magenta,  some- 
times spotted  with  white  inside.  Though  the  flowers  are 
rather  crude  in  color,  they  contrast  finely  with  the  bright 
green  foliage.  S.  coccinea  is  a  very  handsome  kind,  with 
a  tubular  scarlet  corolla,  and  grows  in  the  mountain 
canyons  oi  Arizona. 


444 


Hedge  Nettl 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labiatae. 


This  is  common  and  varies  in  appear* 
Common  Hedge 
Nettle  ance,  being  often  a  coarse-looking  weed, 

St&chys  bulldia  but  sometimes  the  flowers  are  pretty. 
Pink,  purple  The  rough,  hairy  stem  is  about  a  foot  tall, 

Spring,  summer  the  wrinkled  leaves  are  soft  and  more  or 
Wash.,  Oreg.,  Cal.  , 

less  hairy,  and  the  flowers  are  about  half 

an  inch  long,  usually  pale  purplish-pink  or  purple,  streaked 
and  specked  with  deeper  color,  but  are  sometimes  bright 
pink  and  then  the  long  clusters  are  quite  effective,  growing 
in  the  road-side  hedges.  The  plant  is  aromatic  when 
crushed. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Scutellaria,  widely  distributed; 
bitter  herbs,  some  shrubby,  with  blue  or  lilac  flowers;  the 
calyx  with  two  lips,  the  upper  one  with  a  protuberance  on 
its  back;  the  corolla  smooth  inside,  the  upper  lip  arched, 
sometimes  notched,  the  lower  lip  more  or  less  three-lobed; 
the  stamens  four,  under  the  lip,  all  with  anthers,  the  upper 
pair  hairy.  The  curious  helmet-shaped  calyx,  in  which  the 
seeds  are  generally  enclosed  at  maturity,  suggests  the 
common  names,  Skullcap  and  Helmet-flower. 

A   pleasing   plant,   from   six   inches   to 
ScuteMria  over  a  ^°°^  ta^'  not  aromatic,  with  almost 

angusiifdlia  smooth  leaves,   most  of  them  toothless. 

Blue  The  flowers  are  pretty,  though  not  striking, 

Spring,  summer      {  ifs   frQm    th  j          f    th      lea 

Cal.,  Oreg.,  Wash.      .  ,p 

with   a   purplish-blue   corolla,    nearly   an 

inch  long,  with  a  white  tube,  the  lower  lip  woolly  inside. 
The  calyx  is  curiously  shaped  and  after  the  flower  drops 
off  resembles  a  tiny  green  bonnet.  When  these  little 
calyxes  are  pinched  from  the  sides  they  open  their  mouths 
and  show  the  seeds  inside.  This  is  quite  common  through- 
out the  Sierras.  5.  antirrhinoides  is  similar,  growing  in 
Utah  and  the  Northwest.  S.  Californica  has  cream-white 
flowers,  less  than  an  inch  long,  the  lower  lip  hairy  inside, 
and  downy  leaves,  narrow  at  base,  the  lower  leaves  pur* 
plish  on  the  under  side  and  more  or  less  toothed,  the  upper 


Common  Hedge  Nettle 
Stachys  bu 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labiatae. 


ones  toothless.  It  grows  in  open  woods  in  the  Coast 
Ranges  and  Sierra  Nevada  mountains.  S.  tuberosa  is  from 
three  to  five  inches  high,  with  tuberous  rootstocks;  the 
leaves  more  or  less  oval,  downy,  thin  in  texture,  with  a. 
few  teeth,  the  lower  ones  purplish  on  the  under  side,  with 
long  leaf-stalks,  the  flowers  dark  blue,  about  three-quarters 
of  an  inch  long,  each  pair,  instead  of  standing  out  at 
opposite  sides  of  the  stem,  generally  turn  sociably  together, 
first  to  one  side  and  then  to  the  other.  This  blooms  in 
spring  and  grows  in  the  Coast  Ranges  of  California  and 
Oregon. 

This  is  the  only  kind,  a  very  curious . 
Bladder-bush 
Salazdria  spiny  desert  shrub,  about  three  feet  high, 

Mexic&na  varying  a  great  deal  in  general  appearance 

Blue  and  white  in  different  situations.  The  stems  and 
foliage  are  gray-green  and  imperceptibly 
downy  and  the  flowers  are  over  three- 
quarters  of  an  inch  long,  with  a  corolla  which  is  hairy 
outside  and  has  a  lilac  and  white  upper  lip  and  a  dark 
blue  lower  one.  The  calyxes  become  inflated  and  form 
very  curious  papery  globes,  over  half  an  inch  in  diameter, , 
very  pale  in  color,  tinged  with  yellow,  pink,  or  lilac,  and 
extremely  conspicuous.  In  the  desert  around  Needles, 
in  California,  the  general  form  of  the  shrub  is  very  loose 
and  straggling,  with  slender  twisting  branches  and  small, 
pale  gray-green  leaves,  both  flowers  and  leaves  very 
scanty  and  far  apart,  so  that  the  bunches  of  bladder-like 
pods  are  exceedingly  conspicuous.  In  the  Mohave  Desert 
it  becomes  a  remarkably  dense  shrub,  a  mass  of  dry- 
looking,  criss-cross,  tangled  branches,  spiky  twigs,  and 
dull  green  leaves,  speckled  all  over  with  the  dark  blue  and 
white  flowers  and  the  twigs  crowded  with  pods.  Some- 
times the  flowers  are  magenta  instead  of  blue,  but  are  all 
alike  on  one  bush.  The  stems  are  not  square,  as  in  most 
Mints.  The  drawing  is  of  a  plant  at  Needles. 


M8 


Bkdder-bush  - 


Mexican*, 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labiatae. 


There  are  only  a  few  kinds  of  Sphacele. 

This  is  a  rather  handsome  shruboy 
Pitcher  Sage,  •-,..,*  c  f  .  ,•  u 

Wood-balm  plant,  from  two  to  five  feet  high,  woody  at 

Sph&cele  calydna  base,  with  many  stout,  leafy,  woolly  or 
White  hairy  stems,  and  rather  coarse  leaves, 

Spring,  summer  ha{  more  Qr  less  wrinkled  and  toothed, 
California  _,  _ 

and  rather  dark  green.      Hie  flowers  are 

over  an  inch  long,  in  pairs  along  the  upper  stem,  something 
the  shape  of  a  Monkey-flower,  with  a  five-toothed  calyx 
and  a  corolla  with  four,  short,  spreading  lobes  and  the 
fifth  lobe  much  longer  and  erect,  the  tube  broad  and  dull- 
white,  with  a  hairy  ring  at  the  base  inside,  the  lobes  tinged 
with  pink  or  purple;  the  stamens  four,  one  pair  shorter. 
After  the  flowers  have  faded  the  large,  pale  green,  inflated 
calyxes,  veined  with  dull  purple,  become  conspicuous. 
If  the  flowers  were  brighter  in  color  this  would  be  very 
handsome.  It  is  strongly  but  rather  pleasantly  aromatic 
and  grows  on  dry  hills  in  southern  California.  The  name 
is  from  the  Greek,  meaning  "sage,"  as  these  plants  have 
sage-like  foliage  and  smell,  but  the  flowers  are  quite 
different. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Salvia,  widely  distributed, 
herbs  or  shrubs;  flowers  usually  in  whorls,  with  bracts; 
upper  lip  of  the  corolla  erect,  seldom  two-lobed,  lower  lip 
spreading  and  three-lobed;  resembling  Ramona,  except 
that  the  two  stamens  have  filaments  which  are  apparently 
two-forked,  one  fork  bearing  an  anther  cell  and  the  other 
only  the  mere  rudiment  cf  an  anther;  the  smooth  nutlets 
are  mucilaginous  when  wet.  The  Latin  name  means  "to 
save,"  as  some  kinds  are  medicinal. 

A  fantastically  beautiful  and  decorative 
Persian  Prince  plant,  very  individual  in  character.  The 
Salvia  carduacea  stout  purplish  stem,  a  foot  or  two  tall  and 
Lilac  covered  with  white  wool,  springs  from  a 

Spring,  summer  rosette  of  thistle-like  leaves  of  palest 
California 

green,   so  thickly  covered  with  cushions 

of  white  wool  that  they  appear  to  be  inflated,  their  teeth 
tipped  with  brown  spines.  The  stem  bears  a  series  of 
flower-clusters,  resembling  large,  round,  pale  balls  of  wcol, 
pierced  here  and  there  by  long  prickles  and  encircled  by 
lovely  flowers,  so  etherial  that  they  appear  almost  to  hover 
in  the  air.  They  are  each  about  an  inch  long,  the  corolla 
450 


Pitcher  Sa^ge  -  S  p hakcele 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labiatae. 


clear  bright  lilac  with  an  erect  upper  lip  with  two  lobes, 
their  fringed  tips  crossed  one  over  the  other,  and  the 
lower  lip  with  small  side  lobes  and  a  very  large,  fan-shaped, 
middle  lobe,  which  is  delicately  fringed  with  white.  The 
pistil  is  purple  and  the  anthers  are  bright  orange,  which 
gives  a  piquant  touch  to  the  whole  color  scheme  of  pale 
green  and  lilac.  There  are  several  tiers  of  these  soft  yet 
prickly  balls,  which  suggest  the  pale  green  turbans  of  an 
eastern  potentate,  wreathed  with  flowers.  The  buds 
poke  their  little  noses  through  the  wool,  in  a  most  fas- 
cinating way.  like  babies  coming  out  of  a  woolly  blanket, 
and  fresh  buds  keep  on  coming  through  and  expanding  as 
the  faded  blossoms  fall,  so  that  these  flowers  last  longer  in 
water  than  we  would  expect  from  their  fragile  appearance. 
The  plants  when  they  are  crushed  give  out  a  rather  heavy 
smell  of  sage,  with  a  dash  of  lemon  verbena.  They  grow 
on  the  dry  open  plains  of  the  South. 

This  is  an  odd-looking  plant,  but  is 
Sdlvia  columbtriae  often  quite  handsome.  The  stout  purplish 
Blue  stem,  from  six  inches  to  over  two  feet  tall, 

Spring  springs    from    a    cluster    of    rough,    very 

Southwest  ^ull  green  leaves,  sometimes  so  wrinkled 

as  to  look  like  the  back  of  a  toad,  and  bears  a  series  of 
round,  button-like  heads,  consisting  of  numerous,  purple, 
bristly  bracts,  ornamented  with  small,  very  bright  blue 
flowers.  Though  the  flowers  are  small,  the  contrast 
between  their  vivid  coloring  and  the  purple  or  wine- 
colored  bracts  is  very  effective.  The  seeds  have  been 
for  centuries  an  important  food  product  among  the  abo- 
rigines and  this  plant  in  ancient  Mexico  was  cultivated  as 
regularly  as  corn,  the  meal  being  extremely  nourishing 
and  resembling  linseed  meal.  The  Mission  Fathers  used  it 
for  poultices  and  it  is  still  in  demand  among  the  Spanish- 
Californians.  This  grows  on  dry  hillsides  and  smells  of 
sage. 


452 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labiatae. 


There  are  several  kinds  of  Trichostema,  all  North 
American;  herbs,  sometimes  shrubby;  leaves  toothless,  or 
with  wavy  margins;  flowers  in  clusters;  calyx  usually  with 
five  unequal  lobes;  corolla  with  a  long  slender  tube  and 
five  oblong  lobes  nearly  alike,  forming  in  bud  a  roundish 
ball,  enclosing  the  coiled  stamens;  stamens  four,  the  upper 
pair  longer,  with  very  long,  blue  or  purple  filaments, 
conspicuously  protruding  from  the  corolla,  suggesting 
both  the  Greek  name,  meaning  "hair-like  stamens,"  and 
the  common  name,  Blue-curls. 

This  is  shrubby  and  usually  has  many 
Romero,    Woolly 
Blue-curls  stems,  from  two  to  four  feet  high,  with 

Trichostema  stiffish  leaves,  dark  green  on  the  upper 

lanatum  side,  paler  and  woolly  on  the  under,  the 

margins  rolled  back,  and  beautiful  flower- 
Summer,  autumn  4 
California               clusters,  which  are  sometimes  a  foot  long. 

The  bright  blue  corolla  is  nearly  an  inch 
long,  with  a  border  shaped  like  a  violet,  the  smaller 
buds  are  pink,  and  the  purple  stamens  and  style  are 
two  inches  long  and  very  conspicuous.  The  calyxes, 
stems,  and  buds  are  all  covered  with  fuzzy,  pink  wool, 
forming  a  most  unusual  and  beautiful  color  scheme, 
giving  a  changeable  almost  iridescent  effect  of  mauve 
and  pink,  in  remarkable  contrast  to  the  brilliant  blue 
of  the  flowers.  This  grows  on  rocky  hills  in  southern 
California,  is  pleasantly  aromatic  and  used  medicinally  by 
Spanish-Californians.  T.  lanceolatum  is  called  Camphor 
Weed,  because  of  its  strong  odor,  like  camphor  but 
exceedingly  unpleasant.  It  grows  on  dry  plains  and  low 
hills  in  the  Northwest  and  is  an  important  bee-plant, 
blooming  in  summer  and  autumn,  and  is  also  called 
Vinegar  Weed. 

There  are  a  few  kinds  of  Agastache,  all  North  American, 
perennial  herbs,  mostly  tall  and  coarse;  leaves  toothed, 
with  leaf-stalks;  flowers  small,  in  a  terminal  spike,  with 
bracts;  calyx  bell-shaped,  with  five  teeth  and  slightly  two- 
lipped;  corolla  with  a  two-lobed,  erect,  upper  lip,  the  lower 
lip  spreading  and  three-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  broader  and 
scalloped;  stamens  four,  all  with  anthers,  the  upper  pair 
longer;  nutlets  smooth.  The  Greek  name  means  "many 
spikes." 

454 


Romero- 


MINT  FAMILY.     Labiatae. 


A  handsome  plant,  from  three  to  five 
Giant  Hyssop         f     t   hi  h     with      tout     branching    stems, 
Agdstache  uriia- 
jftia  usually    smooth,    sometimes    hairy,    and 

(Lophanihus)  smoothish,  dark  green  leaves.  The  small 
pink  flowers  have  a  green  calyx,  with  mauve 

teeth,  a  white  or  pale  violet  corolla,  and 
long,  protruding  stamens,  with  lilac 
anthers.  They  are  crowded  in  spikes,  from  two  to  six 
inches  long,  and  the  whole  effect  is  rather  bright  purplish- 
pink,  feathery  and  pretty.  This  has  a  strong  aromatic 
smell  and  grows  along  the  edges  of  meadows  and  is  abun- 
dant in  Yosemite  at  moderate  altitudes,  but  in  other  places 
reaches  an  altitude  of  over  eight  thousand  feet  and  is 
found  as  far  east  as  Colorado.  A.  pallidiflbra,  with 
greenish-white  calyxes  and  white  corollas,  too  dull  in 
color  to  be  pretty,  grows  in  the  Grand  Canyon  and  in 
New  Mexico  and  Colorado. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Monarda,  all  North  American; 
aromatic  herbs;  leaves  toothed;  flowers  crowded  in  heads, 
usually  with  bracts,  which  are  sometimes  colored;  calyx 
tubular,  with  five  teeth,  often  hairy  inside;  corolla  more  or 
less  hairy  outside,  two-lipped,  upper  lip  erect  or  arched, 
sometimes  notched,  lower  lip  spreading  and  three-lobed, 
the  middle  lobe  larger;  stamens  two,  with  swinging 
anthers,  sometimes  also  two  rudimentary  stamens;  nutlets 
smooth.  These  plants  are  called  Balm,  Bergamot,  and 
Horse-mint. 

This    is    handsome    when    growing    in 
masses,     though     the     flowers    are     not 

Monarda  pectt- 

nd/a  (M.  tit-  sufficiently  positive  in  color.  It  grows 
riodora  in  part)  from  one  to  three  feet  high,  with  a  stout, 
P*nfc  roughish  stem,  sometimes  branching,  and 

leaves  which  are  thin  and  soft  in  texture, 
Ariz.,  Utah,  etc. 

with  a  dull  surface,  but  not  rough,  and 

more  or  less  toothed.  The  flowers  are  nearly  an  inch  long 
and  project  from  crowded  heads  of  conspicuous  purplish 
bracts,  tipped  with  bristles.  The  calyx  is  very  hairy  inside, 
the  lobes  tipped  with  long  bristles,  and  the  corolla  is  pale 
pink,  lilac,  or  almost  white,  not  spotted,  with  a  very  wide 
open,  yawning  mouth,  the  stamens  and  the  curling  tips  o{ 
the  pistil  protruding  from  under  the  upper  lip.  Thi&. 
grows  on  dry  plains,  especially  in  sandy  soil,  as  far  east  a? 
456 


Horse-mint  * 
pectin^t*. 


POTATO  FAMILY.     Solanaceae. 


Colorado  and  Texas,  reaching  an  altitude  of  six  thousand 
feet,  and  is  strongly  aromatic  when  crushed. 

POTATO  FAMILY.     Solanaceae. 

A  large  family,  widely  distributed,  most  abundant  in  the 
tropics.  Ours  are  herbs,  shrubs,  or  vines;  leaves  alternate, 
without  stipules;  flowers  perfect,  usually  regular,  in  clusters; 
calyx  and  corolla  usually  with  five  united  lobes;  stamens  on 
the  throat  of  the  corolla,  as  many  as  its  lobes  and  alternate 
with  them;  ovary  superior,  two-celled,  with  a  slender 
style;  fruit  a  berry  or  capsule,  with  many  seeds.  Many 
important  plants,  such  as  Tobacco,  Belladonna,  Tomato, 
Egg-plant,  Red-pepper,  and  Potato,  belong  to  this  family. 
Many  have  a  strong  odor. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Datura,  widely  distributed; 
ours  are  chiefly  weed's,  coarse,  tall,  branching  herbs,  with 
rank  odor  and  narcotic  properties;  leaves  large,  toothed 
or  lobed,  with  leaf-stalks;  flowers  large,  single,  erect,  with 
short  stalks,  in  the  forks  of  the  stems;  calyx  with  a  long 
tube  and  five  teeth,  the  lower  part  remaining  in  the  form 
of  a  collar  or  rim  around  the  base  of  the  capsule;  corolla 
funnel-form,  with  a  plaited  border  and  broad  lobes  with 
pointed  tips;  stamens  with  very  long,  threadlike  filaments, 
but  not  protruding;  style  threadlike,  with  a  two-lipped 
stigma;  fruit  a  large,  roundish,  usually  prickly  capsule, 
giving  these  plants  the  common  name,  Thorn-Apple. 
Datura  is  the  Hindoo  name. 

A  handsome  and  exceedingly  conspicu- 
olguacha,  oug  pjan^   forming  a  large  clump  of  rather 

Large-flowered  '  * 

Datura  coarse,  dark  foliage,  adorned  with  many 

Datura  meteloldes  magnificent  flowers.     The  stout,  velvety 
White  stems  are  bronze-color,  from  two  to  four 


Utah  '   velvety  on  the  under  side,  and  the  flowers 

are  sometimes  ten  inches  long,  white, 
tinged  with  lilac  outside,  drooping  like  wet  tissue-paper 
in  the  heat  of  the  afternoon,  and  with  sweet  though  heavy 
scent.  I  remember  seeing  a  grave  in  the  desert,  marked 
by  a  wooden  cross  and  separated  from  a  vast  waste  of  sand 
by  clumps  of  these  great  white  flowers.  It  grows  in  valley 


meteloides. 


POTATO  FAMILY.     Solanaccae. 


lands,  reaching  an  altitude  of  six  thousand  feet.  It  is  used 
as  a  narcotic  by  the  Indians  and  resembles  D.  stramonium, 
Jimson-weed,  from  Asia,  common  in  the  East  and  found 
also  in  the  West,  but  it  is  far  handsomer.  D.  suaveolens, 
Floriponda  or  Angels'  Trumpets,  is  a  large  shrub,  with  very 
large,  pendulous,  creamy  flowers,  and  is  often  cultivated 
in  the  old  mission  gardens  in  California.  The  flowers  aie 
very  fragrant  at  night. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Physalis,  most  of  them  Ameri- 
can, difficult  to  distinguish;  herbs,  often  slightly  woody 
below;  flowers  whitish  or  yellowish;  corolla  more  or  less 
bell-shaped,  with  a  plaited  border;  style  slender,  somewhat 
bent,  with  a  minutely  two-cleft  stigma.  In  fruit  the  calyx 
becomes  large  and  inflated,  papery,  angled  and  ribbed, 
wholly  enclosing  the  pulpy  berry,  which  contains  numerous, 
flat,  kidney-shaped  seeds.  The  name  is  from  the  Greek, 
meaning  "bladder,"  and  refers  to  the  inflated  calyx,  and 
the  common  names,  Ground-cherry  and  Strawberry- 
tomato,  are  suggested  by  the  fruit,  which  is  juicy,  often 
red  or  yellow,  and  in  some  kinds  is  edible. 

A  pretty,  delicate,  desert  plant,  from 
Ground-cherry          .  .  .  . 

Physalis  S1X  to  eignt  inches  high,  with  branching 

trassifdlia  stems    and    light    green    leaves.      It    is 

Yellow  sprinkled      with      pretty      cream-yellow 

Southwest  flowers,  which  are  not  .spotted  or  dark  in 

the  center,  with  yellow  anthers,  and  is  hung  with  odd  little 
green  globes,  each  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  long, 
which  are  the  inflated  calyxes  containing  the  berries. 

A  straggling  perennial  plant,  about  a  i 

Bladder-cherry  .  •  «          .,        .,..  ..  .1 

Phsyahs  Fendleri  foot  hlSh»  Wlth  widely-branching,  rough- 
Yellow  ish  stems,  springing  from  a  deep  tuberous 
Summer  root.  The  leaves  are  dull  green,  roughish, 
Ariz.,  Utah  rather  coarse  in  texture,  but  not  large, 
mostly  less  than  an  inch  long,  coarsely  and  irregularly 
toothed,  and  the  flowers  are  the  shape  of  a  shallow  Morn- 
ing-glory, half  an  inch  across,  pale  dull-yellow,  marked 
with  brown  inside,  with  yellow  anthers.  This  does  not 
bear  its  berries  close  to  the  ground,  as  do  many  of  its 
relations,  and  is  not  pretty.  It  grows  in  dry  places,  reach- 
ing an  altitude  of  eight  thousand  feet. 


ground-cherry-        Phys&lis  crassifoli* 


POTATO  FAMILY.     Solanaceae. 


There  are  a  great  many  kinds  of  Solanum,  abundant  in 
tropical  America;  herbs  or  shrubs,  sometimes  climbing; 
often  downy;  calyx  wheel-shaped,  with  five  teeth  or  lobes, 
corolla  wheel-shaped,  the  border  plaited,  with  five  angles 
or  lobes  and  a  very  short  tube ;  anthers  sometimesgrouped  to 
form  a  cone,  filaments  short;  fruit  a  berry,  either  enclosed 
in  the  calyx  or  with  the  calyx  remaining  on  its  base.  This 
is  the  Latin  name  of  the  Nightshade,  meaning  "quieting." 

This  is  much  handsomer  than  most  of 
Purple  Nightshade 

Soibnum  Xdnti  the  eastern  Nightshades,  hairy  and  sticky, 
Purple  with  several  spreading  stems,  from  one  to 

Spring,  summer  three  feet  high,  springing  from  a  perennial 
California  root^  with  ^in,  roughish  leaves,  more  or 

less  toothed.  In  favorable  situations  the  flowers  are 
beautiful,  each  about  an  inch  across,  and  form  handsome 
loose  clusters.  The  corolla  is  saucer-shaped,  bright  purple, 
with  a  ring  of  green  spots  in  the  center,  bordered  with 
white  and  surrounding  the  bright  yellow  cone  formed  by 
the  anthers.  The  berry  is  pale  green  or  purple,  the  size 
of  a  small  cherry.  This  is  sometimes  sweet-scented  and  is 
very  fine  on  Mt.  Lowe  and  elsewhere  in  southern  Califor- 
nia, but  is  paler  and  smaller  in  Yosemite.  Blue  Witch, 
S.  umbelliferum,  is  very  similar,  more  woody  below,  with 
deep  green  stems,  shorter  branches,  smaller,  thicker  leaves, 
and  a  dull  white  or  purplish  berry.  It  grows  in  the  foot- 
hills of  the  Coast  Ranges  and  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains 
and  flowers  chiefly  in  summer,  but  more  or  less  all  through 
the  year. 

N  A  branching  plant,  about  two  feet  high 

SofanlmDouglasiiand  across,  with  roughish  stems  and  thin, 
White  smooth  or  slightly  hairy,  dark  green  leaves, 

Spring,  summer  toothless,  or  the  margins  more  or  less 
Southwest  coarsely  toothed.  The  flowers  are  white, 

tinged  with  lilac,  with  a  purplish  ring  surrounding  the 
yellow  cone  formed  by  the  anthers.  In  southern  California 
the  flowers  are  nearly  half  an  inch  across,  but  smaller 
elsewhere.  The  berries  are  black.  This  is  common  through- 
out California  near  the  coast.  S.  mgrum,  the  common 
Nightshade,  is  a  weed  in  almost  all  countries,  common  in 
waste  places  and  in  cultivated  soil,  and  has  small  white 
flowers  and  black  berries,  about  as  large  as  peas  and  said  to 
be  poisonous. 

162 


Purple  Nightshade  - 
Sol&num  X^nti. 


POTATO  FAMILY.     Solanaceae. 


There  are  many  kinds  of  Nicotiana,  or  Tobacco,  chiefly 
American;  acrid,  narcotic  herbs  or  shrubs,  usually  sticky- 
hairy;  leaves  large,  toothless;  corolla  funnel-form  or  salver- 
form,  with  a  long  tube  and  spreading  border,  plaited  in  the 
bud;  stamens  with  threadlike  filaments  and  broad  anthers, 
not  protruding;  capsule  smooth,  containing  numerous 
small  seeds.  The  name  is  in  honor  of  Nicot,  diplomat  and 
author  of  the  first  French  dictionary,  who  sent  some  of 
these  plants  to  Catherine  de'  Medici  from  Portugal  in  1560. 

A  very  slender,  loosoly-branching  ever- 
San  Juan  Tree,  ' 

Tree  Tobacco         green  shrub,  from  six  to  fifteen  feet  high, 

Nicoii&na  glaiica    with     graceful,     swaying     branches    and 
Yellow  smooth,   thick    leaves,   with  a    "bloom," 

Spring  t|ie  jower  leaves  eight  inches  long.     The 

Southwest  . 

flowers  are  nearly  two  inches  long,  green- 
ish at  first  and  then  becoming  a  rather  pretty  shade  of 
warm  dull-yellow,  and  hang  in  graceful  clusters  from  the 
ends  of  the  branches.  The  calyx  is  unequally  five-toothed, 
the  tube  of  the  corolla  downy  on  the  outside;  the  anthers 
whitish;  the  ovary  on  a  yellowish  disk,  with  a  long  style 
and  two-lobed  stigma,  and  the  capsu.e  oblong,  half  an 
inch  long.  This  was  introduced  into  California  from  South 
America  about  fifty  years  ago  and  is  now  common  in  waste 
places  and  cultivated  valleys. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Lycium,  shrubs  or  woody 
vines,  named  for  the  country  Lycia. 

An  odd-looking  desert  shrub,  everything 
Matrimony  about  it  so  closely  crowded  as   to  give  a 

L'cium  Cboperi      queer  bunchy  and  clumsy  effect.      It    is 
White  three  or  four  feet  high,  with  thick,  dark 

gray,  gnarled,  woody  branches,  crowded 
with  tufts  of  small,  dull,  light  green  leaves, 
which  are  thickish,  stiffish,  obscurely  downy  and  toothless, 
and  mingled  with  close  little  bunches  of  flowers.  The 
flowers  are  about  half  an  inch  long,  with  a  large,  yellowish, 
hairy  calyx,  with  five  lobes,  a  white  corolla,  which  is 
slightly  hairy  outside,  with  five  lobes  and  a  narrow,  green- 
ish tube,  and  pale  yellow  anthers,  not  protruding.  They 
are  rather  pretty  near  by,  but  the  appearance  of  the  whole 
shrub  is  too  pale  to  be  effective.  The  familiar  Matrimony 
Vine  of  old-fashioned  gardens  belongs  to  this  genus. 

464 


San  Ju^nTVee- 
Nfcoiian* 


Desert  Matrimony-         Lycium  Cooperi. 


FIGWORT  FAMILY.     Scrophularlaceac. 


FIGWORT  FAMILY.     Scrophulariaceoe. 

A  large  family,  widely  distributed,  most  of  them  natives 
of  temperate  regions;  chiefly  herbs,  with  bitter  juice, 
sometimes  narcotic  and  poisonous;  without  stipules;  the 
flowers  usually  irregular;  the  calyx  usually  with  four  or 
five  divisions,  sometimes  split  on  the  lower  or  upper  side, 
or  on  both  sides;  the  corolla  with  united  petals,  nearly 
regular  or  two-lipped,  two  of  the  lobes  forming  the  upper 
lip,  which  is  sometimes  beaklike,  and  three  lobes  forming 
the  lower  lip;  the  stamens  on  the  corolla  and  alternate  with 
its  lobes,  two  or  four  in  number,  two  long  and  two  short, 
and  sometimes  also  a  fifth  stamen  which  often  has  no 
anther,  the  anthers  two-celled;  the  ovary  superior,  usually 
two-celled,  the  style  slender,  the  stigma  sometimes  forked; 
the  fruit  a  pod,  splitting  from  the  top  into  two  parts  and 
usually  containing  many  seeds.  This  is  a  curious  and  in- 
teresting family,  its  members  very  dissimilar  in  appearance, 
having  expressed  their  individuality  in  many  striking  and 
even  fantastic  forms. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Maurandia,  perennial  herbs, 
climbing  by  their  slender  twisted  leaf-stalks  and  occa- 
sionally also  by  their  flower-stalks;  the  leaves  triangular- 
heartshapcd  or  halberd-shaped,  only  the  lower  ones 
opposite;  the  flowers  showy,  purple,  pink,  or  white;  the 
corolla  with  two  lines  or  plaits,  instead  of  a  palate,  which 
are  usually  bearded. 

This  is  a  beautiful  trailing   or  climbing 

Snap-dragon  Vine  vine^    smooth    all    Qver>     with     charming 
Maurandia  antir-     .  .    . 

rhlni flora  (Antir-  foliage    and    twining    stems,    much    like 

rhinum  mauran-  those  of  a  Morning-glory,  springing  from 

dioides)  a  thickened,  perennial  root.     The   pretty 

Purple  or  pink  flowers    are    over    an    jnch    long     wjth    a 
and  yellow 

Spring  purple    or    raspberry-pink    corolla,    with 

Ariz.,  New  Mex.  bright  yellow  blotches  on  the  lower  lip, 
forming  an  odd  and  striking  combina- 
tion of  color.  This  blooms  all  through  the  spring  and 
summer  and  may  be  found  growing  in  the  bottom  of  the 
Grand  Canyon,  near  the  river,  where  its  delicate  prettiness 
is  in  strange  contrast  to  the  dark  and  forbidding  rocks 
over  which  it  clambers  and  clothes  with  a  mantle  of  tender 
green. 

466 


S  nap-dragon  Vine-         M^urandi*  &ntirrhinif  lorzu 


FIG  WORT  FAMILY.     Scrophularlaccae. 


There  are  many  kinds  of  Antirrhinum,  natives  of  Europe, 
Asia,  and  western  North  America;" herbs;  the  lower  leaves 
often  opposite,  and  the  upper  ones  alternate;  the  sepals 
five;  the  corolla  two-lipped,  swollen  at  the  base  on  the 
lower  side,  but  with  no  spur,  the  palate  nearly  closing  the 
throat;  the  stamens  four.  The  name  is  from  the  Greek, 
meaning  "nose-like,"  because  the  shape  of  the  flowers 
suggests  the  snout  of  an  animal. 

This  is  a  conspicuous  perennial,  hand- 

S0me  thouSh  rathcr  coarse,  hairy  and 
AnirMnum  sticky  a11  ovcr>  with  stout  leafY  stems, 

glanduldsum  from  two  to  five  feet  tall,  with  branches 

Pink,  purple  but   no    tendrils,    and    soft,    rather   dark 

p"°gQ.  green   leaves.     The   flowers  are  half  an 

inch  long;  the  corolla  pink  with  a  yellow 
palate,  and  they  are  crowded  in  fine,  long,  one-sided 
clusters.  This  is  common  in  the  South  and  looks  a  good 
deal  like  some  of  the  cultivated  kinds;  when  its  flowers  are 
pinched  from  the  sides  they  open  their  mouths  in  the  same 
funny  way. 

This  has  tendril-like  pedicels,  which 
White  Snap-  curl  aroun(j  nearby  plants,  but  the  stem  is 
dragon 

Antirrhinum  stout  and  erect,  over  two  feet  tall,  smooth 
Coulteri&num  below  and  hairy  above,  with  smooth, 
White  and  lilac  dark  green  leaves,  and  bears  a  long, 

crowded,  one-sided  cluster  of  pink  buds 

and  pretty  white  flowers.  They  are  each 
about  half  an  inch  long,  with  hairy  calyxes,  and  the  corollas 
are  prettily  tinged  with  lilac  or  pink,  but  are  too  pale  in 
color,  though  the  general  effect  of  the  plant  is  rather 
striking.  The  anthers  are  bright  yellow.  This  grows  in 
the  South.  A .  mrga  is  a  smooth  plant,  from  two  and  a  half 
to  five  feet  tall,  with  many  wand-like  stems,  springing 
from  a  perennial  base,  and  reddish-purple  flowers,  about 
half  an  inch  long,  forming  a  long,  rather  one-sided  cluster. 
This  grows  in  the  chaparral,  on  ridges  of  the  Coast  Ranges, 
blooming  in  June,  but  is  not  common. 


468 


Mite  Sh*p-dr*qon- 

A.Coultcrianurn.          \  "\     ^     Antfrrhinun 


FIGWORT  FAMILY.     Scrophulariaceae. 


This  is  an  odd-looking  plant,  from  one 

t0  tW°  feet  tal1'  which  SCems  unable  to 
Antirrhinum  decide  whether  or  not  it  is  a  vine,  for  the 
strictum  pedicels  of  the  flowers  are  exceedingly 

Blue  slender  and  twist  like  tendrils  and  by  their 

means  the  plant  clings  to  its  neighbors  and 
raises  its  weak  stems  from  the  ground,  or, 
if  it  finds  no  support,  it  stands  almost  erect  and  waves  its 
tendrils  aimlessly  in  the  air.  It  is  smooth  all  over,  with 
dark  green  leaves  and  pretty,  bright  purplish-blue  flowers, 
about  half  an  inch  long,  with  a  pale,  hairy  palafe,  which  ; 
almost  closes  the  throat.  This  grows  in  the  South,  near 
the  sea.  A .  vcLgans  is  similar  and  is  common  farther  north 
in  California,  growing  on  dry  open  wooded  hills  or  in 
canyons  of  the  Coast  Ranges,  blooming  in  summer  and 
autumn. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Castilleja,  almost  always 
perennials,  usually  parasitic  on  the  roots  of  other  plants, 
usually  handsome  and  striking,  the  conspicuous  feature 
being  the  large  leafy  bracts,  colored  like  flowers,  which 
adorn  the  upper  part  of  the  stem.  They  usually  have 
several  stems,  springing  from  woody  roots;  leaves  alternate, 
without  leaf-stalks,  green  below  and  gradually  merging 
above  into  colored  bracts;  flowers  crowded  in  terminal 
clusters,  mixed  with  bracts;  calyx  tubular,  flattened,  more 
or  less  cleft  in  front  or  behind,  or  on  both  sides,  the  lobes 
sometimes  two-toothed,  colored  like  the  bracts,  enclosing 
the  tube  of  the  corolla;  corolla  less  conspicuous  and  duller 
in  color  than  the  calyx,  tubular,  two-lipped,  the  lower  lip  j 
short  and  very  small,  not  inflated,  with  three  small  teeth,  j 
the  upper  lip  long  and  beaklike,  enclosing  the  four 
stamens  and  single  threadlike  style;  stigma  cap-shaped  or 
two-lobed;  anther-sacs  unequally  attached  to  the  filament,, 
one  by  its  middle  and  the  other  hanging  by  its  tip ;  capsule 
egg-shaped  or  oblong,  splitting  open,  containing  many 
seeds.  These  gaudy  plants  are  well  named  Indian  Paint 
Brush,  for  the  flower-cluster  and  leaf-tips  look  as  if  they 
had  been  dipped  in  color.  Red  Feather  is  also  good  but 
Painted  Cup  is  rather  poor,  as  there  is  nothing  cup-like 
about  the  flower.  They  were  named  for  Castillejo,  a 
Spanish  botanist. 

470 


Trailing  Sn&p-dr&^on- 

Antirrhinum    strictum. 


FIQWORT  FAMILY.     Scrophulariaceae. 


This  is  a  very  handsome  kind,  from  two 

CosiMjo  mini**  to  four  fcet  tall»  with  a  smooth  stem,  and 
Red  smooth  leaves,  which  are  not  crinkled, 

Summer  toothed,  or  lobed,  and  with  more  or  less 

hairy  bracts,  which  are  beautifully  tinted 
with  many  shades  of  pink,  red,  and  purple.  This  is  a 
magnificent  plant,  especially  when  we  find  it  growing 
along  irrigation  ditches,  among  blue  Lupines,  yellow  Mimu- 
lus  and  other  bright  flowers,  where  the  combinations  of 
color  are  quite  wonderful,  and  it  is  the  handsomest  and 
commonest  sort  around  Yosemite,  where  it  grows  in  mead- 
ows and  moist  places,  from  the  foothills  nearly  up  to 
timber-line. 

This  is  not  quite  so  large  or  handsome  as 
Scarlet  Paint  the  ^     but      .ycs  much   thc  cffect  of 

Brush 
Castilleja  brush  dipped  in  red  paint,  for  the  yellow- 

pinetdrum  ish    bracts    are    beautifully    tipped    with 

Red  and  yellow  scarlet  and  the  flowers  arc  also  bright  red. 
Summer  The  roug|1  stcm  js  a  foot  or  more  ^  the 

roughish  dark  green  leaves  are  not  toothed 
or  lobcd,  but  have  crinkled  edges,  and  the  bracts  usually 
have  three  lobes.  These  plants  grow  in  the  mountains  and 
often  make  bright  patches  of  color  in  thc  landscape. 

This   is   very   variable,    and   is  usually 
Paint  Brush  .  . 

Castilleja  about    a    loot    high,    with    several    hairy 

angustijolia  stems,  springing  from  a  long  yellow  root. 

Red  The   leaves   are   slightly   rough,    but   not 

SeUvmmer      coarse'    with    fine    white    hairs   alonS    the 
margins,   and   light   gray-green   in   color, 

the  lowest  ones  not  lobed,  a  few  of  thc  upper  ones  with  two 
lobes,  but  most  of  the  leaves,  and  the  bracts,  slashed  into 
three  lobes.  The  calyx  is  covered  with  white  hairs,  and 
the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla  is  bright  green.  The  whole 
plant  is  most  beautiful  and  harmonious  in  color,  not  coarse 
like  many  Castillejas,  and  the  upper  part  is  clothed  with 
innumerable  delicate  yet  vivid  tints  of  salmon,  rose,  and 
deep  pink,  shading  to  scarlet  and  crimson,  forming  a 
charming  contrast  to  the  quiet  tones  of  the  lower  foliage. 
This  grows  in  gravelly  soil,  on  dry  plains  and  hillsides,  and 
the  clumps  of  bloom  are  very  striking  among  the  sage« 
brush. 

472 


Scarlet  PaJnt  Brush-        \\  C2xstillej?x  pinetorum 


FIG  WORT  FAMILY.     Scrophulariaccae. 


There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Stemodia,  widely  dis- 
tributed, only  two  in  the  United  States;  the  corolla  blue  or 
purplish  and  two-lipped;  the  stamens  four,  not  protruding. 

This  is  a  rather  pretty  plant,  which  is 
Stemodia  •*.**• 

Stemodia  quite  effective  when  growing  in  quantities. 

durantijolia  The  stem  is  hairy  and  sticky,  from  a  foot 

Blue  to  a  foot  and  a  half  tall,  with  hairy  leaves, 

Spring  which    have    a    few    sharp    teeth.      The 

Southwest,  etc.        _  ,  .   .    ,        f  ,    . 

flowers  are  three-eighths  of  an  inch  long, 

with  sticky-hairy  calyxes  and  bright  purplish-blue  corollas, 
white  and  hairy  in  the  throat.  This  has  a  slightly  un- 
pleasant, aromatic  smell  and  grows  in  moist  spots,  often  in 
mountain  canyons  near  streams,  as  far  east  as  Texas  and 
also  in  the  tropics. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Linaria,  most  abundant  in  the 
Old  World;  herbs;  the  upper  leaves  alternate,  the  lower 
opposite,  usually  toothless;  the  corolla  like  Antirrhinum, 
but  with  a  spur;  the  stamens  four,  not  protruding. 

A  slender  plant,  from  six  to  eighteen 
Toad  Flax  . 

Linaria  inches    tall    and    smooth   all    over,    with 

Canadensis  branching  stems,  dark  green  leaves,  and 

Blue,  lilac  pretty   little   flowers,    delicately   scented, 

summer  from  a  quarter  to  half  an  inch  long,  with 
bright  purplish-blue  or  pale  lilac  corollas, 
veined  with  purple.  This  is  found  in  dry  soil  across  the 
continent  and  sometimes  grows  in  such  quantities  around 
San  Diego  as  to  form  blue  patches  in  the  landscape. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Veronica;  ours  are  rather  low 
herbs,  though  some  are  trees  in  the  tropics,  widely  dis- 
tributed, living  in  meadows  and  moist  places;  flowers 
small,  usually  blue  or  white,  never  yellow;  calyx  with  four 
divisions,  rarely  five;  corolla  wheel-shaped,  with  a  very 
short  tube  and  four,  rarely  five,  lobes,  the  lower  one 
narrower  than  the  others;  stamens  two,  sticking  out  at 
each  side  of  the  base  of  the  upper  lobe;  anthers  blunt,  with 
slender  filaments;  ovary  two-celled,  with  a  slender  style 
and  round-top  stigma;  capsule  more  or  less  flattened,  two- 
lobed  or  heart-shaped,  splitting  open,  containing  few  or 
many  seeds.  They  were  named  in  honor  of  St.  Veronica. 


474 


Tb&d    .    ._ 

Lin&ri^  C&rr&densis. 


S.dur&ntifolia. 


FIQWORT  FAMILY.     Scrophulariaceae. 


This  is  one  of  the  most  attractive  of  the 
Hairy  Speedwell  Httle  Speedwells  for  its  flowers  are  bright 
Veronica 

TourneforiH  anc^  Qulte  large.    The  stems  are  branching, 

Blue  hairy  and  purplish,  some  short  and  erect, 

Spring,  summer,    others  long  and  trailing,  and  the  leaves 

autumn  are  a^ernate  above  and  opposite  below, 

Utah,  Cal.,  etc. 

dull    yellowish-green,    hairy    and    rather 

soft,  with  scalloped  edges.  The  flowers  grow  singly,  on 
slender  flower-stalks  over  an  inch  long,  springing  from  the 
angles  of  the  upper  leaves,  and  the  corolla  is  three-eighths  of 
an  inch  across,  the  upper  lobe  deep  brilliant  blue,  veined 
with  dark  blue,  the  side  lobes  similar  in  color  but  not  so 
bright,  the  lower  lobe  almost  white,  without  blue  veins, 
and  each  lobe  with  a  little  pale  yellow  at  its  base.  The 
stamens  and  pistil  are  white,  the  anthers  becoming  brown 
and  the  style  bent  to  one  side,  and  the  capsule  is  somewhat 
heart-shaped,  containing  several  cup-shaped  seeds.  This 
forms  patches  along  roadsides  and  in  fields,  the  soft  foliage 
dotted  with  the  quaint  bright  blue  flowers,  opening  a  few 
at  a  time  in  bright  sunlight  and  closing  at  night.  This  is  a 
native  of  Europe  and  Asia  and  is  found  across  the  continent. 
In  shallow  water,  or  in  very  wet 

American  Brook-    meadows      we    find    these    liule    flowers> 
lime 
Veronica  They  are  smooth  perennials,  with  strag- 

Americana  gh'ng,  branching,  purplish  stems,  more  or 

Blue  less  creeping,  and  rooting  from  the  lower 

Summer  -^      frQm  Qne         three  f         j  Th 

Across  the  ««  '     •  , 

continent  yellowish -green  leaves  usually  have  short 

leaf-stalks  and  are  often  toothed  and  the 
very  small,  pale  blue  flowers,  with  white  centers  and 
veined  with  purple,  grow  in  loose  spreading  clusters. 

A    pretty    little    plant,    with    smooth, 

Alpine  Speedwell  gtiffish     toothless  j  and   d          brf   ht 

Veronica 

Wormskjbldii  °lue  flowers,   with  a  little  white  at  the 

Blue  base  of  the  petals  and  veined  with  purple. 

Summer  This  js  found  in  damp  spots  in  the  moun- 

Northwest,  Ariz.,  ^{^    up    to    twelye    thousand    feet>    in 

northern  places  across  the  continent,  and 
as  far  south  as  Arizona. 


476 


Hairy  Speedwell- 
V,  Tournefortii. 


Alpine  Speedwell* 
V.Wormskjoldii. 


ric^n  Brookl.'me-        Veronica  Americana 


FIQWORT  FAMILY.     Scrophulariaceae. 


There  are  a  great  many  kinds  of  Pentstemon  and  some 
of  our  handsomest  and  most  conspicuous  western  flowers 
are  included  among  them.  They  are  natives  of  North 
America,  chiefly  herbs,  sometimes  branching  below;  the 
leaves  usually  opposite,  the  upper  ones  without  leaf -stalks 
and  more  or  less  clasping;  the  flowers  showy,  in  long  clus- 
ters; the  calyx  with  five  lobes;  the  corolla  two-lipped, 
with  a  more  or  less  swollen  tube,  the  upper  lip  two-lobed, 
the  lower  three-cleft  and  spreading;  the  stamens  four,  in 
pairs,  and  also  a  fifth  stamen,  which  is  merely  a  filament 
without  any  anther,  but  is  conspicuous  and  often  hairy; 
the  style  threadlike,  with  a  round-top  stigma;  the  pod 
usually  pointed;  the  seeds  numerous.  The  common  name, 
Beard-tongue,  is  in  allusion  to  the  usually  hairy  tip  of  the 
sterile  filament.  Pentstemon  is  from  the  Greek  meaning 
five  stamens.  This  name  is  often  mispronounced;  the 
accent  should  be  on  the  second  syllable  and  long. 

An  exceedingly  handsome  plant,  a  foot 
Large  Beard-          and  &  haj£  ^  with  a  stout  reddish  stem,  ' 

P*nisttmon  rather  downy  and  sticky,  and  dark  green 

glanduldsus  leaves,  rather  shiny  and  stiff,  and  downy 

Lilac,  purple  on  the  under  side.    The  flowers  are  an  inch 

Summer  and  a  half  longf   SQ  large  that  they  look 

Idaho'  ^e  Fox-glove,  and  are  beautifully  shaded 

from  pale  lilac  to  deep  reddish-purple, 
with  purple  filaments  and  white  anthers  and  pistil.  The 
calyx  is  reddish,  sticky  and  downy,  and  the  outside  of  the 
corolla  glistens  with  sticky  fuzz.  This  grows  in  the  moun- 
tains. 

This    forms    pretty    clumps    of    bright 
Pentstemon  color>    with    severai    stems    about    eight 

Raudn^var  inches   tall,   smooth   below,    and   smooth 

•minor  dark  green  leaves.     The  flowers  are  less 

Blue  than  half  an  inch  long,  with  a  downy  calyx 

Summer  ^  bright  purplish-blue  corolla,   with  a 

Utah,  Oreg.,  Cal.  ,.  , *        '  „,,.  ,    . 

purplish  throat.    This  grows  in  mountain 

canyons. 

J 


478 


Penstemon  - 

P.  Rattan i   var.  minor, 


Be&rd-tonque- 
P  cjl&ndulosus. 


FIGWORT  FAMILY.     Scrophularlaceac. 


This  is  perhaps  the  most  beautiful  of 
Blue  Pentstemon,  &u  the  pentstemons,  with  several  smooth, 
Beard-tongue 
Pentstemon  stoutish,  pale  green,  leafy  stems,  from  one 

cyan&nthus  to  two  feet  tall  and  smooth,  pale  bluish- 

Blue  green  leaves,  with  more  or  less  "bloom," 

Spring,  summer     toothless   and    thickish,    the    upper   ones 
Utah,  Ariz.,  Wyo. 

somewhat  clasping.     The  flowers  are  not 

hairy  or  sticky,  and  are  over  an  inch  long,  forming  a  hand- 
some cluster  about  eight  inches  long.     The  sepals  are 
narrow  and  pointed,   the  corolla  is  tinted  with  various 
beautiful  shades  of  blue  and  purple,  often  with  a  white 
throat  and  blue  lobes,  or  with  a  pink  throat  and  deep  blue 
lobes,  the  sterile  filament  has  a  thickened,  more  or  less 
hairy,  yellow  tip,  and  the  pale  yellow  anthers  are  more  or  j 
less  hairy.     This  plant  is  beautiful  in  every  way,  for  the  j 
foliage  is  fine  in  form  and  color  and  the  flowers  are  bril- 
liantly variegated,   yet  harmonious  and  graceful.     This 
grows  on  hillsides  and.  in  mountain  valleys,  at  rather  high 
altitudes,  and  used  to  be  common  and  conspicuous  on  the  j 
"benches"  around  the  Salt  Lake  Valley,  but  it  is  gradually  ; 
being  exterminated  by  sheep.     It  thrives  and  improves  | 
when  transplanted  into  gardens.    P.  acuminatus  is  similar,  j 
but  the  cluster  is  looser  and  the  flowers  often  pink  and  pur-  j 
pie.     It  forms  fine  patches  of  color  at  the  Grand  Canyon,  j 
A    handsome    shrub,    with    much    the  j 

Honeysuckle          general    appearance    of    a    Honeysuckle, 

Pentstemon 

Pentstemon  woody  below,  with  long  slender  branches 

cordifolius  and    pretty    heart-shaped    leaves.      The! 

Red  flowers  are  often  in  pairs  and  are  each  an] 

Summer  inch  and       h  lf  j  ith  bright  scarlet 

California  6'1 

corollas,    conspicuously    two-lipped,    the  \\ 

stamens    protruding,    and    form    large    clusters   towards 
the  ends  of  the  branches.     This  grows  in  light  shade  inj! 
the  woods  and  trails  its  long  branches  and  garlands  oil 
bright  flowers  over  the  neighboring  shrubs  and  trees. 

A  beautiful  little  shrub,  making  splen- 
Pride-of-the-         did  patches  of  vivid  color  on  high  bare!! 
Pentstemon  rocks  in  the  mountains,  where  it  is  very  I  j 

Newberryi  conspicuous,   hanging   over   the  edges  of  j 

Pink,  lilac  inaccessible  ledges.    The  stems  are  woody 

Summer  below.  and  y         branching,  about  a  foot 

California  ,  .   , 

high,  and  the  leaves  are  usually  toothed, 

480 


Honeysuckle  Penstemon 
P.cordif  oliu-s. 


Pride-of-the-mountam  - 
Penstemon  Newberryi. 


FIQWORT  FAMILY.     Scrophulariaceae. 


smooth,  stiffish,  and  thickish.     The  flowers  are  an  inch 
and  a  quarter  long,  with  a  rather  sticky  calyx  and  bright 
carmine-pink  corolla,  moderately  two-lipped,  with  a  patch 
of  white  hairs  on  the  lower  lip;  the  stamens  protruding, 
with  conspicuous,   white,   woolly  anthers,  and  the  style  ' 
remaining  on  the  tip  of  the  capsule  like  a  long  purple  j 
thread.    This  is   slightly  sweet-scented   and   is   common  J 
around  Yosemite.    The  alpine  form  is  less  than  four  inches  1 
high,  with  larger,  lilac  flowers  and  toothless  leaves. 

This  is  a  rather  pretty  shrub,  about  four 

feet    high'    with    pale    W°°dy    branches> 
Pentstemon  purplish    twigs,   and   many,    small,    rich 

antirrhinoldes         green  leaves.     The  flowers  have  a  glossy,  ! 
Yellow  bright  green  calyx  and  a  yellow  corolla, 

^pr!ng  .  which  is  three-quarters  of  an  inch  long, 

California 

streaked  with  dull-red  outside  and  slightly 

hairy,  the  sterile  stamen  hairy  and  yellow. 

This  has  a  smooth  stem  and  smooth,  \ 
Variable  toothless  leaves,  but  is  very  variable  both  j 

Pentstemon  in  form  and  color    for  the   typical  plant 

Pentstemon  £  _       t        .  , 

confertus  from  Oregon  and  the  Rocky  Mountains, 

Yellow,  blue,  has  yellow  flowers,  but  in  Yosemite  the  I 

purple  variety    caeruleo-purpureus     always     has  ] 

Summer  bl      or  purpie  flowers   but  the  plants  vary 
Northwest  and 

Cal  in    general    appearance.      In    good    soil,  j 

such  as  the  floor  of  the  Valley,  the  stem  is  j 
sometimes  two  feet  tall  and  the  flowers  are  about  half  an  1 
inch  long,  grouped  in  whorls  along  the  stem,  but  at  high 
altitudes  the  plant  shrinks  to  a  few  inches  in  height. 

These    wands    of    flaming    scarlet    are 
Cardinal  conspicuous  along  the  trails  in  the  Grand 

Pentstemon  Canyon    and    are    exceedingly    beautiful, 

Pentstemon  *.,   .      *  -    -j   •  1 

Pdrryi  very  graceful  in  form  and  vivid  in  color,  j 

Scarlet  The    smooth,    purplish,    somewhat    leafy  | 

Spring  stems,  from  one  and  a  half  to  two  feet] 

Arizona  ^^  spring  from  a  clump  of  rather  small 

leaves,  which  are  toothless,  smooth,  and  rather  light  green  | 
in  color.     The  flowers  are  three-quarters  of  an  inch  long,  -, 
the  corolla  with  five  rounded  lobes  and  very  slightly  two- 
lipped,  and  look  something  like  Scarlet  Bugler,  but  are 
smaller  and  more  delicate,  and  are  sometimes  mistaken  for 
Cardinal  Flowers  by  people  from  the  East. 
482 


Bushy 
rd  -tongue 
P.  antirrhinoides. 


P.corrfertui 


Variable  Penstemon- 
v^.cfceruleo-purpureus. 


FIGWORT  FAMILY.     Scrophulariaccae. 


This  is  very  much  like  the  last  in  every 
Pentstemon  .  J 

Penis&mon  way,  except  the  color  of  its  flowers.    The 

Wnghtii  leaves  are  smooth  and   thickish,   bluish- 

Pink,  purple          green,   with  a   "bloom,"   the  lower  ones 

with  a  few  irregular,  blunt  teeth,  or  with 
Arizona  .  ' 

wavy  margins,  and  the  flowers,  which  are 

the  same  shape  and  size  as  the  last,  are  deep,  bright 
pink,  with  a  magenta  line  on  each  lobe  and  some  white 
hairs  on  the  lower  lip.  The  filaments  are  purple,  with 
whitish  anthers,  and  the  fifth  stamen  resembles  a  tiny 
brush,  with  yellow  bristles  on  the  upper  side  and  pointing 
into  the  throat.  The  whole  effect  of  the  graceful  flower- 
cluster  is  bright,  beautiful,  and  conspicuous,  growing  among 
the  rocks,  on  hillsides  and  in  canyons. 

This  is  very   beautiful   and  varied   in 
Pentstemon  .       j  .        . 

Pentstemon  laltus  c°l°r  and  is  the  commonest  kind  in  Yose- 
Blue,  purple  mite,  from  one  to  two  feet  high,  with  rough- 

Summer  isn>  toothless  leaves  and  several  slender, 

erect,  somewhat  hairy  branches,  ending  in 
long  loose  clusters  of  flowers.  The  corollas  are  an  inch 
long,  and  vary  from  deep  bright  blue  through  all  shades 
of  violet  to  deep  pink,  with  two  white  ridges  in  the  throat, 
and  with  two  white  anthers  visible  and  two  purple  ones 
hidden  in  the  throat.  The  flowers'  faces  have  a  quaint, 
wide-awake  expression.  This  grows  on  dry  rocky  slopes 
and  is  often  mistaken  for  P.  heterophyllus,  which  is  rather 
common  in  open  places  in  the  Coast  Ranges.  P.  linarioides, 
blooming  in  late  summer  at  the  Grand  Canyon,  is  some- 
what similar,  but  the  flowers  are  smaller  and  more  delicate, 
and  the  leaves  are  smooth,  small,  and  narrow. 

Very  beautiful,  from  two  to  three  feet 
Scarlet  Bugler  . 

PentstemonEatoni^^  Wlth  Purplish  stems,  smooth  leaves, 
Red  and  flowers  an  inch  long,  with  a  bright 

Spring  scarlet,  funnel-shaped  corolla,  not  much 

Arix.,  Utah  two-lipped,   the  stamens  not  protruding. 

These  graceful  wands  of  vivid  color  are  conspicuous  in  the 
Grand  Canyon.  P.  centranthijblius,  common  in  Califor- 
nia, is  similar,  the  corolla  less  two-lipped,  and  has  very 
smooth,  thickish  leaves.  P.  Bridgesii,  found  in  Yosemite, 
is  similar,  but  the  corolla  is  decidedly  two-lipped. 

484 


Penstemon- 

P  l&etus. 


rletBuqler« 
P.  Eaton  i 


FIGWORT  FAMILY.     Scrophula*iaceae 


A  bushy  plant,  from  two  to  five  feet 
Yawning  high,  with  many  smooth,  slender  branches, 

Pentstemon  terminating    in    long    loose    clusters    of 

Penlstemon  * 

brevijldrus  flowers.     1  he  leaves  are  smooth,  rather 

Flesh-color  dark  green,  the  lower  ones  sharply  toothed, 

Summer  an(^  the  flowers  are  three-quarters  of  an 

California  inch  long;  the  corolla  flesh-color,  tipped 

with  pink,  with  some  purple  lines  on  the  lower  lip,  and 
some  fine  white  hairs  on  the  upper;  the  buds  yellow/tipped 
with  dark  red.  These  flowers  are  too  dull  in  color  to  be 
effective,  but  they  are  sweet-smelling  and  have  ridiculous 
faces  with  widely  yawning  mouths.  This  is  quite  common 
in  Yosemite,  forming  large  clumps  on  open  rocky  slopes. 
Indians  use  the  tough  stems  for  making  baskets. 

Exceedingly    handsome,    with    smooth, 
Scarlet  paie  green  stems,  two  feet  or  more    tall, 

^wtmon  and   smooth'    rather   bluish-green  leaves, 

Tdrreyi  with  slightly  rippled  edges.     The   corolla 

Red  is  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long,  vivid  scarlet, 

Summer  paler    inside,    strongly    two-lipped,    with 

long,  conspicuous  stamens,  with  pale 
yellow  anthers,  the  style  remaining  on  the  tip  of  the  cap- 
sule like  a  long  purple  thread.  This  makes  splendid  clumps 
of  gorgeous  color  and  is  common  on  the  rim  of  the  Grand 
Canyon. 

There  are  a  number  of  kinds  of  Collinsia,  natives  of 
North  America,  with  the  leaves  opposite  or  in  whorls;  the 
flowers  single  or  in  whorls;  the  calyx  five-cleft;  the  corolla 
irregular,  with  a  short  tube  and  two-lipped;  the  upper  lip 
two-cleft  and  more  or  less  erect,  the  lower  lip  larger  and 
three-lobed,  the  side  lobes  spreading  or  drooping,  the  middle 
lobe  keel-like  and  folded  together  and  enclosing  the  two 
pairs  of  stamens  and  the  threadlike  style,  which  has  a  ! 
small  round-top  tfr  two-lobed  stigma.    The  fifth  stamen  is  j 
represented  by  a  minute  gland  on  the  upper  side  of  the 
corolla  tube  near  the  base.    The  form  of  the  flowers  some- 
what suggests  those  of  the  Pea  Family.     If  we  pull  the  • 
lower  lip  apart  we  find  the  odd  little  crevice  in  which  the 
stamens  are  concealed. 


486 


Scarlet  Penstemon- 
P.Torreyi. 


Y&wning  Penstemon« 
P.  brevif  lorus. 


FIG  WORT  FAMILY.     Scrophulariaceae. 


_..         __  These  are   charming   plants,    from   six 

Chinese  Houses      . 

CoUinsia  bicolor     inches  to  a  foot  and  a  half  tall,  with  very 
Purple  and  white   delicately  made  flowers.     The  leaves  are 
Spring,  summer     smooth  or  downy  and  more  or  less  toothed, 
i  orma  with   rough   edges,   and   the   flowers   are 

arranged  in  a  series  of  one-sided  clusters  along  the  upper 
part  of  the  stem,  which  is  more  or  less  branching.  The 
corollas  are  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  long  and  vary 
in  color,  being  sometimes  all  white.  In  the  shady  woods 
around  Santa  Barbara  they  often  have  a  white  upper  lip, 
which  is  tipped  with  lilac  and  specked  with  crimson,  and  a 
lilac  lower  lip,  and  here  they  are  much  more  delicate  in 
appearance  than  on  the  sea-cliffs  at  La  Jolla,  where  they 
grow  in  quantities  among  the  bushes  and  are  exceedingly 
showy.  In  the  latter  neighborhood  the  flowers  are  nearly 
an  inch  long  and  the  upper  lip  is  almost  all  white  and 
marked  with  a  crescent  of  crimson  specks  above  a  magenta 
base,  and  the  lower  lip  is  almost  all  magenta,  with  a  white 
stripe  at  the  center,  the  contrast  between  the  magenta 
and  white  being  very  striking  and  almost  too  crude.  The 
arrangement  of  the  flowers  is  somewhat  suggestive  of  the 
many  stories  of  a  Chinese  pagoda  and  the  plant  is  common. 

A  very  attractive  little  plant,  smooth 
Blue-lips  a]]  Qv       about  six  inches  tall   with  tooth. 

CoUinsia 

muitiflora  less»  1]gnt  green  leaves  and  pretty  flowers, 

Lilac,  blue,  and      each  over  half  an  inch  long.     The  upper 

Pink  petals  are  pinkish-lilac,  the  lower  petals  a 

um    er  peculiar   shade   of   bright   blue,   and    the 

tube  is  pink;   the   contrast  between   the 

blue  and  pink  giving  an  odd  and  pretty  effect.    This  grows 

in  the  woods  around  Mt.  Shasta. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Scrophularia,  most  of  them 
natives  of  Europe.  They  are  rank  perennial  herbs,  usually 
with  opposite  leaves;  the  corolla  with  no  spur  and  with 
five  lobes,  all  erect  except  the  lowest  one,  which  is  small 
and  turned  back;  the  stamens  five,  four  of  them  with 
anthers  and  the  fifth  reduced  to  a  scale  under  the  upper 
lip.  These  plants  are  supposed  to  be  a  remedy  for  scrofula, 


488 


Blue-lips- 
C.multiflorr, 


Ch  inese  Houses - 
CoIIinsia  bicolor. 


MUWUKI   FA/niLY.     bcrophularfaceae. 


California  Bee- 
plant 

Scrophularia 
<Calif6rnica 
Rd,  green 
Spring,  summer 
Northwest,  Cal. 


This    is    a    coarse    plant,    smooth,    or 
rather  sticky  and  hairy,  with  several  stout,  • 
square  stems,  and  forming  a  large  clump,  ! 
from   two   to   six   feet   high.      The   little 
flowers   have   a   quaint   appearance,    but 
are  usually  only  about  a  quarter  of  an 
inch  long,  with  brownish-red  or  greenish 
corollas,  which  are  neither  pretty  nor  conspicuous,  but  the 
variety  floribunda,    cf   southern   California,    has   flowers  , 
which  are  nearly  half  an  inch  long,  with  rich  red  corollas, 
handsome  and  brilliant  in  effect.     These  plants  yield  a 
great  deal  of  honey  and  are  common  and  widely  distributed. 
There  are  several  kinds  of  Diplacus,  much  resembling 
Mimulus,  except  that  they  are  shrubs,   with  evergreen  j 
leaves. 

When  in  full  bloom,  this  is  a  handsome 
and  very  conspicuous  shrub,  for  the 
flowers  are  numerous  and  unusual  in 
coloring,  being  usually  a  peculiar  shade 
of  salmon-color,  which  at  a  distance  gives 
the  effect  in  the  landscape  of  some  sort  ! 

of  exotic  rhododendron.    It  is  from  two  to 
(varying  from  palesix  f     t  h{   h       hh  dark  gtick 

yellow  to  red) 
Spring,  summer     usually  toothless  leaves,   with  their  mar- 

California  gins   rolled   back,  dark  sticky   buds   and 

large  flowers,  which  are  sometimes  three 
inches  long,  the  corolla  varying  in  color  from  almost  white  I 
to  scarlet,  with  a  white  stigma.    They  bloom  more  or  less 
all  the  year  round  and  there  are  several  similar,  named 
varieties. 

This  is  much  like  the  last,  and  is  often 
very  handsome.  In  the  crevices  of  the 
sea-cliffs  at  La  Jolla  it  makes  tangled 
thickets  of  woody  stems  and  dark  green 
foliage,  ornamented  with  many  scarlet  or 
rich  deep-red  flowers,  with  a  velvety 
surface  like  that  of  a  pansy  and  with 
orange  ribs  in  the  throat.  This  is  common 
throughout  California. 


Sticky  Monkey- 
flower, 

Bush  Monkey- 
flower 

Diplacus  longi- 
florus  (Mimulus) 
Salmon-color 


Bush  Monkey- 
flower 

Diplacus  puni- 
ceus  (Mimulus) 
Red 

Spring,  summer, 
autumn 
California 


Bee-plant- 


v&r.floribundfr. 


FIGWORT  FAMILY.     Scrophulariaceae. 


There  are  many  kinds  of  Mimulus,  or  Monkey-flowerJ 
usually  growing  in  moist  places,  with  erect  or  slanting^ 
juicy  stems;  leaves  opposite,  usually  toothed;  flowers 
generally  handsome,  on  flower-stalks  from  the  axils  of  thei 
leaves;  calyx  covering  the  tube  of  the  corolla,  bell-shaped,) 
five-angled  and  five-toothed,  upper  tooth  usually  larger;! 
corolla  two-lipped,  the  upper  lip  with  two  lobes,  erect  on 
turned  back,  the  lower  with  three,  rounded,  spreading 
lobes,  the  tube  not  swollen  at  base  and  with  a  pair  ofl 
ridges  within  on  the  lower  side;  stamens  four,  in  pairs,  not} 
inclosed  in  the  upper  lip,  their  two  anther-cells  spreading 
apart,  no  rudiment  of  a  fifth  stamen;  style  threadlike, 
stigma  with  two,  flat,  spreading  tips.  When  an  insect 
alights  it  touches  the  stigma,  which  immediately  folds  itsj 
tips  together,  thus  exposing  the  anthers,  so  that  the  insect: 
becomes  dusted  with  pollen.  This  can  be  observed  byj 
touching  the  stigma  with  a  pencil.  The  odd  little  grinning 
face  of  these  flowers  suggested  both  the  common  name  andi 
the  Greek,  derived  from  "ape." 

A  very  handsome  plant,   from  one  toi 
Monkey-flower  J  . 

Mimulus  brevipes  two  feet  hlSh»  rather  hairy  and  sticky  alii 
Yellow  over,  with  dark  green  leaves,  usually 

Spring  toothless,  and  large,  clear  bright   yellow 

California  flowers,  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  with  a< 

pair  of  ridges  in  the  throat  and  a  pale  green  stigma.  This 
grows  on  hillsides,  the  rich  green  foliage  and  bronze- 
colored  buds  contrasting  finely  with  the  bright  flowers.. 
The  leaves  are  quite  unlike  those  of  the  Common  Yellow 
Monkey-flower. 

Pink  M    k  ^  Srace^ul  mountain  perennial,  growing ; 

flower  near  streams,  from  two  to  three  feet  tall, , 

Mimulus  Lewisii    with  bright  green,  toothed  leaves,  thin  in 
pink  texture,  more  or  less  hairy,  without  leaf- 

wettgetscummer   stalks;  the  stems  and  buds  slightly  sticky-i 

The  lovely  flowers  are  nearly  two  inches 
long,  the  corolla  varying  from  pale  pink  to  rose-red,  with . 
two,  hairy,  yellow  ridges  in  the  throat,  the  stamens  not 
protruding  from  the  tube.  This  pink  kind  takes  the  place 
in  the  high  mountains  of  the  Scarlet  Monkey-flower  of 
lower  altitudes  and  is  found  as  far  east  as  Colorado. 


492 


Monkey-flower-  Mimulus  brevipe* 


FIQWORT  FAMILY.     Scrophulariaceae. 


An  exceeding!}'  handsome  kind,  some 
flower*     °nkey" 


*  M°nkey"    times  nearly  five  feet  high,  much  like  the 


Mimulus  ^ast»     but    with    vivid    scarlet    corollas, 

cardinalis  decidedly  two-lipped,  the  upper  lip  erect 

Red  and    the   lower   lobes    turned    back,    the 

Oreerg  stamens  Protruding  from  the  tube.  I 
first  saw  these  gorgeous  flowers  glowing 
like  bits  of  flame  among  the  ferns  and  grasses  that  bordered 
a  beautiful  spring  in  a  cave  in  the  Grand  Canyon,  where 
icy  water  fell  on  them  drop  by  drop  through  a  crevice  in 
the  rocky  roof  far  above  them  and  kept  them  glistening 
with  moisture.  This  is  often  cultivated  in  gardens. 

A  charming  little  plant,  from  three  tc 

ii"1!  Yeliow          six  inches  tall,  with  pretty  delicate  flowers. 

Monkey-flower 

Mimulus  from  half  an  inch  to  an  inch  long,   the 

primulotdes  corolla-lobes  all  alike,  bright  yellow,  often 

Yellow  dotted  with  crimson,   growing  singly  on 

Summer  the    ti        of  slender    flower-stalks, 

Cal.,  Oreg. 

springing  from  a  cluster  of  bright  yellow- 

ish-green leaves,  usually  toothed,  smooth,  or  sometimes 
hairy.    This  grows  in  moist  mountain  meadows. 
L'ttle  P'nk  ^  Delicate  h'ttle  plant,  from  three  inches 

Monkey-flower  to  a  ^oot  high*  rather  hairy  and  sticky, 
Mimulus  Tdrreyi  with  very  slender  branching  stems, 
pink  yellowish-green,  toothless  leaves,  and 

bright  flowers,  about  three-quarters  of  an 
California 

inch  long,   with  almost  no  flower-stalks; 

the  corolla-lobes  pink,  veined  with  purple,  the  tube 
crimson,  with  two  yellow  ridges  in  the  throat.  A  patch  ot 
these  little  flowers  scattered  over  a  sandy  slope  in  Yosemite, 
sometimes  growing  with  a  tiny  blue  and  white  Lupine 
that  likes  the  same  sort  of  place,  is  an  exceedingly  pretty 
sight.  It  grows  in  the  mountains,  preferring  moderate 
altitudes,  becoming  lower  and  deeper  in  color  in  higher 
places. 

A  charming  little  plant,  something 
floTe?  M°nkey"  like  the  la*t  but  prettier,  three  or  four 
Mimulus  inches  tall,  with  very  slender,  stiff,  pur- 

Fremontii  plish,  branching  stems  and  smooth,  thickish, 

piQk  light  green  leaves,  purplish  on  the  under 

«pf??g  .  side.      The    flowers   are    nearly   an    inch 

California 

across,    with    a   hairy    calyx   and    bright 

494 


Desert  Monkey-flower. 
M.Fremontii. 


Little  Pink 
Monkey-flower- 
M  .To  r  r  ey  i . 


Little  Yellow  Monkey-flower- 
Mimulus  primuloides. 


FIQWORT  FAMILY.     Scrophulariaceae. 


purplish-pink  corolla,  streaked  with  magenta,  with  yellow 
ridges  on  the  lower  lip  and  plaits  inside  the  throat.  They 
look  exceedingly  pretty  on  the  pale  sand  of  the  Mojave 
Desert. 

There    are    several    varieties    of    this 

C°mmonjellow    common  and  attractive  plant,   some  tall 

Monkey-flower 

Mimulus  anc*  robust,  others  very  short.    The  stems 

Langsddrfii  are  smooth,  not  sticky,  thickish  and  pale, 

Yellow  sometimes  branching,   about  a   foot  tall, 

Spring,  summer  and  fch  leaves  are  f  rom  one  to  three  incheS 
Southwest,  Utah, 

etc  long,  smooth,  or  slightly  downy,  especially 

on  the  under  side  of  the  upper  leaves,  and 
usually  bright  green,  the  veins  prominent  on  the  back,  the 
upper  leaves  without  leaf-stalks  and  more  or  less  clasping, 
the  lower  ones  with  leaf-stalks  varying  in  length.  The 
flowers  are  from  three-quarters  of  an  inch  to  two  inches 
long,  clear  bright  yellow,  the  throat  nearly  closed  and  hairy, 
usually  with  some  dark  red  dots  between  the  hairy  ridges 
on  the  lower  lip.  This  grows  in  wet  places  in  the  mountains 
and  in  canyons,  is  widely  distributed  in  the  West,  and  has 
now  strayed  as  far  east  as  Connecticut. 

_,    ,     f  This  plant  is  more  or  less  hairy  and 

Musk-plant 

Mimulus  seems  to  be  wet  all  over  with  slimy  dew 

moschdtus  and  smells  of  musk.    When  the  stems  are 

Yellow  cut  and  put  in  water  a  slimy  sort  of  muci- 

Sjrin*  •£"»*•  i  iage  dripS  from  them.  It  is  about  ten 
inches  tall,  with  rather  pretty  yellow 
flowers,  barely  an  inch  long,  with  some  hairs  and  reddish 
specks  in  the  throat.  This  is  widely  distributed,  in  wet 
places,  from  Ontario  westward. 

There  are  numerous  kinds  of  Orthocarpus,   many  of 
them  Californian,  difficult  to  distinguish.    Like  Castilleja, 
their  upper  leaves  often  pass  into  colored  bracts  and  the 
calyx  is  colored,  but  the  corolla  is  not  similar,  for  the  upper 
lip  is  small  and  the  three-lobed  lower  lip  is  swollen  and  I 
conspicuous;  calyx  short,  four-cleft;  stamens  four,  two  of! 
them  short,  enclosed  in  the  upper  lip ;  style  long,  with  a  \ 
round-top  stigma;  leaves  without  leaf -stalks,  usually  al- 
ternate, often  cut  into  three  to  five  narrow  divisions;  fruit 
an  oblong  capsule  with  many  seeds.    Perhaps  it  is  called 
Owl's-clover  because,  in  some  kinds,  the  flowers  look  like 
the  faces  of  owls. 


Common  Yellow  Monkey-flower-MimuIus  L^nqsdorfi. 


FIQWORT  FAMILY.     Scrophulariaceac. 


One  of  the  handsomest  of  its  kind,  a 
KOTO  PeUcan  fine  thrifty  plant,  but  not  at  all  coarse, 
Onhoc&rpus  anc^  mucn  prettier  and  more  effective 

faudbarb&tus  than  the  next.  The  branching  stem  is 
Yellow,  whitish  about  a  foot  tall,  and  the  leaves  are  very 
light,  bright  yellowish-green,  and  thin  in 
texture.  The  flowers  are  about  an  inch 
long,  with  very  clear  bright  yellow  "pouches"  and 
greenish  "beaks"  tipped  with  white.  They  have  a  curi- 
ously solid  appearance,  as  if  carved  out  of  yellow  wax,  and 
are  very  pleasing  and  fresh  in  color,  harmonizing  well  with 
the  light  green  bracts,  which  give  a  very  feathery  effect  to 
the  top  of  the  cluster.  Like  most  of  its  relations,  the 
flowers  are  more  effective  when  we  look  down  on  them, 
growing  among  the  grass,  than  when  they  are  picked  and 
we  see  them  in  profile.  The  corollas  are  sometimes  pinkish- 
white.  This  is  common  in  the  valleys  cf  the  Coast  Ranges. 

From   five   to   ten  inches  tall,   with  a 
Johnny-Tuck 
Orthoctrpus  slender,     downy,     purplish    stem,     often 

eridnthus  branching,  dull  green,  downy  leaves  and 

Yellow  purplish-tipped     bracts.       The     sulphur- 

Sprmg  yellow  flowers  are  usually  an  inch  long. 

Cal.,  Oreg. 

with  a  magenta    beak    and  a  very  slender, 

white  tube.  They  are  pretty  and  very  common  on  plains. 
A  delicate  little  plant,  from  five  to  ten 
y"  inches  tall»  with  a  slender,  downy,  reddish 
Pink  Popcorn  stem,  hairy,  dull  green  leaves  and  bracts, 
Flower  and  very  pretty  little  flowers,  nearly  an 

Orthoc&rpus  eri-      inch  long;  the  corollas  varying  from  almost 
Anthus  var.  roslus    white    tQ    bright    pink>    but    &u    the    game 

Spring  shade  on  one  plant,  with  a  little  yellow  at 

California  the  center  and  a  maroon-colored  "beak." 

They  are  deliciously  sweet-scented,  like 
violets,  and  grow  in  dry  places.  The  variety  versicolor, 
Popcorn  Beauty,  has  fragrant  white  flowers. 

This    often    makes    patches    of    bright 

°Wl'S 


Orthoc&rpus  w^  st^»  sender,  hairy  stems,  hairy  leaves, 

Ititeus  and  pretty  bright  yellow  flowers,  nearly 

Yellow  half  an   inch   long.      This   grows   in   dry 

sunny    places    as   far   east    as   Colorado. 
West,  etc. 

reaching  an  altitude  of  ten  thousand  feet. 

498 


Johnny-Tuck-  Vfef  low  Pelican  IMfF  lower 

us  erianthus.  0.  \iifkucibarbatus. 


FIGWORT  FAMILY.     Scrophulariaceac. 


The  Spanish  name,  which  means  "little 
Escc  11  a,  Owl  s  broom,"  is  very  appropriate  for  this  pretty 
Orthoc&rpus  plant.  The  stiff,  downy  stem  is  from  five 

densifldrus  to  fifteen  inches  tall  and  the  downy  leaves 

Purplish-pink        are  light  green  and  become  tipped  with 

Spring  purplish-pink  as  they  mount  up  the  stalk. 

California 

The  flowers  are  about  three-quarters  of  an 

inch  long  and  have  a  white  lower  lip,  which  is  tipped  with 
yellow  and  has  a  crimson  dot  on  each  lobe,  and  the  straight, 
erect  "beak"  is  crimson.  The  cluster  is  crowded  with 
purplish-pink  and  white  bracts  and  though  the  flowers 
themselves  are  not  conspicuous  the  effect  is  feathery  and 
very  pretty,  especially  when  the  plants  grow  in  such 
quantities  as  to  color  a  whole  field  with  soft  pink,  or  when 
mixed  with  beautifully  contrasting  patches  of  blue  Lupine. 
This  is  common  along  the  coast.  0.  purpurdscens, 
common  in  the  Northwest  and  Southwest,  is  similar,  but 
it  has  a  hairy  "beak,"  hooked  at  the  tip,  and  the  general 
effect  is  handsomer  and  much  brighter  in  color,  but  less 
feathery. 

An  interesting  annual  plant,  quite 
o7thoctrpl7pur-  P^tty,  about  a  foot  high,  the  stem  some- 
Pureo-dlbus  times  branching  and  the  branches  suggest- 

Pink  and  white      jng  those  of  a  candelabrum,  clothed  with 
u.mmer  soft,  finely  divided,  dull  green  leaves  and 

New'Mex.'  ending    in    spikes    of   green    bracts  and 

pretty  little  flowers,  three-quarters  of  an 
inch  long.  The  calyx  is  green,  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla 
is  purplish-pink  and  the  lower  lip  is  swollen,  three-lobed 
and  cream-white,  turning  pink  in  fading.  This  grows 
in  dry  places  at  altitudes  of  from  six  to  eight  thousand 
feet.  Only  one  of  the  branches  is  given  in  the  picture. 

A  pretty  little  plant,  from  six  to  eight 
Orthoc&rpus  inches  high,  with  hairy  leaves  cut  into 

exsertus  narrow  divisions  and  passing  into  pinkish-  , 

White  and  pink  Hlac  bracts  towards  the  top  of  the  stalk, 
Spring,  summer  wh{ch  are  m{xed  w{th  {nk  and  white 
California  .  F 

flowers,  each  about  an  inch  long,  so  that 

the  effect  of  the  whole  is  a  spike  of  pink  and  white.  The 
lower  lip  of  the  corolla  is  white  and  the  upper  lip  is  pink, 
with  a  furry  tip.  This  grows  in  fields.  0.  attenuatus, 
common  in  fields  in  the  Northwest,  is  a  slender  inconspicu- 
500 


Owls-clover- 


Owhs-clover* 

0.  exsertus. 


Orthocwpus  densif  loraa. 


FIQWORT  FAMILY.     Scrophulariaceae. 


ous  kind,  about  nine  inches  tall,  with  soft,  thin,  dull 
green  leaves,  most  oi  them  not  lobed,  and  pale  green  bracts, 
often  tipped  with  white.  The  corollas  are  dull  white,  the 
lower  lip  dotted  with  purple  or  yellow,  and  the  whole  effect 
of  the  cluster  is  feathery,  very  slender,  and  pale  in  color. 
There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Pedicularis,  usually  with 
finely-cut  leaves  and  spikes  of  queerly-shaped  flowers, 
usually  yellow,  sometimes  red  or  white;  the  corolla  con- 
spicuously two-lipped,  the  upper  lip  hood-like,  long  and 
narrow,  the  lower  lip  three-lobed;  the  stamens  four,  two 
of  them  short,  in  the  upper  lip;  the  capsule  flattened  or 
compressed,  beaked,  splitting  open,  and  containing  many 
seeds.  These  plants  are  supposed  to  cause  lice  in  sheep 
that  feed  on  them,  so  they  have  the  ugly  name  of  Louse- 
wort,  both  in  English  and  Latin. 

A   robust   and   very   decorative   plant, 
Indian  Warrior 

Pedicularis  Wlt"  nc"  c°l°ring-     The  stout,   purplish 

densi flora  stems  are  slightly  hairy,  from  nine  inches 

Crimson  to  nearly  two  feet  tall,  and  spring  from  a 

?pfinl  graceful  cluster  of  large  leaves,  which  are 

crisp  in  texture  and  smooth  or  slightly 
downy,  rich  green  and  often  tinged  with  bronze.  The 
flowers  are  an  inch  or  more  long,  with  purplish,  hairy 
calyxes  and  crimson  corollas,  and  form  a  very  handsome 
though  rather  coarse-looking  cluster,  mixed  with  purplish 
bracts,  and  finely  shaded  in  color,  frc-m  the  carmine  buds 
at  the  top  to  the  wine-color  of  the  faded  flowers  at  the 
base.  This  grows  on  wooded  hillsides  and  in  deep  shade. 
The  flowers  are  sometimes  white. 

This  is  an  odd-looking  plant,  about  six 
Pedicularis  inches  tall,  with  a  stout,  purplish  stem, 

omithorhyncha  woolly  at  the  top,  springing  from  a  pretty 
Pink  cluster  of  smooth,  bright  green  leaves. 

Summer  /p^  flowers  are  about  three-quarters  of  an 

Wash.,  Oreg.  .  .  ,  ..  , 

inch  long,  with  purplish,   woolly  calyxes 

and  bright  pink  corollas,  which  are  veined  and  tipped  with 
deeper  color,  with  purplish  bracts.  They  are  very  eccen- 
tric in  shape  and  the  upper  lip  has  a  ludicrous  resemblance 
to  the  head  of  a  duck.  This  grows  in  the  mountains. 


502 


Duck-bilN 
P.ornithorhync^e 


Indian  Waj-nor- 


icul^ris    densiflor^. 


BROOM-RAPE  FAMILY.     Orobanchaceae. 


This  grows  in  dry  rocky  soil  at  high 
Alpine  Betony  altitudes,  forming  a  low  clump  of  pretty 

Pediculbris  ,         «      1 

centranthtra  bronze-colored    leaves,    cut    into    many 

Magenta  and  small  crinkled  lobes,  and  giving  the  effect 
white  of  stiff  little  ferns,  with  a  short  spike  of 

Spring  oddly  pretty  flowers,  each  over  an  inch 

Utah,  Ariz., 

New  Mex.  l°ng»  Wltn  a  purplish,  hairy  calyx  and  a 

corolla  with  a  white  tube  and  magenta 
lips,  the  anthers  projecting  like  sharp  little  teeth  from 
under  the  arching  upper  lip.  P.  semibarbdia,  growing  in 
dry  woods  in  Yosemite,  forms  a  rosette  of  crinkled  bronze 
foliage,  with  short  spikes  of  yellow  flowers. 

A  handsome  plant,  with  quaint  flowers. 
Elephants'  Heads,  The  smooth  slender,  purplish  stem  is  a 
Butterfly-tongue  •£  * 

Pediculdris  ^oot  or  more  tall,   with  a  few  alternate 

Groenl&ndica  leaves,  and  springs  from  a  cluster  of 
Pink  smooth,  fern-like  foliage,  much  like  that  of 

Summer  p  ornitfwrfiync}ia  often  tinged  with  bronze, 

West,  etc. 

and  bears  a  long,  crowded  spike  or  many 

flowers.  They  are  slightly  fragrant,  about  three-quarters 
of  an  inch  long,  with  purplish  calyxes  and  deep  pink  or 
reddish  corollas,  which  look  absurdly  like  little  elephants' 
heads.  This  grows  in  the  mountains,  across  the  continent. 

BROOM-RAPE    FAMILY.     Orobanchaceae. 

A  rather  small  family,  resembling  Scrophulariaceae, 
widely  distributed;  parasitic  herbs,  without  green  foliage, 
with  alternate  scales  instead  of  leaves;  flowers  perfect, 
irregular;  calyx  five-cleft,  or  split  on  one  or  both  sides; 
corolla  two-lipped;  stamens  four,  in  pairs,  with  slender 
filaments,  on  the  corolla-tube  (sometimes  also  the  rudi- 
ment of  a  fifth  stamen);  ovary  superior,  style  slender, 
stigma  disk-like,  with  two  or  four  lobes;  fruit  a  capsule. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Thalesia. 

A  queer  little   thing,   but  pretty  and 

One-flowered  delicate,  with  a  very  short  stem,  mostly 
Cancer-root  . 

Thaltsia  uniflbra  underground,  bearing  one  or  more  slender, 
(Orobanche)  slightly  hairy,  dull  yellow,  scaly  flower- 
Purplish  stems  from  three  to  eight  inches  tall,  each 
Spring,  summer  with  {  j  flo  less  than  an  inch  j 

Northwest,  Utah,       .  ,  ,     . 

etc>  with  a   dull  yellow,   hairy   calyx,   and  a 

hairy,    lilac    corolla,     tinged    with    dull 
504 


Alpine  Betony 
Pedicukris  centr^nthera. 


Elephants'  Heads* 
P. 


One-flowered  C&ncer-root- 


MADDER  FAMILY.     Rubiaceae. 


yellow  and  veined  with  purple,  with  two  yellow  ridges  in 
the  throat.  This  is  not  common  and  is  found  across  the 
continent. 

MADDER  FAMILY.     Rubiaceoe. 

A  large  family,  widely  distributed,  chiefly  tropical.  Ours 
are  herbs,  or  shrubs;  leaves  opposite  or  in  whorls;  flowers 
regular,  usually  perfect;  calyx  with  four  teeth  or  none; 
corolla  with  four  or  five  united  lobes,  often  hairy  inside; 
stamens  on  the  corolla,  as  many  as  its  lobes  and  alternate 
with  them;  ovary  inferior,  with  one  or  two  styles;  fruit  a 
capsule,  berry,  or  stone-fruit.  Coffee,  Quinine,  and  Madder, 
used  for  dye,  belong  to  this  family.  I  am  told  that  the 
latter  plant  is  escaping  around  Salt  Lake  and  is  well 
established  there.  The  Latin  name  means  "red." 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Houstonia,  North  American, 
usually  growing  in  tufts,  leaves  opposite;  flowers  small; 
calyx  four-lobed;  corolla  funnel-form  or  salver-form,  four- 
lobed;  style  slender,  with  two  long  stigmas;  fruit  a  capsule. 
Sometimes  the  flowers  are  perfect,  but  usually  they  are  of 
two  kinds,  one  kind  with  high  anthers  and  short  pistil, 
the  otherkind  with  long  pistil  and  anthers  inside  the  corolla- 
tube;  visiting  insects  carry  pollen  from  the  high  anthers  of 
the  one  to  the  high  stigmas  of  the  other,  and  from  the  low 
anthers  to  the  low  stigmas,  thus  ensuring  cross- pollination 

A  pretty  little  desert  plant,  about  two 
Desert  Innocence   .  •'«•«* 

Houstdnia  riibra  inches  high,  forming  close  tufts  of  sage- 
Pink  and  white  green  foliage,  like  harsh  moss,  with  stiff 
Summer  needle-like  leaves  and  woody  stems, 

Arizona  sprinkled  with  charming  little  pink  and 

white  flowers.  The  corolla  is  three-eighths  of  an  inch 
across,  with  a  long  slender  tube,  the  stamens  lilac,  and  the 
odd  little  nodding  capsules  have  two  round  lobes.  This 
grows  in  the  dreadful  sandy  wastes  of  the  Petrified  Forest. 
The  only  kind,  a  slender  little  plant, 
Kelloggia  £rom  gix  inches  to  a  foot  tau  usually  wjth 

Kelloggia  .  , 

galioides  smooth  leaves,  with  small  stipules,     The 

Spring,  summer  tiny  flowers  are  white,  pink,  or  greenish- 
White,  pink,  yellow,  with  a  bristly  calyx,  and  the 
WesTetc  corolla  usually  has  four  petals,  but 

sometimes    five    or    three;     the    stigmas 
two.     The  fruit  is  covered   with   hooked   bristles.     This 
506 


Kelloqqi'a  qsJfoides. 


j  J 


Desert- 
Innocence 


Houston!^ 


VALERIAN  FAMILY.     Valerianaceae. 


grows  In  mountain  woods,  as  far  east  as  Wyoming. 
There  are  many  kinds  of  Galium,  widely  distributed; 
sometimes  shrubs;  stems  square;  leaves  in  whorls,  without 
stipules;  flowers  small,  usually  perfect,  in  clusters;  calyx 
usually  with  no  border;  corolla  wheel-shaped,  four-lobed; 
stamens  four,  short;  ovary  two-lobed;  styles  two,  short, 
with  round-top  stigmas;  fruit  dry  or  fleshy,  consisting  of 
two  similar,  rounded  parts,  each  with  one  seed.  The 
common  name,  Bed-straw,  comes  from  a  tradition  that  the 
manger  of  the  Infant  Christ  was  filled  with  these  plants. 
Other  names  are  Goose-grass  and  Cleavers. 

A  rather  attractive,  smooth,  perennial, 
Northern  Bed- 
straw  with    a    stout,    leafy    stem,    sometimes 

Galium  boredle  branching,  and  the  leaves  in  fours,  with 
White  three  veins,  the  margins  sometimes  rough 

Summer  and  hai  The  small  flowers  are  white 

Northwest,  etc. 

and  so  numerous  as  to  be  quite  pretty. 

The  fruit  is  small,  at  first  bristly,  but  smooth  when  ripe. 
This  grows  in  northern  mountains  across  the  continent, 
also  in  Europe  and  Asia,  up  to  ten  thousand  feet. 

VALERIAN    FAMILY.     Valerianaceae. 

Not  a  large  family,  widely  distributed,  most  abundant 
in  the  northern  hemisphere;  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves 
and  no  stipules;  flowers  usually  perfect,  rather  small,  in 
clusters;  the  calyx  sometimes  lacking,  or  small,  but  often 
becoming  conspicuous  in  fruit;  corolla  somewhat  irregular, 
tube  sometimes  swollen  or  spurred  at  base,  lobes  united  and 
spreading,  usually  five;  stamens  one  to  four,  with  slender 
filaments,  on  the  corolla,  alternate  with  its  lobes;  ovary 
inferior,  with  one  to  three  cells,  only  one  containing  an 
ovule,  the  others  empty;  style  slender;  fruit  dry,  not 
splitting  open,  containing  one  seed. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Valerianella,  much  alike, 
distinguished  principally  by  their  fruits. 

This  has  a  juicy  stem,  from  a  few  inches 
Corn-salad  to  Qver  ft  £oot  ta^  springing  from  a  clump 

macros"™  *  of  smooth,  very  bright  green  leaves,  and 

(Plectritis)  bearing  most  of  the  flowers  at  the  top,  in 

pi^  a  small  close  cluster,  with  narrow  purplish 

Spring,  summer  bracts>  They  are  tjny  wjth  a  slightly 
Northwest,  Cal.  *  ,.  ,  .  ,  ....  * 

irregular  corolla,  light  pink,  with  two  tiny 

508 


VALERIAN  FAMILY.     Valerianaceae. 


crimson  dots  on  each  side  of  the  lowest  lobe,  three  dark 
brown  anthers,  and  a  calyx  without  a  border.  This  is 
rather  pretty,  growing  in  long  grass  in  damp  places,  but 
the  flowers  are  too  small  to  be  effective. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Valerian,  rather  tall  perennials, 
chiefly  of  cool  regions  and  some  in  the  Andes.  They  are 
more  or  less  bad-smelling  plants,  especially  the  root;  the 
leaves  mostly  from  the  base  and  the  small  flowers  in 
terminal  clusters,  some  of  them  perfect,  some  with  stamens 
and  pistils  on  separate  plants,  some  with  the  two  sorts 
mixed;  the  calyx  with  from  five  to  fifteen  bristle-like  teeth, 
curled  up  and  inconspicuous  in  flower,  but  spread  out  and 
feathery  in  fruit;  the  corolla  white  cr  pink,  more  or  less 
funnel-form,  with  five  nearly  equal  lobes;  the  stamens 
three;  the  style  sometimes  with  three  minute  lobes.  The 
name  is  from  the  Latin,  meaning  "strong,"  in  allusion  to 
the  medicinal  properties. 

w.  A  very  handsome  and  attractive  plant, 

Valerihna  much  like  the  kind  that  is  cultivated  in 

sitchensis  gardens.     It  grows  from  one  to  three  feet 

White,  pinkish       tall,    from    a    creeping    rootstock,    with 

smooth,  juicy,  hollow  stems  and  handsome 
Wash.,  Oreg. 

bright    green    foliage.      The    leaves    are 

smooth  and  the  leaflets  of  the  stem-leaves  are  coarsely 
toothed.  The  flowers  are  white  or  pinkish,  with  pink 
buds,  and  are  crowded  in  fine  large,  rather  flat-topped 
clusters.  The  stamens  are  long  and  give  a  pretty  feathery 
appearance  to  the  cluster.  The  flowers  are  strongly  sweet- 
scented,  but  the  roots  usually  have  a  horrible  smell  when 
they  are  broken.  V.  sylvdtica  looks  much  the  same,  but 
the  leaves  are  mostly  toothless,  and  it  is  widely  distributed 
in  the  United  States,  both  East  and  West,  also  growing  in 
Asia.  Both  are  woodland  plants,  liking  rich  moist  soil. 

.  .         tr  ,    .  An  attractive  plant,  from  three  to  nine 

Arizona  Valerian     . 
Valeriana  inches   tall,    with   smooth   hollow   stems, 

Arizdnica  smooth    leaves,    and    pretty    clusters   of 

pink  flowers,  but  not  nearly  so  large  as  the  last, 

^pnng  They  are  purplish-pink  and  slightly  sweet- 

scented.     This  grows  in  crevices  in  the 
rocks  in  moist  places. 

510 


HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY.     Capri  to  liaceae. 


HONEYSUCKLE    FAMILY.     Caprifolioceoe. 

Not  a  large  family,  mostly  of  the  northern  hemisphere; 
herbs,  shrubs,  shrubby  vines  or  trees;  leaves  opposite, 
usually  without  stipules;  flowers  perfect,  regular  cr  irregu- 
lar; calyx  with  three  to  five  divisions;  corolla  usually  with 
five  united  lobes,  sometimes  two-lipped;  stamens  on  the 
corolla  tube,  usually  as  many  as  its  lobes  and  alternate 
with  them;  ovary  inferior,  with  one  style;  fruit  a  berry, 
stone-fruit,  or  capsule. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Lonicera,  shrubs,  or  twining 
woody  vines;  leaves  usually  without  teeth  or  lobes,  the 
upper  ones  sometimes  united  around  the  stem;  flowers 
usually  irregular;  calyx  with  five,  minute  teeth;  corolla 
more  or  less  funnel-shaped,  often  two-lipped,  four  lobes 
forming  the  upper  lip  and  one  lobe  the  under,  tube  often 
swollen  at  base;  stamens  five;  style  with  a  cap-like  stigma; 
fruic  berry  like. 

A  climbing  or  trailing  shrub,  with 
wide*  H°ney"  brilliant  flowers,  set  off  by  bright  green 
Tonic^ra  dlibsa  leaves>  thin  in  texture,  with  pale  "  bloom  " 
Orange  and  on  the  under  side  and  usually  hairy 

scarlet  margins,  the  lower  ones  with  short  leaf- 

Summer  stalks,    the    upper    usually    united    and 

Northwest  .  r%_. 

forming  a  disk.    The  flowers  are  scentless, 

about  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long,  with  smooth,  trumpet- 
shaped  corollas,  bright  orange  at  base,  shading  to  scarlet 
above,  with  a  bright  green  stigma  and  crimson  or  brownish 
anthers.  This  lives  in  the  woods  and  sometimes  climbs  to 
the  tops  of  quite  tall  trees,  ornamenting  them  with  its 
splendid  clusters  of  flowers  and  sprinkling  the  forest  floor 
with  its  fallen  blossoms  in  a  shower  of  scarlet  and  gold. 

A  bush,  from  three  to  seven  feet  high, 
Black  Twinberry        .  ,       ,      ' 
Lonicera  with  thick,  woody,   pale  gray  stems  and 

involucrfaa  bright  green  leaves,   glossy  and   thin  in 

Yellow  texture,  or  rather  coarse  and  hairy,  with 

Ummer  fine  hairs  alonS  the  margins.  The  flower- 
stalks  each  bear  a  pair  of  flowers,  without 
scent,  emerging  from  an  involucre  cf  two  bracts.  The 
corolla  is  rather  hairy  and  sticky,  half  an  inch  or  more 
long,  a  pretty  shade  of  warm  dull  yellow,  sometimes 

HI 


HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY.     Caprifoliaccae. 


tinged  with  red  outside,  with  five,  short,  nearly  equal 
lobes,  the  tube  swollen  at  base.  The  .ivolucre  becomes 
dark  red,  its  lobes  turn  back  and  display  a  pair  of  berries, 
disagreeable  to  the  taste,  as  large  as  peas,  nearly  black, 
the  whole  affair  striking  in  color  and  form.  This  grows  in 
moist  mountain  woods  and  seems  to  have  smoother, 
glossier  foliage,  and  smaller  flowers,  in  Utah  than  elsewhere. 
Rather  pretty,  with  a  woody  trunk  and 
suckle  hairy  twigs,  climbing  over  shrubs  and 

Lonictra  hispidula  trees,  sometimes  to  a  height  of  twenty 
Pink  feet.     The  leaves  are  pale  on  the  under 

W&sh^Ore     C      S^6'  ^e  uPPer  ones  usually  united  around 

the  stem,  and  the  flowers  are  about  three- 
quarters  of  an  inch  long,  with  pink  corollas  and  long 
stamens,  and  form  long  clusters,  which  are  pretty  but  not 
effective,  though  the  translucent,  orange-red  berries  are 
handsome  and  conspicuous.  This  varies  very  much, 
especially  in  hairiness  and  color  of  the  foliage,  and  is  quite 
common  in  canyons  and  along  streams  in  the  Coast  Ranges. 
The  Yellow  Honeysuckle,  L.  Californica,  is  similar,  but 
with  smooth  branches  and  leaves  and  pale  yellow  flowers; 
growing  in  Oregon  and  northern  California. 
There  are  two  kinds  of  Linnaea. 

One  of  the  loveliest  of  woodland  plants; 
Twm-flower  the    j  woody    stems    trail    over    the 

Linnala  boredlis 

var.  Americana       ground    and    send    up    straight,    slender 
Pink  branches,  a  few  inches  tall,  clothed  with 

Summer  leathery,   evergreen   leaves,   bright  green 

Utah  ^tc  '  anc^  ^ossy»  anc^  terminating  in  a  slender, 

slightly  hairy  flower-stalk,  which  bears 
a  pair  of  little  nodding  flowers,  about  half  an  inch  long, 
hanging  on  very  slender  pedicels,  with  two  bracts.  The 
corollas  are  regular,  with  five  lobes,  delicate  pink,  veined 
with  deeper  color  and  paler  at  the  margins,  with  a  white 
pistil  and  four,  white  stamens,  not  protruding.  The  fruit 
is  roundish  and  dry,  with  one  seed.  This  often  carpets  the 
forest  floor  with  its  glossy  foliage,  ornamenting  the  moss 
with  its  fairy-like  blossoms,  which  perfume  the  air  with  a 
fragrance  like  Heliotrope.  It  is  found  in  cold,  mountain 
woods,  up  to  thirteen  thousand  feet,  across  the  continent 
and  also  in  Europe  and  Asia,  and  was  named  after  Lin- 
naeus because  it  was  a  favorite  of  his. 


Pink  Honeysuckle* 
Lonicera  hlspidula. 


Twin-flower- 


borealis  v&r.Amenc&nx 


HONEYSUCKLE  FAMILY.     Caprifoliaccae. 


There  are  several  kinds  of  Symphoricarpos,  of  Nortl 
America  and  Mexico;  low,  branching  shrubs,  with  small 
leaves,  scaly  leaf-buds,  and  small,  pink  or  white  flowers, 
with  two  bracts,  in  clusters;  the  calyx  roundish,  with  four 
or  five  teeth;  the  corolla  regular,  more  or  less  bell-shaped, 
with  four  or  five  lobes;  the  fruit  a  roundish,  white  or  red 
berry,  containing  two  bony  seeds.  We  often  find  Snow- 
berries  cultivated  in  old-fashioned  gardens. 

An  attractive  shrub,   about  four  feet 
high»  with  slender  branches  and  yellowish 


racemdsus  twigs.      The    pretty    leaves    are    mostly 

Pink  smooth,  rich  green,  but  not  glossy,  paler 

Spnng,  su  an(j  sometimes  downy  on  the  under  side, 

thin,  but  rather  crisp  in  texture,  usually 
with  a  few  shallow  scallops  along  the  margins.  The 
flowers  are  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long,  with  bell- 
shaped  corollas,  purplish-pink  outside,  white  and  woolly 
in  the  inside,  the  stamens  and  style  not  protruding.  The 
berry  is  large  and  pure-  white,  with  white,  almost  tasteless 
pulp,  which  is  said  to  be  slightly  poisonous.  This  is  very 
common  in  California,  in  the  hill  country,  and  is  found 
across  the  continent. 

A  straggling  shrub,  from  two  to  three 
o*      feet   high»    with   sma11'    slightly   velvety, 
longifldrus  rather  pale  green  leaves,   white  on   the 

White  under  side,  sometimes  set  edgewise  on  the 

Summer  gtem>      The    flowers    are    aDOut    half    an 

Arizona 

inch  long,  with  a  slender,  white,  salver- 

form  corolla,  with  widely  separating  lobes  and  very  smooth 
inside,  the  anthers  partially  protruding  from  the  throat, 
and  the  pretty  berries  are  waxy-white.  This  grows  at 
the  Grand  Canyon. 

A     branching     shrub,     not    especially 
Snowberry  pretty,  about  three  feet  high,  with  shreddy 

Symphoricarpos       f         Jt    .       .  .  °    '      .         U1    .     ^ 

oredphilus  bark»    Pmklsh    twigs,    and    light,    bluish- 

Pink  green,   toothless  leaves,   usually  smooth. 

Spring,  summer  The  flowers  are  about  half  an  inch  long, 
Waho,  Utah,  with  a  tubujar  corolla,  with  short  lobes. 

flesh-color,  tinged  with  purplish-pink,  the 
stamens  and  style  not  protruding  and  the  buds  purplish- 
pink.  This  grows  in  the  mountains,  up  to  eight  or  t&* 
thousand  feet. 

516 


Snow  berry  - 
^ymphonc&rpos 
r?icemosus. 


GOURD  FAMILY.     Cucurbitaccae. 


GOURD  FAMILY.     Cucurbitaceae. 

A  large  family,  chiefly  of  the  tropics,  climbing  or  trailing, 
herbaceous  vines,  usually  with  tendrils,  rather  juicy,  with 
no  stipules;  leaves  alternate,  with  leaf-stalks,  usually  lobed 
or  cut;  flowers  some  staminate  and  some  pistillate;  calyx 
bell-shaped  or  tubular,  usually  five-lobed;  petals  mostly 
united,  usually  five,  on  the  calyx;  stamens  generally  three, 
with  short  filaments,  often  united;  ovary  inferior;  fruit 
fleshy,  often  with  a  hard  rind,  usually  with  flat  seeds. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Micrampelis,  natives  of  America. 
A  graceful,  decorative  vine,  with  many 

£J^c°the'   .         tendrils  and  spreading  to  a  great  distance, 

Wild  Cucumber 

Micrampelis  sometimes  as  much  as  thirty  feet,  partly 

•fabacea  (Echino-  climbing  over  bushes  and  partly  on  the 
cystis)  ground,  springing  from  an  enormous 

bitter  root  as  large  as  a  man's  body,  the 
California  leaves  slightly  rough.  The  pretty  little 

flowers  are  half  an  inch  across,  the  calyx 
with  small  teeth  or  with  none  and  the  corolla  cream -white, 
with  from  five  to  seven  lobes;  the  staminate  flowers  in 
loose  clusters  and  the  pistillate  ones  single.  The  fruit  is 
peculiar  and  conspicuous,  a  big  green  ball,  very  prickly 
and  measuring  two  inches  across.  The  Indians  used  to 
make  hair-oil  out  of  the  seeds.  This  is  also  called  Big- 
root  and  Man-in-the-ground. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Cucurbita,  natives  of  America, 
Asia,  and  Africa.  This  is  the  Latin  name  for  the  Gourd. 

This  is  a  near  relation  of  the  common 
Calabazilla,  Pumpkin  and  Squash  and  resembles  them. 

Gourd  TJ.  '•  j-      1 

Cucurbita  ^    1S    an    exceedingly    coarse,    but    very 

foetidissima  decorative  vine,  with  bristly  stems,  trail- 

Yellow  ing  on  the  ground  and  sometimes  twenty- 

Spring  gve  £eet  iongB    Tne  ieaves  are  about  eight 

Southwest,  etc.       ;,*•"-          7 «    .  ,  ,,.  ,         ,      , 

inches  long,  bluish-gray,  thick  and  velvety, 

covered  with  bristles  and  exceedingly  unpleasant  to  touch 
but  handsome  in  appearance.  The  gaudy  flowers  measure 
five  or  six  inches  across, with  a  bristly  calyx  and  bell-shaped, 
orange-yellow  corolla.  The  root  is  enormous,  sometimes 
six  feet  long,  the  fruit  is  a  smooth,  yellow  gourd,  and  the 
whole  plant  has  a  horrible  smell.  This  is  found  in  dry  soil, 
from  Nebraska  west,  and  is  common  in  southern  California 


Chilicothe 
Micrampelis  f&b&ce*. 


6ELLFLOWER  FAMILY.     Campanulaceae. 


BELLFLOWER  FAMILY.     Campanulaceae. 

A  large  family,  widely  distributed.  Ours  are  small 
herbs,  with  bitter  milky  juice;  leaves  alternate,  without 
stipules;  flowers  perfect,  usually  with  five  sepals;  corolla 
with  five  united  lobes;  stamens  five;  ovary  inferior,  style 
long,  sometimes  hairy,  with  two  to  five  stigmas,  which  do 
not  expand  until  some  time  after  the  flower  opens. 

There  are  a  great  many  kinds  of  Campanula;  ours  are 
chiefly  perennials,  with  more  or  less  bell-shaped  corollas; 
the  capsule  tipped  with  the  remains  of  the  calyx  and  open- 
ing at  the  sides  by  minute  holes.  The  name  is  from  the 
Latin,  meaning  "little  bell." 

This  is  the  well-known  kind,  sung  by 
Harebell,  Blue  t^  poets  an(^  foun(}  across  our  continent 
Bells  of  Scotland 

Campdnula  and   m    Europe   and    Asia,    reaching   an 

rotundijdlia  altitude    of    twelve    thousand    feet.      A 

Violet  charming,     graceful     little     plant,     with 

Summer  slender  stems,  from  six  inches  to  two  feet 

West,  etc.  r  ,  /•   1    11 

tall,  springing  from  a  cluster  of  dull  green, 

roundish  or  heart-shaped  leaves,  which  usually  wither 
away  before  the  flowers  bloom;  the  stem-leaves  long  and 
narrow.  The  flowers  hang  on  threadlike  pedicels,  usually 
in  a  loose  cluster,  and  are  less  than  an  inch  long,  violet 
or  blue  and  paler  at  the  base,  with  a  long  white  pistil  and 
pale  yellow  or  lilac  anthers.  Neither  the  plants  nor  the 
flowers  are  nearly  so  fragile  as  they  look,  for  the  stems  are 
wiry  and  the  flowers  are  slightly  papery  in  texture.  This 
plant  is  variable  and  may  include  more  than  one  kind.  It 
seems  hardly  necessary  to  remark  that  it  is  not  to  be 
confused  with  Calochortus  albus,  which  is  unfortunately 
sometimes  called  Hairbell  and  is  entirely  different,  but  I 
have  several  times  been  asked  whether  they  were  the  same. 

A  pretty  little  plant,  with  smooth, 
Bellflower  ,  .,  r  •  •  -u^  •  -u 

Campanula  slender  stems,   from   six  to  eight  inches 

Scouleri  tall,   and   smooth,    toothed  leaves.     The 

White,  lilac  flowers  are  in  a  loose  cluster  and  are  more 

Summer  the   gh  Q£    Hule    LiHes    than    cf    Blue 

Northwest,  Cal.  .    .  . 

Bells,  white  tinged  with  lilac,  or  pale  blue, 

with  yellow  anthers  and  a  long   pistil  with   three  pink 
stigmas.     The  California  Harebell,  C.  prenanthoides,  has 
blue  flowers,  similar  in  shape. 
52" 


Harebell  - 
C.  rotund  if  olla*. 


SUNFLOWER  FAMILY.     Compositae. 


SUNFLOWER  FAMILY.     Compositae. 

The  youngest  and  largest  plant  family,  comprising  about 
seven  hundred  and  fifty  genera  and  ten  thousand  species, 
highly  specialized  for  insect  pollination,  easily  recognized 
as  a  whole,  but  many  of  its  members  difficult  to  distinguish. 
Seme  tropical  kinds  are  trees;  ours  are  usually  herbs, 
sometimes  shrubs,  without  stipules;  the  leaves  opposite, 
alternate  or  from  the  root;  the  flowers  all  small  and 
crowded  in  heads,  on  the  enlarged  top  of  the  flower-stalk, 
which  is  called  the  "receptacle,"  and  surrounded  by  a 
common  involucre  of  separate  bracts,  few  or  many,  ar- 
ranged in  one  or  more  rows;  the  receptacle  also  sometimes 
having  scale-like  or  bristle-like  bracts  amcng  the  flowers,  its 
surface  smooth,  or  variously  pitted  and  honey-combed.  The 
flowers  are  sometimes  perfect,  or  with  only  pistils,  or  only 
stamens,  or  with  stamens  and  pistils  on  different  plants,  or 
all  kinds  mixed.  The  calyx-tube  is  sometimes  a  mere  ring, 
or  its  margin  consists  of  hairs,  bristles  or  scales,  called  the 
"pappus."  The  corcllas  are  chiefly  of  two  scrts;  they  are 
tubular  and  usually  have  five  lobes  or  teeth,  but  often  the 
flowers  around  the  margin  of  the  head  are  strap-shaped,  that 
is,  the  border  of  the  corolla  is  expanded  into  what  is  called 
a  "ray."  For  instance,  the  yellow  center,  or  "disk,"  of  a 
Daisy  is  composed  of  a  crowded  mass  of  tiny  tube-shaped 
flowers,  which  is  surrounded  by  a  circle  of  white,  strap- 
shaped  flowers,  or  rays,  which  look  like  petals.  A  Thistle, 
on  the  other  hand,  has  no  rays  and  the  head  is  made  up  of 
tube-shaped  flowers  only.  Stamens  usually  five,  on  the 
corolla-tube,  alternate  with  its  lobes,  anthers  usually  united 
into  a  tube  surrounding  the  style,  which  has  two  branches 
in  fertile  flowers,  but  usually  undivided  in  sterile  flowers; 
ovary  inferior,  one-celled,  maturing  into  an  akene,  often 
tipped  with  hairs  from  the  pappus  to  waft  it  about,  or  with 
hooks  or  barbs  to  catch  in  fur  cf  animals.  (Descriptions 
of  genera  have  been  omitted  as  too  technical.) 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Carduus  (Cnicus)  (Cirsium), 
widely  distributed ;  with  tubular  flowers  only. 

A  strikingly  handsome,  branching  plant, 
Cdrduus  Coulteri  from  three  to  seven  feet  high,  with  light 
Pink,  crimson  green  leaves,  very  decorative  in  form,  more 
Spring,  summer  Or  less  downy  on  the  upper  side  and  pale 
California  with  down  Qn  the  unden  The  flowf- 


Thistle- 

C^rduus  Coulten" 


SUNFLOWER  FAMILY.     Compositae. 


heads,  about  two  inches  long,  have  bright  lilac-pink  oi 
crimson  flowers  and  more  or  less  woolly  involucres.  This 
grows  in  the  hills  and  mountains  of  the  Coast  Ranges. 

A  very  striking  and  decorative  plant, 
Arizona  Thistle       ,     J ,     .     •; 
Ctirduus  both  in  form  and  color,  from  two  to  six 

Arizonicus  feet  tall,  with  a  pale,  branching,  leafy  stem, 

Pink  covered  with  close,  white  down,  springing 

Summer  from  a  ciuster  of  iarge  root-leaves.     The 

Arizona  .       .  ,        ,  . 

leaves  are  gray-green,  covered  with  white 

down,  and  show  great  beauty  of  design,  being  sharply  and 
symmetrically  lobed  and  toothed,  the  margins  armed  with 
long  yellow  prickles.  The  flower-heads  are  an  inch  and  a 
half  long,  with  beautiful  carmine  and  pale-pink  flowers, 
all  with  no  tinge  of  purple,  the  vivid  spots  of  color  giving 
a  very  brilliant  effect  in  contrast  with  the  pale  foliage. 
This  grows  in  the  Grand  Canyon  and  is  conspicuous  along 
the  Berry  trail,  a  little  way  below  the  rim. 

.  A  very  handsome  and  decorative  plant, 

C&rdu*s  canda-  about  three  feet  tall,  with  spreading  stems, 
dissimus  covered  with  white  down,  and  dull-green 

Pink,  crimson  leaves,  pale  with  down  on  the  under  side 
Summer  an(j  often  COVered  with  white  down  all 

over.  The  handsome  flower-heads  are 
two  inches  or  more  long  and  have  deep  pink  or  crimson 
flowers  and  very  woolly  involucres. 

•    m...    ,        A  branching  plant,  from  two  to  six  feet 
California  Thistle  X11  ,      r      i.   1  •  1 

Carduus  ta^»   very  leafy  below,   with   very   dark 

Calijomicus  bluish-green    leaves,    with    more    or    less 

White  woolly  down  on  the  upper  side  and  pale 

Spring  ^  with  matted  down  on  the  under  side.    The 

California 

flower-heads  are  nearly  three  inches  across, 

with  cream-white  or  rarely  purple  flowers,  and  the  bracts 
are  caught  together  with  silky,  cobwebby  down.  This  is 
qomrnon  in  the  Sierra  Nevada. 

OM--  «          A  stout  plant,  two  or  three  feet  high, 
Western  Thistle 
C&rduus  with  large  prickly  leaves,  and  more  or  less 

occident&lis  covered  all  over  with  cottony  wool.    The 

Red,  purple  flower-head  is  about  two  inches  long,  and 

pnns  nearly  as   wide,  and  is  a  ball  of  white, 

Cal.,  Oreg.  J  ' 

cobwebby    wool,    pierced    all    over    with 

brown  spines,  and  tipped  with  wine-colored  flowers.    This 

is  common  on  sandy  hills,  near  the  coast,  from  San  Fran- 

524 


SUNFLOWER  FAMILY.     Composltae. 


cisco  south.  Yellow-spined  Thistle,  C.  ochrocentrut,  found 
in  Nevada  and  Arizona  and  as  far  east  as  Colorado,  has 
purple  flowers  and  leaves  deeply  slashed  and  armed  with 
long  yellow  spines.  This  grows  at  the  Grand  Canyon. 

There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Anaphalis,  natives  of  the 
north  temperate  zone,  but  only  one  in  North  America. 

This  is  the  prettiest  of  the  Everlastings. 
Pearly  Everlasting  r     ,    *  «        -Ai_        ir 

Anaphalis  from  one  to  three  feet  tall,  with  a  leafy 

margaritacea  stem,  covered  with  white  wool,  and  alter- 

White  nate,   toothless  leaves,   which  are   rather 

Summer  long  and  narrow,  gray-green  and  more  or 

less  woolly  on  the  upper  side,  pale  and 
woolly  on  the  under.  The  flower-heads  are  numerous, 
forming  close,  roundish  clusters.  The  heads  are  without 
rays,  but  the  tiny,  yellow,  tubular  flowers  are  surrounded 
by  many  small,  white,  papery  bracts,  resembling  petals, 
making  the  involucre  the  conspicuous  feature  and  forming 
a  pretty  little,  round,  white  head.  This  is  common  in  dry 
places,  East  and  West,  and  found  in  Asia.  There  is  a 
picture  in  Mathews'  Field  Book.  Rosy  Everlasting, 
AntenncLria  rdsea,  has  the  same  general  appearance,  but 
the  bracts  are  pink,  giving  a  pretty  pink  tint  to  the  flower- 
cluster,  and  is  found  in  the  Northwest  at  high  altitudes. 
Another  kind  of  Everlasting  is  Gnaphdlium  microcephalum, 
Cudweed,  a  mountain  plant  of  the  Northwest  and  Califor- 
nia, with  similar  foliage,  but  with  larger,  looser  clusters  of 
cream-white  flowers,  conspicuous  at  a  distance,  though 
not  pretty  close  by.  There  is  a  picture  of  a  similar  species 
in  Mathews'  Field  Book. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Encelia. 

.  A  handsome,  desert  plant,  with  rough, 

Encelia  purplish  stems,  a  foot  and  a  half  tall,  dull- 

eriocephala  green,  hairy  leaves,  and  flowers  over  an 

Yellow  inch  across,  in  loose  clusters,  with  bright 

Spring  golden-yellow   rays,  yellow   centers,   and 

Southwest  11         •        !  ™« 

woolly     involucres.       This     makes     fine 

conspicuous  clumps  of  bright  color  on  the  pale  desert  sand. 

_.  A  conspicuous  shrubby  plant,  from  two 

Golden  Hills,  r         «..•••,.       .Al 

Brittle-bush  ^°  *our  *eet  mgh,  with  many  stout,  branch- 

Encelia  jarinbsa  ing  stems,  grayish,  downy  twigs,  and  large 
Yellow  clumps  of  downy,  gray-green  leaves, 

from  which  spring  the  long,  slender  flower- 
stalks,  bearing  loose  clusters  of  handsome 
526 


GoldenHills- 
Enceli&f&rinos^. 


Enceli^- 


SUNFLOWER  FAMILY.     Composltae. 


flowers.  They  are  each  over  an  inch  and  a  quarter  across, 
with  bright  yellow  rays  and  orange  centers  and  are  well 
set  off  by  the  rather  pale  foliage.  This  grows  on  hillsides 
among  the  rocks  and  gives  a  golden  hue  which  may  be 
seen  at  a  distance  of  seven  or  eight  miles. 

A   handsome   conspicuous   shrub,    two 
California  Encelia         '  ,  .  , 

Encllia  'ee^  or  more  mgn»  grav  and  downy  when 

Calif  arnica  young  but  becoming  smoother  and  greener, 

Yellow  with  downy,   reddish  twigs,  dark  green 

leaves,  and  numerous  flowers,  on  long 
flower-stalks.  They  are  two  or  three 
inches  across,  with  three- toothed,  bright  yellow  rays  and 
very  dark  maroon  or  brown  centers,  specked  with  yellow, 
and  velvety  or  hairy  involucres.  This  grows  on  sea-cliffs, 
where  it  makes  very  effective  masses  of  color,  in  fine 
contrast  to  the  blue  of  the  sea  below  and  the  sky  above. 

EncMafruttsccns  A  rather  straggling  shrub>  about  two 
Yellow  feet  high,  with  whitish,  woody  stems, 

Spring  pale  reddish  twigs,  and  bright  green  leaves,. 

Southwest  which  are  roughened  with  minute  prickles 

on  the  margins  and  under  sides,  but  look  quite  shiny.  The 
flower-heads  are  over  half  an  inch  long,  in  western  Arizona 
usually  without  any  rays,  and  are  not  especially  pretty,  like 
a  starved  Sunflower  whose  rays  have  shrivelled  away  in  the 
dry  heat  of  the  desert,  but  the  effect  of  the  foliage,  which 
suggests  little  apple  leaves,  is  decidedly  attractive  in  the 
arid  sandy  places  it  frequents. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Helianthus,  natives  of  the  New 
World. 

A  handsome  kind,  with  a  rough  stem, 
Common  from  two  to  ten  feet  tall   roug^ish  leaves, 

Sunflower  ,  ,11,1 

Helianthus  more  or  less  toothed,  the  upper  alternate, 

6nnuus  the  lower  opposite,  and  a  flower-head  from 

Yellow  two   to   four   inches   across,   with   bright 

Summer  golden-yellow,   toothless  rays,   a  maroon 

West,  etc. 

center,  and  a  very  dark  green  involucre, 

with  stiff,  overlapping  bracts.  This  is  larger  in  cultiva- 
tion and  is  a  very  useful  plant,  for  its  flowers  yield  honey 
and  a  yellow  dye,  its  seeds  oil  and  food,  the  leaves  are  good 
for  fodder,  and  the  stalks  for  textile  fiber.  It  is  common 
nearly  everywhere  along  roadsides,  as  far  east  as  Missouri, 
and  is  found  as  a  stray  in  the  East. 

528 


C&lrforn  i&  Encel  ia- 
E.Californica. 


Common  \:\  Sunflower 
['Encelia,  f  ruiescens.  HeliwiVhus\  Wnauus. 


SUNFLOWER  FAMILY.     Composltac. 


A  handsome  kind,  forming  a  clump  from 
Heiidnthus  two  to  ^our  ^eet  n^Sn»  with  several  leafy, 

foscicultris  rough  stems  and  harsh,  rather  shiny  leaves. 

Yellow  The    fine    flowers    measure    four    inches 

Spring  across,   with  bright  yellow  rays,   deeper 

Nev.,  Ariz.,  etc.  -,  / 

yellow  centers,  and  bronze,  rough,  rather 

resinous  involucres.  This  is  common  around  Reno  and 
grows  in  dry  mountain  valleys  as  far  east  as  Colorado. 

_  .     _  A  striking  plant,  quite  handsome,  with 

Hairy  Golden 

Aster  a  hairy,  pale,  leafy  stem,  from  six  inches 

Chrys6psis  villbso,  to  two  feet  tall,  and  gray-green,  rather 
Yellow  velvety  leaves,  generally  toothless.  The 

flowers  are  an  inch  or  more  across,  with 
Arizona,  etc.  ,    . 

bright  golden-yellow  rays  and  centers  or 

the  same  shade,  growing  singly,  or  in  a  more  or  less  crowded 
cluster  at  the  top  of  the  stalk.  This  is  common  in  open 
ground  and  dry  hills,  up  to  an  altitude  of  ten  thousand 
feet,  as  far  east  as  Alabama,  and  there  are  many  varieties. 
The  Greek  name  means  "golden  aspect. " 

_,  ,  A  curious  and  pretty  little  desert  plant. 

Velvet-rosette  ...  . 

Psathyrotes  dnnua  that  looks  as  lf  lfc  were  trying  to  protect 
Yellow  itself  from  cold  rather  than  heat,  as  its 

Spring  pretty  foliage  and  stems  seem  all  made  of 

Southwest  silvery,  gray  velvet,  forming  a  symmetrical 

rosette,  dotted  with  the  small,  rayless,  yellow  flower- 
heads,  like  fuzzy  buttons.  The  rosette  is  decorative  in 
form,  about  a  foot  across,  spreading  flat  and  close  to  the 
ground,  and  is  conspicuous  on  the  bare  sand  of  the  desert. 
Only  one  of  the  branches  is  given  in  the  picture. 
Easter  Daisy,  This  is  a  charming  and  quaint  little 

Ground  Daisy  plant,  with  close,  downy  rosettes  of  small, 
Townsendia  gray-green  leaves  and  two  or  three,  pretty, 

yS^kPa  daisy-like   flowers,   all   crowded   together 

Spring  dose  to  the  ground.    The  flowers  are  over 

Ariz.,  New  Mex.  an  inch  across,  with  numerous,  pale-pink 
to  Saskatchewan  rays,  deeper  pink  on  the  under  side,  and  a 
bright  yellow  center,  and  when  they  bloom  in  early  spring, 
on  bare  rocky  soil,  they  are  exceedingly  attractive. 

There  are  a  great  many  kinds  of  Erigeron,  widely  dis- 
tributed, most  abundant  in  the  New  World,  easily  con- 
fused with  Asters,  but  usually  with  numerous  and  finer 
rays,  so  that  the  effect  is  more  delicate. 
530 


Hfciry  Colder^ 
Chrysopsi's   Vi 


SUNFLOWER  FAMILY.     Compositae. 


Flcabane  This    *S    rat^er    Prettv»    witn    slender, 

Erigeron  Brtweri  brittle,  downy  stems,  from  six  to  eighteen 
Purple  inches  tall,  and  small,  narrow,  rough,  dull 

Summer  green  leaves.    The  flowers  grow  singly,  at 

the  ends  of  short  leafy  branches,  and  are 
each  less  than  an  inch  across,  with  rather  few  violet  or 
pinkish-purple  rays  and  a  yellow  center.  This  is  common 
around  Yosemite  and  looks  a  good  deal  like  an  Aster. 

A  rather  odd-looking  plant,  with  numer- 
Whip-lash  Q       ve      sien(ier  weak,  branching  stems, 

Fleabane  '         J 

trailing  on  the  ground,  and  very  small, 

toothless,  grayish-green,  downy  leaves, 
White,  pink  forming  a  rather  dense,  low  bush,  about 

Summer  t  and  a  half  feet  across  the  long  sprays 

Ariz.,  Utah,  etc.  . 

interlacing    and    dotted    here    and    there 

with  pretty  little  flcwers,  with  numerous  fine,  white,  pink- 
tipped  rays  and  a  yellow  center.  The  sprays  often  take 
root  at  the  tip.  This  grows  in  the  Grand  Canyon,  and 
is  found  as  far  east  as  Colorado.  I 

Rayiess  Fleabane  ^  rather  attractive  little  plant,  forming 
Erigeron  con-  small  clumps,  about  five  inches  high,  with 
cinnus  var.  several  very  hairy  stems  and  light  dull 

aphan&ctis  green,    very    hairy    leaves.      The    many 

Spring  flower-heads  are  less  than  half  an  inch 

Utah,  Nev.,  Cal.  across,  deep  yellow,  without  rays.  This 
etc.  grows  on  dry  plains  and  mesas,  as  far 

east  as  Colorado,  and  has  a  rather  starved  appearance. 

A  dear  little  common  plant,  from  six 
Spreading  to  fifteen  jnches  high,  with  several  slender, 

Fleabane  ,.          .     .  .,     ,     . 

Erigeron  branching,   hairy  stems,  ana   soft,  hairy, 

divergens  gray-green  leaves,   the  upper  ones  small 

Violet  and  narrow,  without  leaf- stalks  and  the 

Spring,  summer.    lower  Qnes  sometimes  with  two  or  three 

W  lobes  and  with  leaf-stalks.     The  flower- 

est,  etc. 

heads,  several  or  many,  on  slender  flower- 
stalks,  measure  nearly  an  inch  across  in  spring,  but  are 
smaller  in  summer,  and  have  numerous  very  narrow  raysr 
white  towards  the  center,  shading  to  bright  violet  or  pink 
at  the  tips,  with  a  bright  yellow  center.  This  often  grows 
in  quantities  on  dry  plains  and  mountain-sides,  as  far 
east  as  Texas,  and  is  quite  charming,  the  tufts  of  foliage, 
dotted  with  pretty  delicate  little  flowers,  not  touching 
532 


Spreading 
Fleab&ne- 
E.divergenSt 


E.BrewerL 


Whip-tash 
Erigeron  fi 


ELconcinnus  v^r. 


SUNFLOWER  FAMILY.     Compositac. 


each  other,  but  sprinkled  over  a  large  space,  recalling  the 
little  flowers  in  early  Italian  pictures.  E.  pumilis,  of  the 
Northwest  and  Utah,  is  much  the  same,  with  white  rays. 
A  large,  handsome  kind,  abundant  in 
Large  Mountain  ^e  higher  mountains  and  growing  in 

Er*ge*on  salsu-         moist     Places»    as     far    «**    as    Colorado. 

gindsus  The  stems  are  downy  and  leafy,  from  one 

Wac  to  two  feet  tall,  the  leaves  are  smooth  or 

Summer  slightly    hairy,    with    bristle-like    points, 

and  the  flowers  are  an  inch  and  a  half  or 
more  across,  with  bright  yellow  centers  and  clear  bright 
lilac  rays,  not  very  narrow. 

A  little  alpine  plant,  about  three  inches 
Yellow  Fleabane  ^  with  downy  stems,  thickish,  gray- 
Erigeron  bureus  .  t 

(Aplopappus  Sreen  leaves>  covered  with  close  white 
Brandegei)  down  and  forming  a  mat  of  foliage  on  the 

Yellow  rocks  at  high  altitudes.     The  flowers  are 

Summer  rather  more  than  half  an  inch  across,  with 

a  woolly  involucre,  dark  yellow  center,  and 
deep  yellow  rays,  an  unusual  color  among  Fleabanes. 

Very  cheerful,  sturdy-locking  flowers, 
Seaside  Daisy,  .  '  ,  .  ' 

Beach  Aster  with  stout,  nairy  stems,  lour  to  ten  inches 

Erigeron  gltucus  tall,  and  stiffish,  slightly  hairy  leaves, 
Violet,  pink  rather  pale  in  color.  The  handsome 

flowers  are  an  inch  and  a  half  across»  with 
numerous  violet,  lilac,  or  pink   rays  and 

rather  dark  yellow  centers.  This  grows  near  the  sea  and  is 
common  on  cliffs  and  sandy  shores,  where  it  makes  beauti- 
ful spots  of  bright  color. 

A  pretty  perennial,  from  one  to  three 

?kfe!!.8h'  f  hi/a"      feet  tall,  usually  soft  and  hairy,  the  slender 

delphia  Fleabane  . 

Erigeron  stems  usually  branching  above  and  most 

Philadelphicus  of  the  leaves  toothed.  The  flowers  usually 
Pink,  mauve  form  a  loose  cluster  at  the  top.  the  buds 
Spring,  summer  droopingf  and  the  heads  are  from  half  an 

inch  to  an  inch  across,  with  yellow  centers 
and  a  very  feathery  fringe  of  pink  or  pinkish  rays.  This 
grows  in  fields  and  woods.  There  is  a  picture  in  Mathews' 
Field  Book.  E.  Coulteri,  the  large  White  Mountain  Daisy, 
is  a  beautiful  kind,  from  six  to  twenty  inches  tall,  with, 
bright  green  leaves,  often  toothed,  sometimes  downy,  and  • 
the  flowers  usually  single,  an  inch  and  a  half  across, 
534 


Seaside  Larqe  Mountain 

Daisy  Fleabane- 

Ericjeron  glaucus.  E.s^lsuginosus. 


SUNFLOWER  FAMILY.     Composltae. 


usually  with  pure  white  rays.  This  grows  in  Yosemite 
meadows  and  similar  mountain  places,  in  Utah,  California, 
and  Colorado.  E.  compositus  is  a  little  Alpine  plant, 
forming  dense  leafy  mats,  easily  recognized  by  the  broad 
tips  of  the  leaves  being  cut  into  lobes,  usually  three.  The 
flowers  are  an  inch  or  more  across,  with  violet  or  white 
rays.  This  grows  on  the  granite  peaks  around  Yosemite, 
and  in  other  Alpine  regions,  as  far  east  as  Colorado. 
Ptilonella  A  charming  little  desert  plant,  graceful 

Ptiloneiia  scdbra  and  airy  in  character,  with  stiff,  very 
(BUpharipappus)  slender>  branching,  roughish  stems,  about 
Spring  ten  inches  tall,  and  dull  green  leaves,  very 

Oreg.,  Ida.,  rough  to  the  touch,  with  the  edges  rolled 

Nev.,  Cal.  back.  The  delicate  little  flowers  are  an  inch 

across,  with  pure  white  rays,  and  with  white  centers,  which 
are  specked  with  black  and  pink.  This  is  common  on  the 
mesas  around  Reno  and  looks  much  like  some  kinds  of  Madia. 

An  odd  little  desert  plant,  only  two  or 
Pertzia  nbna  three  inches  high,  with  stiff,  smooth,  dull 
Pink  bluish-green  leaves,  with  prickly  edges, 

Spring  like  holly  leaves  but  not  so  stiff,  and  one 

Ariz.,  Tex.  quite  pretty,  light  purplish-pink  flower,  the 

head  about  an  inch  long,  with  purplish  bracts.  The  effect 
of  the  whole  plant  is  of  a  little  sprig  stuck  into  the  sand. 

Much  like  the  last,  but  more  common- 

Brown-foot  ,  .  .          ,        _ 

Perlzia  Wrlghtii  Place  woiBiig,  for  the  flowers  are  smaller 
Pink  and  the  plant  much  larger.  It  is  about  a 

Spring  foot  high  and  grows  among  rocks,  and  the 

Ariz.,  Tex.  general    effect   of    dull    mauve   is   rather 

pretty,  though  not  bright  in  color.  The  common  name 
alludes  to  the  plant  being  covered  with  a  mass  of  brown 
hairs  at  the  base. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Gutierrezia,  all  American. 

A    bushy    plant,    resinous,    smooth   or 

Brown-weed  nearly  so,  from  six  inches  to  two  feet  high, 
Gutierrezia  Sard-  J  . 

thrae  (G  with   many   stiff,    upright   branches   and 

Euthamiae)  alternate,  toothless,  narrow  leaves,  an  inch 

Yellow  or    so    long.      The    flowers    hav°    yellow 

centers  and  sma11  yellow  rays'  Arming 
clusters  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  and 
though  very  smafl  are  so  numerous  as  to  make  effective 
clumps  of  bright  color.  This  grows  at  the  Grand  Canyon, 
and  in  dry  rocky  places,  as  far  east  as  the  Central  States* 

536 


PtHonetUt- 


riqhiii. 


SUNFLOWER  FAMILY.     Compositac. 


There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Helenium,  natives  oi 
North  and  Central  America. 

A  handsome  plant,  with  a  roughish  stem, 
Sneeze-weed  , 

Heienium  from  two  to  four  feet  tall,  and  toothless, 

Bigeldwii  rather  coarse  leaves,  rougher  on  the  under- 

Yellow  side,  the  lower  part  of  the  leaf  grown  to  the 

cLmiQ*  c  aUtUmn  stem  alonS its  middle  in  a  curious  way.  The 
flowers  are  from  an  inch  and  a  haif  to  two 
inches  across,  with  bright  golden-yellow  rays  and  a  rich- 
brown  center,  powdered  with  yellow  pollen,  and  the  bud- 
ding flower  heads  look  like  brown  buttons.  This  grows  in 
meadows  and  along  streams,  at  moderate  altitudes,  and  is 
found  in  Yosemite. 

Hymenop&ppus          A   pretty   and   rather   unusual-looking 
luteus  plant,  with  a  cluster  of  root-leaves,  gray- 

green  and  downy,  cut  into  many  fine 
Ariz  New  Mex.,  divisions,  and  slender  stems,  about  a  foot 
Col.,  Utah  tall,  with  two  or  three,  narrow,  alternate, 

toothless  leaves,  and  bearing  at  the  top  a  few  pretty, 
bright  yellow  flower-heads,  nearly  an  inch  across,  with 
tube-shaped  flowers  only.  This  grows  in  dry,  open  places. 
There  are  many  kinds  of  Madia,  sticky,  heavy-scented 
herbs,  commonly  called  Tarweed  and  called  Madi  in  Chili. 
They  are  used  medicinally  by  Spanish-Californians. 

Pretty  flowers,  with  hairy  stems,  from 
Common  Madia,       .     . 
Tarweed  S1X  incnes  to  three  teet  tall,  and  velvety  or 

Mbdia  elegant        hairy  leaves,  more  or  less  sticky  and  the 
Yellow  upper  ones  alternate.     The  flowers  grow 

Summer,  autumn   in  loQse  ciusters  an(j  are  f rom  one  to  over 

two  inches  across,  with  bright  yellow  rays, 
sometimes  with  a  spot  of  maroon  at  the  base  which  gives 
an  extremely  pretty  effect,  and  a  yellow  or  maroon  center. 
This  often  makes  pretty  patches  of  color  in  sandy  places, 
and  is  widely  distributed  and  very  variable.  Woodland 
Madia,  M.  madioldes,  is  similar,  but  not  so  pretty. 

A  slender  plant,  over  a  foot  tall,  with 
Gum-weed 

MMia  dissitiflora    hairv  stem  and  leaves'  whlch  are  aromatic 
Yellow  when   crushed,    and    rather   pretty   little 

Summer  flowers,  about  half  an  inch  across,  with 

California  paje  ye|iow  rayS|  yellow  centers  specked 

with  black,  and  sticky-hairy  involucres.    This  grows  along 
roadsides  and  the  edges  of  woods. 
538 


SUNFLOWER  FAMILY.     Composltae. 


There  are  many  kinds  of  Coreopsis,  natives  of  America, 
South  Africa,  and  Australasia,  several  of  them  cultivated 
in  gardens.  They  are  called  Tickseed. 

This  is  very  pretty,  with  one  or  several, 
Desert  Coreopsis 

Coredpsis  slender,  smooth  stems,  about  ten  inches 

Bigelowii  tall,  springing  from  a  tuft  of  pretty,  bright 

Yellow  green,    smooth,    shiny    leaves,    cut    into 

S1"??*  .  narrow  divisions  and  slightly  succulent. 

California 

The  flowers  are  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two 

inches  across,  with  bright  yellow  rays,  lighter  at  the  tips, 
and  an  orange  center,  and  look  exceedingly  pretty  in  the 
Mohave  Desert. 

A    magnificent    plant,    forming    large 

Coreopsis  marlt-      clumPs»    two    feet    m'gh.    but    not    at    a11 

ima  (Leptosyne)  coarse  in  character.  The  leaves  are  very 
Yellow  bright  green,  smooth  and  quite  succulent, 

and  cut  into  narrow  lobes,  so  that  the 
effect  is  graceful  and  unusual  looking. 
The  superb  flowers  are  often  four  inches  across,  with  clear 
light  yellow  rays  and  orange-yellow  centers,  and  the  lower 
row  of  bracts  stand  out  stiffly  like  a  ruffle  and  are  like  the 
leaves  in  texture  and  color,  contrasting  oddly  with  the 
upper  bracts,  which  are  satiny  in  texture  and  almost  as 
yellow  as  the  rays.  These  plants  are  conspicuously  beauti- 
ful on  the  sea  cliffs  near  San  Diego. 

A  small  evergreen  shrub,  about  a  foot 

Tnxis  high,  with  smooth,  light  dull  green  leaves. 

Trixis  angusti-  *    '       .         _  ,     * 

folia  var  with  a  few  fine  teeth,  and  loose  clusters 

latiuscula  of   rather   pretty,   bright   yellow  flowers, 

Yellow  the  heads  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch 

sprmg  long.    This  grows  on  rocky  hillsides  and  is 

Southwest,  New  *       _       * 

l£ex  quite  effective. 

There  are  a  great  many  kinds  of 
Chrysanthemum,  widely  distributed  in  the  northern 
hemisphere. 

This  is  the  well  known  common  kind,  a 
Ox-eye  Daisy  general  favorite,  except  with  farmers, 
Chrysanthemum  ,.-,,•  -•->  iir  1 

leucdnthemum  naturalized  from  Europe  and  also  found 

White  in   Asia;   a   perennial   weed   in   pastures, 

Spring,  summer,    meadows,  and  waste  places,  more  or  less 

autumn  a^  over  the  United  States,  but  much  more 

common  in  the  Northeast.    It  grows  from 

540 


Desert       /JJ  Coreopsis  - 
C.Biqelowii. 


Sea 
Coreopsis  maritime. 


SUNFLOWER  FAMILY.     Compositae. 


one  to  three  feet  high,  the  leaves  toothed  and  cut,  and  the 
flower-heads  measuring  from  one  to  two  inches  across, 
with  bright  golden  centers  and  pure  white  rays. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Coreothrogyne,   some   re- 
sembling Lessingia,  others  Aster. 

This  forms  a  clump  from  one  to  three 
Woolly  Aster  feet  hi  h  with  many  erect  stems,  white 
Coreothrdgyne  ,  . 

filaginijblia  Wlt^  woo^y  down,  at  least  when  young, 

Pink,  purple  and  crowded  with  alternate,  pale  grayish- 

Spring,  summer,    green  leaves,  thin  and  soft  in  texture  and 

autumn  covered  with  down.    The  flower-heads  are 

California  .  ,  ...       .    . 

an   inch  across,  with   purplish-pink   rays 

and  dark  yellow  centers,  and  contrast  rather  prettily  with 
the  pale  foliage.  In  Yosemite  this  grows  on  rocky  ledges 
below  five  thousand  feet  and  blooms  late.  It  is  common 
from  Monterey  to  Santa  Barbara,  blooming  at  almost  alJ 
seasons,  and  is  very  variable. 

These  flowers  do  not  look  much  like 
Psildstrophe  those  of  a  composite,  but  give  more  the 

'sparsTfidlT  effect  of  yellow  Wallflowers.     The  plant 

(Riddellia)  is  very  attractive,  from  one  to  two  feet 

Yellow  tall,   with  alternate,   bluish-green  leaves, 

Arizona SUmmef  m°st  °f  them  tcothless'  and  handsome 
clusters  of  lemon-yellow  flowers.  They 
are  each  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  across,  delicately 
scented,  and  usually  have  four  large  rays,  mixed  with  a 
few  smaller  and  more  irregularly  shaped,  all  much  more 
like  petals  than  rays  and  becoming  papery  in  fading.  The 
picture  is  of  a  plant  growing  in  the  Grand  Canyon. 

A    pretty,    compact,     shrubby    plant, 

Paper  Flowers  ; J      *         ' 

Psildstrophe  woody   below,  about   a   foot   high,   with 

Codperi  tangled  branches,  pale  downy  twigs,  and 

Yellow  thickish,  dull  green,  downy  leaves.     The 

Spring  pretty  flowers  are  an  inch  and  a  quarter 

Southwest  -j.4.  11 

across,  with  an  orange- yellow  center  and 

five  or  six,  large,  clear  bright  yellow  rays,  twisted  to  one 
side  and  puckered  at  the  base,  turning  back  and  becoming 
papery  as  they  fade.  This  plant  is  at  its  best  in  sandy  soil 
and  is  very  effective  in  the  desert.  When  fully  developed 
it  is  very  symmetrical  in  outline,  forming  a  charming 
yellow  globe  of  flowers. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Xylorrhiza,  nearly  related  to 
542 


Woolly  Aster 
Goreothrogyne  -fi 


v^r.  spa>.psif  lo 


Flowers- 
P.  Cooperi. 


SUNFLOWER  FAMILY.     Composltac. 


the  Aster  group  and  by  some  authorities  regarded  as 

Asters. 

Xylorrhiza  A  handsome  plant,  growing  in  clumps 

Xylorrhlza  Over  two  feet  high,  with  prickly  leaves  and 

toriifolio  beautiful  flowers,  two  inches  and  a  half 

Lilac 

Spring  across,    with    rays    shading    from    bright 

Southwest,  lilac  to  nearly  white  and  yellow  centers. 

Utah,  Col.  This  is  common  in  the  Grand  Canyon. 

There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Arnica,  natives  cf  the 
northern  hemisphere.  This  is  the  ancient  name  and  a 
European  kind  is  much  used  medicinally. 

_  A  handsome  mountain  flower,  with  a 

Heart-leaved  .      . 

Arnica  hairy  stem,  from  six  inches  to  two  feet 

Arnica  cordifdlia    tall,  and  velvety  leaves,  coarsely  toothed, 
Yellow  the  lower  ones  usually  heart-shaped.    The 

.  flower-heads  are  usually  single,  over  two 
West,  except  Ariz.. 

inches  across,  with  bnght  yellow  rays,  an 

orange  center,  and  a  hairy  involucre.    This  is  common  in 
rich  moist  soil  in  mountain  valleys,  as  far  east  as  Colorado. 

.  ,        .  A   handsome   kind,    sometimes  a   foot 
Broad-leaved 

Arnica  anc*  a  "«*  tall,  with  pretty  flowers,  about 

Arnica  latifdlia  two  inches  across,  with  very  bright  yellow 

Yellow  rays.    The  bright  green  leaves  are  thin  in 

texture  and  practically  smooth,  the  lower 
Northwest  ' 

ones    more    or   less    roundish,    with    leaf 

stalks.    This  grows  in  mountain  woods. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Artemisia;  herbs  or  shrubs, 
usually  bitter  and  aromatic,  widely  distributed. 

This   is   the   characteristic   sort,   often 
immensely  abundant  and  found  as  far  east 
Artemisia  as  Colorado,  often  tinting  the  landscape 

trident&ta  for    miles    with    its    pale    and    beautiful 

Yellow  foliage  and  one  of  the  dominant  shrubs  in 

the  Great  Basin.  It  is  very  branching, 
from  one  to  twelve  feet  high,  with  a  dis- 
tinct trunk  and  shreddy  bark,  and  the  twigs  and  alternate 
leaves  are  all  gray-green,  covered  with  silvery  down,  the 
upper  leaves  small  and  toothless,  the  lower  wedge-shaped, 
with  usually  three,  blunt  teeth.  The  small  yellow  flowers 
have  no  rays  and  grow  in  small,  close  clusters,  forming  long 
sprays  towards  the  ends  of  the  branches.  Sagebrush  is  a 
"soil  indicator"  and  when  the  prospective  rancher  finds 
544 


A.cordifolia. 


- leaved  Arnica. 
A.hxtifoli*, 


SUNFLOWER  FAMILY.     Compositac. 


it  on  land  he  knows  at  once  that  it  will  be  good  for  evea 
dry  farming,  as  the  soil  contains  no  salt  or  alkali. 

There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Eriophyllum,  common 
and  very  variable,  woolly  plants. 

This  is  a  handsome  kind,  in  favorable 
Woolly  Yellow  situations  forming  large  conspicuous 
Eriophyllum  clumps,  from  one  to  two  feet  high,  covered 
lanfoum  with  bright  golden  flowers,  each  over  an 

Yellow  inch  across.    The  leaves  are  dull  green  on 

Spring,  summer      th  £id      b    fc  th    under  gide  and  th 

Cal.,Oreg.,Wash.  h 

buds  and  stems  are  all  covered  with  fine 

white  down.  The  leaves  are  variable  in  form,  sometimes 
neither  lobed  nor  toothed,  and  sometimes  cut  into  narrow 
toothed  divisions.  This  has  a  variety  of  forms  and  grows 
on  hillsides. 

.  This  forms  low  tufts  of  pale  gray  dcwny 

Eriopkyttnm  foliage,  contrasting  well  with  the  bright 

caespitdsum  var.  yellow  flower-heads,  each  about  an  inch 
integrijdlium  across.  This  grows  around  Yosemite  and 

in  other  mountain  places,  as  far  east  as 
Summer  TT_  .  ,  .  ... 

Northwest,  etc.      Wyoming,  and  has  a  variety  of  forms. 

This  has  small  flowers,  but  it  forms  such 
Golden  Yarrow  f 

Eriophyllum          large  clumps  that  the  effect  of  the  golden- 

confertiftdrum  yellow  clusters  is  handsome  and  very 
Yellow  conspicuous,  on  dry  hills  and  mountains 

Summer  and   ajong   roadsides   in   summer.      It   is': 

woody  below,  from  one  to  two  feet  high, 
and  the  leaves  are  more  or  less  woolly.  The  variety 
discoideum  has  no  rays. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Anthemis,  natives  of  Europe, 
Asia,  and  Africa. 

This  little  weed  is  common  in   waste 

Mayweed,  places    and    fields    and    along    roadsides, 

Chamomile,  . 

Dog  Fennel  almost  all  over  the  world.    It  is  a  branch- ; 

Anthemis  Cdtula  ing  annual,  from  one  to  two  feet  tall,  with 
White  feathery  light  green  foliage,  cut  into  many 

Summer^  autumn  long,    narrow    divisions,    almost    smooth,, 

with  a  disagreeable  smell  and  strong  acrid 
taste.  The  many  daisy-like  flowers  have  heads  about  an 
inch  across,  with  from  ten  to  eighteen  white  rays  and 
convex  yellow  centers.  There  is  a  picture  of  this  plant  in 
Mathews'  Field  Book 


Golden  Yarrow 
E.  confertiflorum. 


__     Eriophyllum 
C^espiiosum-v^r  ir>tegr»foliur 


SUNFLOWER  FAMILY.     Compositae. 


There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Chaenactis,  the  flower- 
heads  with  tubular  flowers  only,  but  in  some  kinds  the 
marginal  flowers  are  larger  and  have  a  broad  border  re- 
sembling a  kind  of  ray. 

A  rather  pretty  plant,  from  eight  inches 

Chaenactis  ^Q  oyer  a  £Qot  ta^  an(^  more  or  jess  downy, 

Chaenactis  . 

Dougldsii  Wlt^  stiffish,  gray-green,  leaves,  cut  into 

White  many  short,  blunt  lobes  and  teeth.     The 

Spring,  summer  flower-heads  are  about  an  inch  long,  and 
Utah,  Cal.,  New  contain  numerous  small,  pearly-white  or 

pinkish,  tube-shaped  flowers,  with  long, 
purplish  pistils.  This  grows  in  dry  open  places,  the  flowers 
turn  pink  in  fading  and  are  sweet-smelling  and  quite 
pretty,  though  not  striking.  C.  macrdntha,  which  grows 
in  the  Grand  Canyon,  has  similar  flowers,  rather  prettier, 
with  a  somewhat  sickly  scent,  but  it  is  a  lower  plant. 

A  charming  desert  plant,  with  several 
ChaeTactisllnosa  downy  stems,  over  a  foot  tall,  springing 
Yellow  from  a  feathery  cluster  of  pretty,  bright 

Spring  ^  green,   thickish   leaves,   cut  into   narrow 

divisions,  rather  downy  and  often  tinged 
with  red.  The  flower-head  is  nearly  an  inch  and  a  half 
across,  without  rays,  but  the  marginal  flowers  in  the  head 
are  larger  and  have  broad  borders  that  look  like  rays. 
They  are  a  beautiful  shade  of  clear  bright  yellow. 

This  is  very  much  like  the  last  in  size, 
Morning  Bride  P  .,  .  ,.  ,  . 

Chaenactis  form,  and  foliage  and  is  equally  charm- 

Fremdntii  ing,  but  the  flowers  are  all  pure  white,  or 

White  pinkish,  instead  of  yellow.     It  is  one  of 

Spring  the  most  attractive  Of  the  white  desert 

Southwest 

flowers. 

_  A   charming   little   desert   plant,    with 

Desert  Star 

Enmiastrum          spreading  stems  and  small,  narrow,  tooth- 

belliddides  less,  gray  bluish-green  leaves,  which  are 

I^ac  soft,  but  sprinkled  with  small,  stiff,  white 

prmg  bristles,  the  whole  forming  a  rosette,  five 

Arizona  ° 

or  six  inches  across,  growing  flat  on  the 

sand  and  ornamented  with  many  pretty  little  flowers. 
They  are  each  set  off  by  a  little  rosette  of  leaves  and  are 
over  half  an  inch  across,  with  pinkish-lilac  rays,  shading 
to  white  towards  the  yellow  center  and  tinted  with  bright 
purple  on  the  back. 

548 


SUNFLOWER  FAMILY.     Compositac. 


v           .  These  big,  leafy  plants,  with  their  bright 

Venegdsia  flowers,    are    a    splendid   feature  of    the 

carpesioUes  California  woods  and  canyons  in  June, 

Yellow  especially  on  the  slopes  of  the  Santa  Inez 

mountains,  where  they  often  cover  large 
California 

areas  with  green  and  gold;  unfortunately 

the  smell  is  rather  disagreeable.  The  leafy  stems  are  four 
or  five  feet  high,  nearly  smooth,  with  alternate,  bright 
green  leaves,  almost  smooth  and  thin  in  texture,  and  the 
flowers,  resembling  Sun-flowers,  are  over  two  inches  across, 
with  clear  yellow  rays,  an  orange  center,  and  an  involucre 
of  many  green  scales,  overlapping  and  wrapped  around 
each  other,  so  that  the  bud  looks  much  like  a  tiny  head  of 
lettuce.  This  was  named  for  Venegas,  a  Jesuit  missionary, 
and  is  the  only  kind,  growing  near  the  coast  in  the  South. 

This  is  a  slender  plant,  from  six  inches 
to   two   feet   tall»   with   Pale   gray- green, 
leptodada  woolly  leaves,  the  lower  ones  somewhat 

Lilac  toothed,  and  pale  pinkish-lilac  flowers,  not 

very  conspicuous  in  themselves,  but  some- 
Calif  orma  J  *. 

times  growing  in  such  quantities  that  they 

form  pretty  patches  of  soft  pinkish  color  in  sandy  places. 
The  flower-head  is  about  half  an  inch  long,  with  no  rays, 
but  the  outer  flowers  in  the  head  are  larger  and  have  long 
lobes  resembling  rays.  This  is  very  variable,  especially  in 
size,  and  is  common  along  dry  roadsides  and  quite  abun- 
dant in  Yosemite,  The  picture  is  of  a  small  plant.  L. 
Germanorum,  which  is  common  on  sandy  hills  along  the 
coast  from  San  Francisco  to  San  Diego,  has  yellow  flowers 
and  blooms  in  autumn. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Baeria,  not  easily  distinguished. 
This  is  a  dear  little  plant,  often  covering 
Gold  Fields  the   fields   with   a   carpet   of  gold.      The 

Baeria  zracilis  slender  stems  are  about  six  inches  tall, 
Yellow  w£th  soft,  downy,  light  green  leaves, 

Southwest  usually    opposite,    and    pretty    fragrant 

flowers,  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  across,  with  bright 
yellow  rays  and  darker  yellow  centers.  This  is  sometimes 
called  Fly  Flower,  because  in  some  places  it  is  frequented 
by  a  small  fly,  which  is  annoying  to  horses.  B.  macrdntha 
is  a  much  larger  plant,  a  biennial,  with  a  tuberous  root, 
from  seven  inches  to  a  foot  and  a  half  tall,  with  long, 
narrow,  toothless  leaves,  with  hairy  margins,  and  flower- 
550 


SUNFLOWER  FAMILY.     Cotnpositae. 


heads  from  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  across,  with 
yellow  rays  and  hairy  involucres,  This  grows  along  the 
coast  in  California,  blooming  in  May  and  June. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Bahia,  natives  of  western 
North  America,  Mexico,  and  Chile,  herbs  or  shrubs,  more  . 
or  less  woolly. 

This  is  from  eight  to  fifteen  inches  tall, 

™ih  Pretty  flowers»  an  inch  and  a  half 
across,  with  bright  yellow  rays  and  deep 

Yellow  yellow  centers,  contrasting  well  with  the 

pale  gray-green  foliage,  which  is  covered 
with  close  white  down.     This  grows  in 

arid  situations  on  the  mesas  and  often  forms  clumps. 
There  are  several  kinds  of  Crassina,  natives  of  the  United 

States  and  Mexico. 

Nothing  could  look  much  less  like  a 
Desert  Zinnia  „       _.  °  .      .         ,,  .     .  t  ««_««• 

Crassina  pUmila     gar<kn  Zinnia  than  this  dry,  prickly-looking 

(Zinnia)  dwarf  shrub.    It  is  from  three  inches  to  a  1 

White  foot  high,  the  branches  crowded  with  very  j 

Spring  small,    stiff,    dull   green  leaves,  anH    the 

flowers  are  about  an  inch  across,  rather 
pretty  but  not  conspicuous,  with  a  yellow  center  and  four 
or  five,  broad,  cream-white  rays,  often  tinged  with  dull  pink. 
This  plant  grows  on  the  plains  and  is  a  "soil-indicator,"  as 
it  flourishes  on  the  poorest,  stoniest,  and  most  arid  land. 

Charming     flowers,     with     a     thrifty, '; 
^J.*  Marigold       cultivated  appearance  like  that  of  a  garden 
muUirldiata  flower.     The  plant  is  a  foot   tall,   with  j 

Yellow  grayish-green,  woolly  stems  and  foliage, 

Spring,  summer,    and  the  handsome  flower  is  an  inch  and  a 

etc*  half  across,   with  a  fine  ruffle  of  many 

Southwest,  Tex.          .  .,  n 

bright    yellow    rays,    prettily    scalloped, 

and  a  yellow  center,  rather  deeper  in  color.  In  Arizona 
bouquets  of  these  flowers  may  be  gathered  during  every 
month  in  the  year. 

An  odd  little  desert  plant,  about  six 
pauciradiata  inches  tall,  with  a  thickish  stem  and  soft, 

Yellow  thickish    leaves,    covered    all    over    with 

Spring  silky,  .white   wool,    giving   a   pale,    silky 

Southwest  effect  to  the  whole  plant>  which  is  quite 

pretty,  though  the  pale  yellow  flowers,  each  about  half  an 
inch  across,  are  not  striking. 

552 


Wild  Marigold- B^Iley^ 


SUNFLOWER  FAMILY.     Compositac. 


_  Gay,   yet   delicate   little  flowers,   with 

Pentachaeta 

Pcntachatta  turea  slender  branching  stems,  about  eight 
Yellow  inches  tall,  and  light  green,  very  narrow 

Spring  ^  leaves.     The  flowers  are  an  inch  across, 

California  with  a  feathery  ruffle  of  very  numerous 

narrow  rays,  light  yellow  at  the  tips,  growing  deeper 
towards  the  orange-colored  center,  and  the  pretty  buds  are 
often  tinged  with  pink  or  purple.  This  often  grcws  in 
patches  and  is  common  in  southern  California. 

A  quaint  little  desert  plant,  only  two  or 
A^tilollpis  landsa  three  inches  tall,  with  thickish,  pale  gray- 
White  green  leaves,  covered  with  close  white 
Spring  down,  and  pretty  little  flowers,  growing 
Arizona  singly  at  the  ends  of  tiny  branches,  each 
half  an  inch  across,  with  a  yellow  center  and  pure  white 
rays,  which  fold  back  at  night.  These  little  flowers  are  too 
small  to  be  very  conspicuous,  but  are  charming  in  effect, 
sprinkled  over  the  bare  sand,  and  when  growing  in  quanti- 
ties on  nearly  bare  mesas  give  a  whitish  appearance  to  the 
ground. 

There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Blepharipappus. 

Very  pretty  flowers,  with  slender, 
Yellow  Tidy-tips  ,  /•  i_  •  u  r 

Blepharipdppus     branching,  hairy  stems,  about  a  foot  tall, 

tlcgans  (Layia)  and  light  green,  hairy  leaves.  The  flowers 
Yellow  are  about  two  inches  across,  with  yellow 

Spnng  rays,    tipped    with    white    or    very    pale 

California  ,       * 

yellow,  neatly  arranged  around  the  deep 

yellow  centers,  which  are  specked  with  black.  The  rays 
twist  up  in  fading  and  turn  to  a  pretty  shade  of  dull 
pink.  This  is  common  and  a  very  handsome  kind. 

A  beautiful  kind,  eight  or  nine  inches 
White  Tidy-tips  teU  w{th  le  ha{  jea  th 

Blepharipappus       ,  ' &J       '  J. 

glandulosus  lower  ones  toothed,  and  a  slender  stem, 

(Layia)  bearing    a    charming    flower,    nearly   an 

White  inch  and  a  half  across,   with  neat  pure 

Spring  white  rays  and  a  bright  yellow  center. 

Southwest,  Oreg.,  _,.  J       . 

Wash  This  grows  in  mountain  canyons  and  is 

widely  distributed  as  far  north  as  British 
Columbia. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Gaillardia,  all  American. 
They  are  much   cultivated  in  gardens,   were  named   in 
honor  of  Gaillard  de  Merentonneau,  a  French  botanist 
554 


O&isy  Dw&rf- 
Act'molepis       MB 
lanos*. 


White  Tidy-tips- 


Yellow  Tidy-tips 
Bleph&rip^ppos  e 


SUNFLOWER  FAMILY.     Compositae. 


This  is  handsome  and  conspicuous,  with 

a  slender'  rough  stalk»  about  a  foot  tall» 
Goillirdi*  dul1  Sreen»  stiff>  rather  hairy  leaves, 

pinnatifida  mostly  from  the  root,  and  beautiful 

Yellow  flowers,  an  inch  and  a  half  across,  with 

/V^m®r  _  golden-yellow  rays,  with  three  teeth,  and 

a  center  of  shaded  maroon  and  yellow, 
which  is  very  velvety  and  pretty  and  becomes  an  attractive, 
purplish,  fuzzy,  round  head  when  the  rays  drop  off.  This 
grows  on  the  plains.  G.  arist&ta,  found  throughout  the 
West  and  as  far  east  as  Colorado,  is  an  exceedingly  hand- 
some kind,  sometimes  over  two  feet  tall,  with  beautiful 
yellow  flowers,  sometimes  measuring  four  inches  across. 

A  pretty  little  desert  plant,  from  four  to 
Arizona  Gaillardia  .  , 

Gailttrdia  eight  mches  tall,   with  a  slender,  downy 

Arizdnica  flower-stalk,   springing  from  a  cluster  of . 

Yellow  roughish,  light  dull  green  leaves,  more  or 

f  p."ng  less  hairy  and  bearing  a  single  handsome 

Arizona  ,  .  , 

flower,  neany  two  inches  across,  with  a 

downy  involucre  and  three-toothed  rays  of  an  unusual 
and  pretty  shade  of  dull  light  yellow,  finely  veined  with 
brown  on  the  back,  surrounding  a  darker  yellow,  fuzzy 
center. 

A  neat  little  evergreen,  shrubby  plant, 
Hymenathtrum  on^v  about  three  inches  high,  with  branch- 
Hartwegi  ing  stems,  clothed  with  small,  narrow, 

Yellow  dull  green  leaves,  which  look  prickly  but 

are  actually  not  very  stiff,  though  tipped 
with  tiny  bristles.  The  flowers  are  three- 
eighths  of  an  inch  across,  very  perfect  in  outline,  with 
bright  yellow  rays  and  deeper  yellow  centers,  and  the 
whole  effect,  of  a  tiny  shrub  sprinkled  with  flowers,  is  quite 
a  ttractive,  growing  on  very  dry  ground  along  the  roadside. 
The  plant  has  a  pronounced  smell,  which  is  not  unpleasant. 

This  looks  a  good  deal  like  an  Aster, 
Tall  Purple  Aster  a  branching  plant,  from  two  to  nearly 

Machaer anthlr a  P  «•  1  -,1  •  1 

intAna  (Aster)  three  feet  hlSh»  Wlth  grayish-green, 
Purple  slightly  downy  leaves,  with  very  sharp 

Spring  teeth.     The  flowers  are  an  inch  and  a 

Southwest,  Utah,   half    across>    w{th    narrow,    bright    violet 
rays    and  bright    yellow   centers.      This 
grows  abundantly  in  valleys. 

556 


Tiny  Ti m- 
Hymen^therum 


SUNFLOWER  FAMILY.     Compositac. 


Lophamia 

bisetosa 

Yellow  Summer 

Ariz.,  New  Mex., 

Tex. 


An  insignificant  plant,  except  that  it 
grows  on  the  sides  of  bare,  red  rocks  o* 
head-downward  on  the  under  side  of  over- 
hanging ledges,  apparently  needing  little 
or  no  soil,  and  is  therefore  noticeable.  It 
forms  round  clumps,  one  or  two  feet  across,  with  many 
slender  stems,  about  six  inches  high,  small,  pale  yellowish- 
green,  roughish  leaves,  and  small  yellow  flower-heads, 
without  rays.  This  is  rare  and  grows  in  the  Grand  Canyon. 
There  are  several  kinds  of  Grindelia,  common  in  the 
West,  recommended  as  a  remedy  for  Poison  Oak. 

Coarse  but  rather  effective  flowers,  with 
smooth,    stiff,    branching    stems,    about 
three  feet  high,  and  dark  dull  green  leaves. 
The  flower-heads  are  over  an  inch  and  a 
half  across,   with  bright  yellow  rays  and 
centers  and  very  resinous,  shiny  buds. 
There  are  several  kinds  of  Balsamorrhiza.     Both  the 
Latin  and  common  names  allude  to  the  aromatic  roots. 

A  very  handsome  plant,   the  contrast 
between  the  gray- velvet  leaves  and  the 
great  yellow  flowers  being  very  striking. 
It  forms  large  clumps,  about  a  foot  and  a  ] 
half    high,    with    slightly    downy    flower- 
stalks  and  heart-shaped  or  arrow-shaped, 
toothless  leaves,  pale  gray-green  and  vel-  ' 
vety,  covered  with  silvery  down,  whiter  \ 
on  the  under  side.     The  flowers  are  over 
three  inches  across,  with  clear  bright  yellow  rays,  and  a  j 
deeper  yellow  center,   fuzzy  and  greenish-yellow  in  the  • 
middle.     The  involucre  is  almost  white,  thickly  covered 
with  silvery,  silky  wool,  and  the  flowers  are  pleasantly  i 
sweet-smelling.    This  grows  on  dry  hillsides. 

A  strikingly  handsome  plant,  forming 
clumps   even  larger  than   the   last,   with 
similar  flowers,  but  with  quite  different  < 
foliage.     The  leaves  are  rich-green,   and  ] 
decorative  in  form,  more  or  less  slashed  « 
into   lobes   and   very   sticky,    with   hairy  ] 
margins  and  leaf-stalks,  and  are  nearly  as  •; 
tall  as  the  hairy,  sticky  flower-stems,  from  one  to  two  feet '] 
high.    This  grows  in  rich  soil  in  mountain  valleys. 
558 


Gum  Plant 

Grindllia 

latijblia 

Yellow 

Spring 

California 


Arrow-leaf 

Balsam-root,  Big 

Root 

Balsamorrhiza 

sagitlala 

Yellow 

Spring 

Utah,  Ida.,  Cal., 

Nev.,  Col. 


Cut-leaved  Bal- 
sam-root 

Balsamorrhiza 
macro  phylla 
Yellow 

Spring,  summer 
Utah,  Wyo. 


Gum  Plzxnt- Grindeli^. 


SUNFLOWER  FAMILY.     Compositac. 


Rather    handsome,    though    a    coarse 

Balsam-root  plant,  over  a  foot  tall,   with  hairy,  dull 

Balsamorrhlza  .  ,    .  .  -  ,         ,    , 

Hdokeri  green  or  grayish  leaves,  crisp  and  harsh  to 

Yellow  the     touch,     variously     lobed    and     cut, 

Spring  chiefly  in  a  clump  at  the  root.    The  flowers 

West,  except          are  numerouS|  from  an  inch  and  a  half  to 
over  two  inches  across,  with  deep  orange- 
yellow  rays,  and  grow  singly  on  long  flower-stalks.    This 
flourishes  on  dry  plains  and  mesas. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Wyethia,  resembling  Bal- 
sam-roots, but  their  thick  roots  not  resinous. 

A    robust    and    exceedingly    handsome 
Yellows,  Mule-       plantj    Qne    or    twQ    feet    tallj     with    rich 

Wyethia  foliage  and  gorgeous  flowers.    The  leaves 

amplexicbulis  are  stiffish,  dark  rich  green,  smooth  but 
Yellow  somewhat  sticky,  often  toothed;  the  stem- 

Spring,  summer  leaves  alternate,  their  bases  partly  clasp- 
Utah,  Nev.,  etc. 

ing,  and  the  root-leaves  a  foot  or  two  long 

and  two  or  three  inches  broad,  with  leaf-stalks.  The 
flower-heads  are  about  four  inches  across,  with  bright 
yellow  rays,  almost  orange  color,  and  the  center  with  three 
rows  of  yellow  disk-flowers,  surrounding  a  clump  of  pointed, 
overlapping,  stiff,  greenish  scales  in  the  middle.  This 
sometimes  forms  immense  patches  on  dry  hills  at  rather 
high  altitudes,  as  far  east  as  Colorado.  It  is  sometimes 
called  Compass  Plant,  because  its  leaves  are  thought  to 
point  North  and  South,  and  the  Indian  name  is  "Pe-ik." 

.__     ..  Not  so  handsome  as  the  last,   but  a 

Woolly  Wyethia  ' 

Wyethia  mollis  striking  plant,  from  one  to  four  feet  high, 
Yellow  with  gray-green,  velvety  foliage,  all 

Summer  covered    with    soft    wool,    forming    large 

clumps  of  leaves,  from  six  to  fifteen  inches 
long.  The  flcwrers  are  two  or  three  inches  across,  with 
orange  rays  and  very  woolly  involucres.  This  is  common 
in  dry  places  in  Yosemite. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Rudbeckia,  all  North  Ameri- 
can. 

From  one  to  four  feet  high,  with  rough 
Black  Eyed  Susan 

Rudbeckia  hirta  leaves  and  one  or  a  few  handsome  flowers, 
Yellow  from  one  to  four  inches  across,  with  deep 

Summer  yellow  rays  and  a  purplish-brown  conical 

California,  etc.        centen     This  comes  from  the  Mississippi 

560 


Balsam- root - 

hizfc.  Hookeri\ 


SUNFLOWER  FAMILY.     Compositac. 


Valley,  is  very  common  in  the  East,  and  becoming  common 
in  Yosemite  meadows. 

This    little    weed    comes    from    South 
Brass  Buttons,       Africa,  but  is  now  common  in  wet  places. 
Butter-heads 
Cotuia  especially  in  the  salt  marshes  around  San 

coronopijdlia  Francisco  Bay,  often  carpeting  the  sand 
Yellow  and  mud  with  its  succulent,  trailing  stems. 

Spring,  summer,  The  bright  green  ieaves  are  alternate  and 
Cal.,  Oreg.  smooth,  clasping  the  stem  at  base,  some 

with  toothless  edges,  others  variously 
cut  and  lobed,  and  the  flower-heads  are  about  half  an  inch 
or  less  across,  like  the  bright  yellow  center  of  a  Daisy, 
without  rays.  Matric&ria  matricarioides  is  another  little 
weed,  common  along  roadsides,  with  conical,  greenish- 
yellow  flower-heads,  without  rays,  and  feathery  foliage, 
which  has  a  strong  pleasant  fruity  smell  when  crushed, 
giving  it  the  name  of  Pineapple- weed  and  Manzanilla. 

An  odd  desert  shrub,  about  three  feet 
Tetradymia 

Tetradymia  hlgh'  Wlth  gray  bark  and  crooked,  gnarly, 

spindsa  tangled  branches,  armed  with  long  spines 

Yellow  and  clothed  with  small,  downy,  pale  green 

pnng  leaves.       The     flower- heads     are     three- 

West,  etc.  .          -11  ., , 

quarters  of  an  inch  long,   without  rays, 

with  pale  yellow  tube-shaped  flowers  and  downy,  whitr 
involucres,  and  are  so  crowded  on  the  twigs  that  the> 
appear  to  be  loaded  with  them,  but  the  coloring  is  tcL 
pale  to  be  effective.  This  is  common  in  the  Mohave  Desert 
and  elsewhere  on  dry  hills  and  plains,  as  far  east  as 
Colorado. 

There  are  a  great  many  kinds  of  Solidago,  most  of  them 
natives  of  North  America.  On  the  whole,  the  western 
Golden-rods  are  not  so  fine  as  the  eastern  ones,  nor  are 
there  so  many  kinds,  though  there  are  quite  enough  to 
puzzle  the  amateur,  as  they  are  difficult  to  distinguish. 

A   handsome   kind,    from   one   to    two 

fodZ°na  G°lden"    feet  hiSh»  with  flower-heads  nearly  three- 

Soiidago  eighths   of    an   inch   across,    with   bright 

irinervata  yellow  rays  and  centers,  forming  a  large, 

Yellow  handsome,  plume-like  cluster.     The  stem 

Summer  and  ieaves  are   dull   bluish-green,    rather 

stiff  and  rough,  the  lower  leaves  with  a 

few  obscure  teeth.     This  grows  at  the  Grand  Canyon. 

562 


II 


)  Arixon^  Golden-rod 
_!  Sojid^go  tri'n 


Br&ss  Buttons? 
Cotul^coronopifoiia. 


SUNFLOWER  FAMILY.     Compositae. 


S.  occidentals ,  Western  Golden-rod,  is  smooth  all  over,  with 
leafy  stems,  from  three  to  five  feet  tall,  toothless  leaves,  and 
flat-topped  clusters  of  small,  yellow,  sweet-scented  flowers. 
This  grows  in  marshes  and  along  the  banks  of  streams,  in 
California,  Oregon,  and  Washington,  blooming  in  summer 
and  autumn.  5".  Californica,  California  Golden-rod,  is 
from  two  to  four  feet  high,  with  grayish-green,  roughish 
leaves,  the  lower  ones  toothed,  and  small  yellow  flowers, 
forming  dense  pyramidal  clusters,  from  four  to  thirteen 
inches  long.  This  grows  on  dry  plains  and  hillsides  and  in 
the  mountains,  throughout  California  and  in  Oregon, 
blooming  in  the  autumn.  It  is  called  Orojo  de  Leabre 
by  the  Spanish-Californians. 

There  are  probably  over  a  thousand  different  kinds  of 
Senecio,  very  widely  distributed.  The  name  is  from  the 
Latin  for  "old  man, "  in  allusion  to  the  long  white  hairs  of 
the  pappus,  when  "gone  to  seed."  Our  kinds  have  many 
common  names,  such  as  Groundsel,  Ragwort,  and  Squaw- 
weed. 

A  conspicuous  plant  and  quite  hand- 
Stnicio  perpUxu*  some>  though  its  flowers  are  rather  untidy- 
oar,  dispar  looking,  for,  like  many  other  Senecios, 
Yellow  the  rays  do  not  come  out  evenly.  It  is 
Spring,  summer  about  twQ  feet  hi  h  with  a  stout^  hollow, 
Utah,  Idaho 

ridged  stem,   sparsely   woolly,   and   dark 

green,  thickish  leaves,  with  shallow  and  uneven  teeth  and 
covered  with  sparse,  fine,  white  woolly  hairs,  as  if  partially 
rubbed  off.  The  flowers  are  over  an  inch  across,  with 
bright  yellow  rays,  curling  back  in  fading,  an  orange  center, 
fading  to  brown,  and  the  bracts  of  the  involucre  tipped  with 
black.  This  grows  in  moist  rich  soil,  in  mountain  valleys. 

A  handsome  bush,  about  three  feet  high, 
Creek  Senecio  . 

Seredo  Dougldsii  covered  with  many  flowers,  on  slender 
Yellow  flower-stalks,  sticking  up  out  of  a  mass  of  i 

Spring,  summer,    rather    delicate    foliage,    which    is    often 

autumn  covered  with  white  cottonv  wool.     The 

Southwest 

flowers   are   an   inch   and   three-quarters 

across,  with  bright  light  yellow,  rather  untidy  rays  and 
yellow  centers.  This  grows  in  dry  stream  beds  and  on 
warm  slopes  in  the  foothills. 

564 


Creek  Senecio 
S.  Douglfesii. 


Squaw- weed  - 
S.perplexus 

van  disp^r. 


SUNFLOWER  FAMILY.     Compositae. 


Scnido  Ummoni  ™s  is  <luite  effective,  with  attractive 

Yellow  flowers  and  foliage,  growing  among  rocks 

Spring  on    hillsides   and    forming    large    clumps 

Arizona  oyer  a  foot  high<     The  stems  are  slender 

and  often  much  bent,  the  leaves  are  dark  green  and  thin 
in  texture  with  toothed  edges,  rolled  back,  and  the  numer- 
ous flowers  are  an  inch  across,  with  bright  yellow  rays  and 
deep  yellow  centers.  This  plant  blossoms  both  as  an 
annual  and  as  a  perennial. 

A  rather  handsome  plant,  with  a  stout 
weed  stem,  about  two  feet  tall ;  the  upper  leaves 

Senltio  cord&ius  more  or  less  downy  and  the  root-leaves 
White  rather  thick  and  soft,  covered  with  whitish 

Summer  hairg    Qn    the    under    gide>      The    flowef_ 

Northwest  . 

heads  are  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch 

across,  with  a  fuzzy,  pale  yellow  center  and  white  rays. 
This  grows  in  open  woods,  at  rather  high  altitudes. 
Scntdo  Riddtllii         A  rather  showy  plant,  from  six  inches 
Yellow  to  two  feet  tall,  blossoming  both  as  an 

Spring,  winter  annual  and  as  a  biennial,  after  which  it 
Arizona  ^^  ^he  wjloje  piant  is  smooth  and  the 

foliage  is  green  or  bluish-green,  rather  delicate  and  pretty. 
The  flowers  are  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  across  and 
they  begin  to  appear  in  winter  when  there  is  little  else  to 
brighten  the  desert  mesas.  This  plant  is  abundant  in 
valley  lands,  though  it  has  a  wide  range. 
S.  muMUb&tus  A  rather  pretty  plant,  about  a  foot 

Yellow  tall,  with  a  few  small  leaves  on  the  slightly 

Summer  woolly  stem,  but  most  of  them  in  a  rosette 

Ariz.,  Utah,  etc.     ftt  the  bage>     They  are  smootht  thickish 

and  slightly  stiff,  about  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  and  neatly 
cut  into  small,  toothed  lobes.  The  few  flowers  are  in  a 
loose  cluster  at  the  top  of  the  stem  and  have  heads  about 
three-quarters  of  an  inch  across,  with  pale  yellow  rays 
and  brighter  yellow  centers.  This  grows  at  the  Grand 
Canyon  and  on  the  dry  plains  of  Utah  and  Colorado,  at 
altitudes  of  about  seven  thousand  feet. 


Leaf  of 
S-multilobatu: 


SUNFLOWER  FAMILY.      Compositae. 


A  handsome  plant,  which  is  noticeable 
African  Senecio  .  . 

Senedo  elegans  on  account  of  its  unusual  coloring.  The 
White  and  mauve  stout,  smooth  stem  is  two  or  three  feet 
Spring  tall,  with  smooth,  slightly  thickish  leaves, 

the  margins  rolled  back,  a  very  peculiar 
shade  of  light  bright  yellowish-green.  The  handsome 
flowers  are  an  inch  and  three- eighths  across,  with  bright 
deep  yellow  centers  and  white  rays  shading  to  mauve  at 
the  tips,  and  form  a  large  flat-topped  cluster.  This  is  a 
native  of  Africa  and  is  not  yet  common  in  this  country, 
but  grows  on  the  sand  dunes  near  San  Francisco. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Baccharis,  all  American, 
chiefly  shrubs. 

A  branching  evergreen  shrub,  from  two 
Groundsel-tree        tQ  fiye  £     t  ^  h    with  smooth  dark 
Chaparral  Broom  . 

B&ccharis  leathery  leaves,  an  inch  or  less  long,  rather 

piluiaris  wedge-shaped,   usually  coarsely   toothed. 

Whitish,  yellowish  The  flower-heads  are  very  small,  without 

.    rays,  and  are  crowded  at  the  ends  of  the 

Lai.,  Oreg.,  Wash.        . 

twigs.  Some  plants  have  only  stammate 
flowers  and  some  only  pistillate  ones,  and  the  effect  of  the 
two  sorts  is  very  different,  for  the  staminate  flowers  are 
ugly,  but  the  pistillate  ones  are  provided  with  quantities 
of  long,  white,  silky  pappus,  giving  a  beautiful,  snowy 
appearance  to  the  shrub.  This  is  very  variable,  being  a 
fine  shrub  in  favorable  situations,  and  is  common  along  the 
coast  on  the  sand  dunes,  on  low  hills  and  on  high  mountain 
slopes. 

There  are  a  great  many  kinds  of  Aster,  most  abundant  in 
North  America,  difficult  to  distinguish,  the  flowers  never 
yellow.  Though  there  are  some  fine  ones  in  the  West,  they 
are  not  so  numerous  or  so  handsome  as  in  the  East. 

This  is  one  of  the  commonest  kinds  and 
Aster 

Aster  Chamiss6nis  1S  Qulte  handsome,  from  two  to  five  feet 
Purple  high,  with  leafy,  branching  stems  and 

Summer,  autumn  alternate,  lance-shaped  leaves,  frcm  two 
'  Oreg.  to    £ve    incnes    \ongy    usually    toothless, 

without  leaf-stalks.  The  many  flowers  are  an  inch  or  more 
across,  with  yellow  centers  and  white,  violet,  or  purple 
rays,  the  bracts  of  the  involucre  in  several  rows,  with  short 
and  rounded  tips.  This  is  rather  variable.  A.  radullnus, 
Broad-leaf  Aster,  has  stiff,  rough  leaves,  sharply  toothed 

568 


African  Senecio  -  S.eleqa^ns 


CHICORY  FAMILY.     Cicoriaccae. 


towards  the  broad  tips,  and  usually  many  flowers,  an  inch 
or  so  across,  with  whitish  rays.  This  is  rather  common  on 
dry  hills  in  California  and  Oregon,  blooming  in  summer  and 
autumn.  A.  Andersoni,  of  Yosemite,  has  toothless,  grass- 
like  root-leaves  and  one  beautiful  flower,  an  inch  across, 
with  purple  rays. 

CHICORY  FAMILY.     Cicoriaceoe. 

A  large  family,  of  wide  geographic  distribution,  re- 
sembling the  Sunflower  Family  and  by  some  authors 
included  in  it.  They  are  herbs,  rarely  trees,  almost  always 
with  milky,  acrid,  or  bitter  juice;  the  leaves  alternate  or 
from  the  root;  the  flowers  small  and  crowded  in  heads, 
with  Involucres,  the  bracts  in  one  or  several  rows;  the 
receptacle  flat  or  flattish,  sometimes  naked  or  smooth, 
sometimes  scaly,  pitted  or  honeycombed;  the  flowers  all 
perfect;  the  calyx- tube  without  pappus,  or  with  pappus  of 
scales  or  bristles,  sometimes  feathery;  the  corollas  not  oi 
two  sorts,  like  those  of  the  Sunflower  Family,  but  all  with 
a  strap-shaped  border,  usually  five-toothed,  and  a  short 
or  long  tube;  the  anthers  united  into  a  tube  around  the 
style,  which  is  very  slender  and  two-cleft  ortwo-lobed;  the 
ovary  one-celled  and  inferior,  developing  into  an  akene. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Ptiloria,  of  western  and 
central  North  America. 

In  the  desert  this  is  a  very  strange- 

Flowering-straw      lookin  le       lant     forming    a    scanty, 

Ptiloria  pauci- 

fldra  (Stephano-  straggling  bush,  about  two  feet  high,  with 
meria  rundnata)  slender,  brittle,  gray  stems,  most  of  the 
Pink  leaves  reduced  to  mere  scales,  and  delicate, 

I?"?8  *  Pale  pinkish-lilac  flowers,  less  than  half 

West,  etc.  .    * 

an  inch  long.    This  grows  on  the  plains,  as 

far  east  as  Texas,  and  is  not  always  so  leafless  as  in  the 
picture,  which  is  that  of  a  desert  plant,  but  has  some 
coarsely-toothed  leaves. 

T\       *  TX  u  Much  like  the  last,  but  not  a  queer- 

Desert  Pink  . 

Ptiloria  Wrightii  looking  plant,  with  pale  green  fchage  and 
(Stephanomeria)  larger,  prettier  flowers,  three-quarters  of 
an  inch  long,  giving  the  effect  of  tiny, 

Mcx     Pa^e  P*11^  carnati°ns»     This  grows  at  the 
Grand  Canyon. 
570 


Flowerinq-str^w- 
Ptiloria, 


Desert  Pink- 
Wriqhtii. 


CHICORY  FAMILY.     Cicoriaceae. 


There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Agoseris,  natives  o* 
western  and  southern  North  America  and  of  southern 
South  America. 

A  pretty  perennial  plant,  about  fourteen 
Goat  Chicory,        jnches  tall,  with  a  slender,  slightly  woolly 
Large-flowered        _ 
Agoseris  flower-stem,     springing     from    a     pretty 

Agoseris  glduca       cluster    of    smooth    bluish-green    leaves, 
Yellow  sometimes  toothless,  and  bearing  a  hand- 


W    h    some  bright  yellow  flower,  from  one  to  two 
etc    '  *'  inches  across,  the  involucre  often  covered 

with    white    wool.      This    grows  on  dry 
slopes,  as  far  east  as  Colorado. 

There  are  a  good  many  kinds  of  Malacothrix,  natives  of 
the  western  and  southwestern  United  States. 

A  very  attractive  plant,   with  several 

Malacothrix  /  •       •      i.  r 

glabrata  flower-stalks,   from  six  inches  to  a  foot 

Yellow  tall,  springing  from  a  pretty  feathery  tuft 

Spring  of    bright    green    root-leaves,    cut    into 

"  almost  threadlike  divisions  and  often 
tinged  with  deep  red.  The  handsome 
flowers  are  nearly  two  inches  across,  clear  very  pale 
yellow,  shading  to  brighter  color  towards  the  middle. 
This  is  common  on  open  plains  in  southern  California, 
where  it  passes  almost  gradually  into  M  .  Californica,  which 
is  similar,  but  conspicuously  woolly  when  young,  covered 
with  very  long,  soft  hairs. 

A  smooth  plant,  with  a  "bloom,"  from 
Snake's  Head  .  p.        '  ' 

Malacothrix  ^ve  to  Slxteen  inches  high,  often  branching 

Coulteri  from  the  base,  the  leaves  cut  into  wavy 

White  lobes,  with  no  leaf  -stalk.     The  handsome 

Spring  flowers  are  about  an  inch  across,  white, 

California  .  .          .        ,    ... 

turning    pink    in    lading,    the   involucres 

with  shining,  papery,  green  and  white  bracts.  This  is  one 
of  the  most  conspicuous  annuals  in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley. 
M.  saxatilis,  the  Cliff  Aster,  is  a  handsome  perennial, 
common  in  southern  California  and  often  growing  on  sea- 
cliffs.  It  has  a  leafy  branching  stem,  from  one  to  four  feet 
high,  the  leaves  toothless,  or  cut  into  slender  divisions,  and 
often  quite  fleshy,  and  many  pretty  flowers  at  the  ends  of 
the  branches.  They  are  each  about  an  inch  across,  white, 
changing  to  pink  or  lilac,  with  an  involucre  of  many  narrow 
bracts,  running  down  the  flower-stalk.  This  is  common  in 


CHICORY  FAMILY.     ClcorlacesLC. 


southern  California,  blooming  in  summer  and  autumn. 

An  attractive  little  desert  plant,  about 
Desert  Dandelion  .  1f        .  ,        ._.  ,  .     ,.    .  , 

Malacothrix  ^ve  mcnes  ta"»  W1^"  Stlffish,  pale  bluish- 

Fendleri  green  leaves,  forming  a  rosette,  and  pretty, 

Yellow  very  pale  yellow  flowers,  nearly  an  inch 

*j>prmg  across,  like  a  delicate  sort  of  Dandelion. 

It  is  a  near  relation  of  the  common  Dan- 
delion and  blooms  early  in  the  spring. 

This  is  the  common  Salsify,  the  root  of 
Salsify,    Oyster     which  is  used  as  a  vegetable.    Itisnatural- 

Tragopbgon  ^ze<^    ^rom    Eur°Pe    and    is    new    quite 

porrifolius  common  in  the  West  as  a  "stray"  and 

Purple  also  in  the  East.    It  has  a  smooth,  stout, 

Cr  hollow  seem,  from  two  to  over  four  feet 
tall,  rather  dark  green,  smooth  leaves, 
clasping  at  base,  and  handsome  flowers  from  two  to  four 
inches  across,  which  are  a  very  peculiar  shade  of  reddish- 
purple,  not  usually  seen  in  flowers.  They  open  early  in 
the  morning,  closing  by  midday  and  fading  almost  im- 
mediately when  picked,  and  may  be  seen  growing  along 
the  edges  of  fields  and  just  outside  garden  fences  where 
they  are  often  quite  conspicuous.  This  plant  has  many 
common  names,  such  as  Jerusalem  Star,  Nap-at-noon,  and 
Vegetable  Oyster. 

A  straggling  desert  plant,  from  a  few 

Desert  Chicory  inches  to  a  f(X)t  and  ft  half  hi  h  with 
Nemostns  Neo-  <  .  ,  - 

Mexichna  smooth  branching  stems  and  smooth,  very 

(Rafinesquia)  pale  bluish-green  leaves,  rather  thick  in 
White  texture.  The  pretty  flowers  are  from  one 

Spring  ^  £WO  jnches  across,  white,  tinged  with 

Ariz.,  New  Mer.  '  /         fe 

pink  or  cream-color  and  a  little  yellow  in 

the  middle,  often  striped  with  magenta  on  the  outside,  and 
the  bracts  of  the  involucre  tinged  with  pink  and  bordered 
with  white.  N.  Calif ornica  is  a  branching  plant,  from  one 
to  five  feet  tall,  with  a  stout  stem  and  smooth  oblcng 
leaves,  lobed,  toothed,  or  almost  toothless,  and  quite 
pretty  flowers  at  the  ends  of  the  branches.  They  are  about 
an  inch  across,  white,  often  tinged  with  magenta  on  the 
outside.  This  grows  in  California  and  Oregon,  usually  in 
shady  or  moist  places. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Cichorium,  natives  of  the  Old 
World.    The  name  is  from  the  Arabic. 
574 


Desert  Chicory 
Nemoseris 


Salsify- 
Tr&gopogon 
pornrolius. 


DesertDandelion- 


Ma.la.cothrix  Fendleri. 


CHICORY  FAMILY.     Cicoriaceae. 


This  is  a  straggling  plant,  from  one  to 
Chicory,    Blue          .  f     4 

Sailors  three  feet  tall,  a  perennial,  with  a  long% 

Cichdrium  Intybus  deep  tap-root,  stiff,  branching  stems,  and 

Blue  leaves    irregularly    slashed    into    toothed 

Summer,  autumn  lobeg  and  chiefl  from  the  root>  The 
Northwest,  etc.  .  .  . 

pretty  flowers  are  from  an  inch  to  an  inch 

and  a  half  across,  much  like  those  of  Desert  Chicory,  but 
very  brilliant  blue,  occasionally  white.  This  plant  has 
escaped  from  cultivation  and  is  now  very  common  in  waste 
places  and  along  roadsides  in  the  East  and  often  found 
in  the  West.  The  ground-up  root  is  used  as  a  substitute 
for  coffee.  There  is  a  picture  in  Mathews'  Field  Book. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Microseris,  rather  difficult  to 
distinguish. 

This  is  about  a  foot  tall,  with  smooth, 
Microseris  hollow  flower-stems,  smooth  leaves,  and, 

linearifdlia  rather  small  yellow  flowers,  not  particu- 

Yellow  larly  pretty.    The  "gone-to-seed"  flower- 

Spring  heads  are,  however,  very  conspicuous,  for 

Southwest,  Nev.  '.         J      ,      \,      e 

they  are  nearly  an  inch  and  a  half  across, 

and  each  seed  is  tipped  by  a  little  silvery  paper  star,  the 
effect  before  the  wind  carries  them  away  being  exceedingly 
pretty,  a  good  deal  like  a  Dandelion  puff.  This  grows  in 
the  Grand  Canyon  on  the  plateau. 

There  are  many  kinds  of  Sonchus,  natives  of  the  Old 
World. 

A  common  weed,  from  Europe,  found 
Sow  Thistle 

Sdnchus  oleraceus  across  the  continent,  coarse  but  decorative 
Yellow  in  form,  with  a  stout  leafy  stem,  from  one 

All  seasons  to  four  feet  tail,  and  smooth  leaves,  with 

west,  etc.  some  soft  prickles  on  the  edges,  the  upper 

ones  clasping  the  stem  and  the  lower  ones  with  leaf-stalks. 
The  pale  yellow  flowers  are  three-quarters  of  an  inch  or 
more  across. 

There  are  several  kinds  of  Taraxacum,  natives  of  the 
northern  hemisphere  and  southern  South  America. 

This  is  a  weed  in  all  civilized  parts  of 

the  world,  growing  in  meadows,  fields,  and 
Taraxacum  _     ,  ,  .  ,  1  . 

Taraxacum  waste  places.    It  has  a  thick,  deep,  bitter 

Yellow  root,  a  tuft  of  root-leaves,  slashed  into 

All  seasons  toothed  lobes,  and  several  hollow  flower- 

U.  S.,  etc.  stalks,  from  two  to  eighteen  inches  tall, 


Sow  Thistle- 
Sonchus  oler&ceus. 


\vSi(ver-puffs- 
Microseris  li 


CHICORY  FAMILY.     Cicoriaceae. 


each  bearing  a  single,  handsome,  bright  yellow  flower, 
from  one  to  two  inches  across,  which  is  succeeded  by  a 
beautiful  silvery  seed  puff.  This  plant  has  many  common 
names,  such  as  Blow-ball,  Monk's-head,  Lion's-tooth,  etc. 
There  are  a  great  many  kinds  of  Crepis,  natives  of  the 
northern  hemisphere. 

This  is  a  pretty  plant,  for  the  gray- 
Gray  Hawks-  green  foliage  sets  off  the  yellow  flowers, 
beard  ,  .  . 

Crlpis  Occident^  Zt  1S  from  S1X  to  eighteen  inches  high, 
Yellow  more  or  less  hairy  or  downy  all  over,  with 

Spring,  summer  One  or  several,  stout,  branching,  leafy 
West,  etc.  stems,  and  thickish  leaves,  variously  cut, 

mostly  jagged  like  Dandelion  leaves,  with  crisp  margins, 
dark  bluish-green  in  color  and  often  covered  on  the  under 
side  with  obscure  white  down,  the  root-leaves  narrowed  to 
leaf -stalks  at  the  base.  The  flower-heads  are  about  an  inch 
across,  with  bright  yellow  rays,  the  involucre  sprinkled 
with  short,  dark  hairs.  This  grows  on  dry  plains,  as 
far  east  as  Colorado. 

This  is  a  weed  from  Europe,  growing  in 
Smooth  Hawks-      _   , 
beard  fields  and  waste  places,  in  the  East  and  on 

Crlpis  vlrens  the  Pacific  Coast.  It  is  a  smooth  plant, 
Yellow  from  one  to  two  feet  tall,  with  green  leaves 

Summer  the  s^ape  of  Dandelion  leaves,  chiefly  in  a 

bunch   at   the   root.      The  many,   small, 
yellow  flowers,  each  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long,  are  in 
a  loose  cluster  at  the  top  of  the  stem.    This  is  very  variable. 
A    handsome    and    conspicuous    plant, 
Hawksbeard  Q£ten  formjng  jarge  clumps    from  one  to 

Crlpis  acumtnbta  *         *         j    « 

Yeiiow  three  feet  tall,  with  dull  green,  downy, 

Spring,  summer  rather  leathery  leaves,  irregularly  slashed 
West,  except  and  cutf  and  large  clusters  of  light  bright 
yellow  flowers,  each  about  three-quarters 
of  an  inch  across.  This  grows  on  hillsides  and  on  high  dry 
mesas. 


-578 


Gray  Hawksbewd* 
C.occidentaJis. 


INDEX. 


Abronia,  102. 
Abronia  lali folia,  106. 
Abronia  maritima,  104. 
Abronia  salsa,  104. 
Abronia  umbcllata,  104. 
Abronia  villosa,  104. 
Achlys  triphylla,  156. 
Aconitum,  136. 
Aconitum  Columbianum,  136. 
Adaea,  140. 
Ac/aea  arguta,  140. 
Ac/aea  viridiflora,  140. 
Actinolepis  lanosa,  554. 
Adam  and  Eve,  28. 
Adder's  tongue,  28. 
Adenostoma,  228. 
Adenosloma  fasciculatum,  228. 
Adenostoma  sparsifolium,  228. 
Aesculus,  280. 
Aesculus  Californica,  280. 
Agaslache,  454. 
Agaslache  pallidi  flora,  456. 
Agaslache  urlicifolia,  456. 
Agoseris,  572. 
Ago-sens  glauca,  572. 
Agoseris,  Large-flowered,  572. 
Aizoaceae,  108. 
Alfalfa,  242. 
Alfilerilla,  276. 
Alismaceae,  2. 
Allionia,  106. 
Allipnia  linearis,  106. 
Allium,  14. 

Allium  acuminatum,  14. 
Allium  bisceplrum,  14. 
Allium  s  err  alum,   14. 
Allotropa  virgata,  360. 
Alpine  Avens,  232. 
Alsine,  118. 
Alsine  longipes,  118. 
Alumroot,  200,  202. 
Amapola,  164. 
Araaranthus  albus,  98. 
Amelanchier,  214. 
Amclanchier  alnifolia,  216. 
Amole,  12. 
Amsinckia,  426. 
Amsinckia  intermedia,  428. 
Anagallis,  362. 
Anagallis  arvcnsis,  362. 
Anaphalis,  526. 
Anaphalis  margaritacea,  526. 
Anemone,  142,  144. 
Anemone  delloidea,  144. 
Anemone  occidentalis,  146. 
Anemone  parvi flora,  144. 
Anemone  quinquefolia  var.  Grayi, 
144- 


Anemone  sphenophylla,  144, 

Anemone,  Canyon,  144. 

Anemone,  Northern,  144. 

Anemone,   Three-leaved,   144, 

Anemone,  Western,  146. 

Anemone,  Wood,  144. 

Anemopsis  Californica,  80. 

Angels'  Trumpets,  460. 

Anisolotus,  242. 

A  nisolotus  argyraeus,  242. 

A  nisolotus  decumbens,  244. 

A  nisolotus  formosissimus,  242, 

A  nisolotus  glaber,  244. 

A  nisolotus  strigosus,  244. 

Anisolotus  Wrightii,  244. 

Anosra,  328. 

Anogra  albicaulis,  328. 

Awogra  coronopifolia,  328. 

Antennaria  rosea,  526. 

Anthemis,  546. 

Anthemis  Cotula,  546. 

Anthericum,  4. 

Anthericum  Torreyi,  4. 

Antirrhinum,  468. 

Antirrhinum  Coulterianum,  468. 

Antirrhinum  glandulosum,  468. 

Antirrhinum  maurandioides,  466^ 

Antirrhinum  slrictum,  470. 

Antirrhinum  vagans,  470. 

Antirrhinum  virga,  468. 

Apache  Plume,  218. 

Aplopappus  Brandegei,  534. 

Apocynaceae,  378. 

Apocynum,  378. 

A  p  o  c  y  num    androsaemifoliumi 

378. 

Apple  Family,  214. 
Apple,  214. 
Aquilegia,  134. 
Aquilegia  leptocera,  134. 
Aquilegia  truncata,  134. 
Arabis,  176. 
Ara^/5  Fendleri,  176. 
Ara6/5,  Fendler's,  176. 
Arctostaphylos,  344. 
Arctoslaphylos  bicolor,  346. 
Arctostaphylos  patula,  346. 
Arctostaphylos  Uva-Ursi,  346., 
Arenoria,  112. 
Arenar/a  Fendleri,  112. 
Argemone,  162. 
Argemone  hispida,  162. 
Argentina,  232. 
Argentina  Anserina,  232. 
Aristolochiaceae,  84. 
Arn/ca,  544. 
Ar/zzVa  cordijolia,  544. 
Arnica  latifolia,  $44* 


INDEX 


Arnica,  Broad-leaved,  544. 
Arnica,  Heart-leaved,  544. 
Arrowhead,  2. 
Arrow-leaf,  558. 
Artemisia,  544. 
Artemisia  tridentata,  544. 
Aruncus,  226. 
Aruncus  Sylvester,  226. 
Asarum  Hartwegi,  84. 
Asclepiadaceae,  374. 
Asclepias,  374,  376. 
Asclepias  erosa,  376. 
Asclepias  speciosa,  374. 
Asclepias  vestita  var.  Mohavensis, 

376. 

Asclepiodora,  376. 
Asclepiodora  decumbens,  378. 
Ash,  Flowering,  366. 
As/er,  532,  542,  544.  556,  568. 
Aster  Andersoni,  570. 
Aster  Chamissonis,  568. 
Aster  radulinus,  568. 
Aster,  Beach,  534. 
Aster,  Broad-leaf,  568. 
Aster,  Cliff,  572. 
Aster,  Hairy  Golden,  530. 
Aster,  Tall  Purple,  556. 
Aster,  Woolly,  542. 
Astragalus,  256. 
Astragalus  MacDougali,  260. 
Astragalus  Menziesii,  256. 
Astragalus  nothoxys,  258. 
Astragalus  pomonensis,  258. 
Astragalus  Ulahensis,  258. 
Atragene,  150. 
^4/ra.cjewe  occidentalis,   150. 
Audibertia,  438,  440,  442. 
Aulospermum  longipes,  336. 
.Asa/ea,  342. 

Asa/ea  occidentalis,  342. 
Azalea,  Small,  348. 
Azalea,  Western,  342. 
Azaleaslrum,  348. 
Azaleaslrum  albijlorum,  348. 
Azulea,  70. 

Baby  Blue-eyes,  412. 
Baccharis,  568. 
Baccharis  pilularis,  568. 
Baeria,  550. 
Baeria  gracilis,  550. 
Baeria  macrantha,  550. 
Bahia,  552. 

Bahia  absinthifolia,  552. 
Bailey  a  mulliradiata,  552. 
Baileya  pauciradiata,  552. 
Balm,  456. 

Balm,  Mountain,  420. 
Balsam-root,  558,  560. 
Balsam-root,  Cut-leaved,  558. 
Balsamorrhiza,  558. 
Balsamorrhiza  Hookeri,  560. 
Balsamorrhiza  macrophylla,  558. 
Balsamorrhiza  sagiltata,  558. 
Baneberry,  149. 
Barberry  Family,  152. 
Barberry,  154. 
Barberry,  Trailing,  154. 
Barren  wort,  152. 
Bean,  242. 


Bearberry,  Red. 

Bear's  Cabbage,  4180 

Bear-clover,  222. 

Bear  Grass,  44. 

Bear-mat,  222. 

Beard-tongue,  478,  480. 

Beard-tongue,  Bushy,  482c 

Beard-tongue,  Large,  478. 

Bedstraw,  Northern,  508. 

Beech-drops,  Albany,  360. 

Bee-plant,  188. 

Bee-plant,  California,  49O. 

Beet,  98. 

Belladonna,  458. 

Bcllflower  Family,  520. 

Bellflower,  520. 

Betony,  Alpine,  504. 

Berber idaceae,  152. 

Berber  is,  154. 

Berberis  aquifolium,  154. 

Berberis  Fendleri,  154. 

Berberis  re  pens,  154. 

Bergamot,  456. 

Berry,  Salmon,  236,  238. 

Berry,  Thimble,  238. 

Bicuculla,  168. 

Bicuculla  chrysantha,  170, 

Bicuculla  formosa,  168. 

Bicuculla  uni flora,  170. 

Big  Root,  558. 

Bilberry,  348. 

Bird's  Eyes,  394. 

Bird-foot,  242,  244. 

Bird-foot,  Pretty,  242. 

Bird-of- paradise,  264. 

Birthroot,  42. 

Birthwort  Family,  84. 

Biscutella,  178. 

Bishop's  Cap,  204. 

Bisnaga,  306. 

Blackberry,  236. 

Blackberry,  Common,  236. 

Black-eyed  Susan,  560. 

Bladder-bush,  448. 

Bladder-cherry,  460. 

Bladderpod,  184,  190. 

Bladderpod,  White,  184. 

Bladderpod,  Yellow,  184. 

Blanket-flower,  556. 

Blazing  Star,  300. 

Bleeding  Heart  Family,  168. 

Bleeding  Heart,  168. 

Blepharipappus,  536,  554. 

Blepharipappus  elegans,  554. 

Blepharipappus  glandulosus,  554 

Bloomer ia,  22. 

Bloomeria  aurea,  22. 

Bloomeria  Clevelandi,  22. 

Blow-ball,  578. 

Bluebell,  Mountain,  430. 

Blue  Bells  of  Scotland,  520. 

Blueberry,  348. 

Blue-curls,  454. 

Blue-curls,  Woolly,  454. 

Blue  Dicks,  16. 

Blue-eyes,  Baby,  412. 

Blue-eyed  Grass,  70* 

Blue-lips,  488. 

Blue  Sailors,  576. 

Blue-weed,  136. 


INDEX 


Blue  Witch,  462. 

Boraginaceae,  422. 

Borage  Family,  422. 

Borage,  402. 

Bottle-plant,  90. 

Bouvardia,  Wild,  400. 

Brass  Buttons,  562. 

Brassica,  184. 

Brassica  ni^ra,  184. 

Brevoortia,  Ida-Maia,  26. 

Brittle-bush,  526. 

Brodiaea,  16. 

Brodiaea  capitata,  ^6. 

Brodiaea  capitata  var.  pauciflora, 

16. 

Brodiaea  coccinea,  26. 
Brodiaea  congcsta,  16. 
Brodiaea  Douglasii,  24. 
Brodiaea  grandi flora,  18. 
Brodiaea  lactea,  24. 
Brodiaea  minor,  18. 
Brodiaea  volubilis,  20. 
Brodiaea,  Golden,  22. 
Brodiaea,  Harvest,  18,  24. 
Brodiaea,  Twining,  20. 
Brodiaea,  White,  24. 
Bronze  Bells,  38.  e 
Brooklime,  American,  476. 
Broom,  Chaparral,  568. 
Broom,  Scotch,  264. 
Broom-rape  Family,  504. 
Brown-foot,  536. 
Brown-weed,  536. 
Brunella,  444. 
Brussels  Sprouts,  184. 
Bryanlhus,  352. 
Buck-bean  Family,  380. 
Buck-bean,  246,  380. 
Buckbrush,  282. 
Buckeye  Family,  280. 
Buckeye,  California,  280. 
Buckthorn  Family,  282. 
Buckthorn  Weed,  428. 
Buckwheat  Bush,  94. 
Buckwheat  Family,  86. 
Buckwheat,  Wild,  96. 
Buena  Mujer,  302. 
Bugbane,  False,  142. 
Bunchberry,  340. 
Butter  Balls,  92. 
Buttercup  Family,  126. 
Buttercup,  38,  234. 
Buttercup,  Common  Western, 

.26. 

Butter-heads,  562. 
Butterfly-tongue,  504. 
Butterfly  Tulip,  62. 

Cabbage,  184. 
Cactaceae,  304. 
Cactus  Family,  304. 
Cactus,  310. 
Cactus  Grahami,  310. 
Cactus,  Barrel,  306. 
Cactus,  Column,  310. 
Cactus,  Fish-hook,  306. 
Cactus,  Hedgehog,  306. 
Cactus,  Pincushion,  310. 
Calabazilla,  518. 
Calliandra,  266. 


Calliandra  eriophylla,  266. 
Calochortus,  56. 
Calochortus  albus,  58. 
Calochortus  amabilis,  56. 
Calochortus  Benthami,  60. 
Calochortus  Kennedyi,  64. 
Calochortus  luteus,  62. 
Calochortus  luteus   var.   citrinus-, 

62. 
Calochortus  luteus  var.  oculatust 

62. 

Calochortus  Maweanus,  60. 
Calochortus  nudus,  60. 
Calochortus  Nultallii,  64. 
Calochortus  venustus,  62. 
Callha,  146. 
Callha  leptosepala,  146. 
Callha  palustris,  146. 
Caltrop  Family,  268. 
Calycanthaceae,  158. 
Calycanthus,  158. 
Calycanthus  occidentalis,  158. 
Calyplridium,  124. 
Camass,  48. 
Camass,  Death,  8,  48. 
Camassia,  48. 
Camassia  quamash,  48. 
Campanulaceae,  520. 
Campanula,  520. 
Campanula  prenanthoides,  520. 
Campanula  rotundijplia,  520. 
Campanula  Scouleri,  520. 
Camphor  Weed,  454. 
Campion,  Moss,  114. 
Cancer-root,  One-flowered,  504, 
Canchalagua,  370. 
Candle  Flower,  294. 
Candle,  Our  Lord's  40. 
Candytuft,  174. 
Candytuft,  Wild,  178, 
Canterbury  Bell,  Wild,  408. 
Caper  Family,  186. 
Caper,  186. 
Capnoides,  170. 
Capnoides  aureum,  172. 
Capnoides  Scouleri,  172. 
Capparidaceae,  186. 
Caprijoliaceae,  512. 
Cardinal  Flower,  482. 
Carduus,  522. 
Carduus  Arizonicus,  524. 
Carduus  Californicus,  524. 
Carduus  candadissimus,  524, 
Carduus  Coulteri,  522. 
Carduus  occidentalis,  524. 
Carduus  ochrocenlrus,  524. 
Carolina  Allspice,  158. 
Carpet-weed  Family,  108. 
Carrot,  332. 
Caryophyllaceae,  112. 
Cassiaceae,  264. 
Cassia,  264. 
Cassia  armata,  266. 
Cassia,  Golden,  266. 
Cassiope,  354- 
Cassiope  Mertensiana,  354. 
Castflleja,  470. 
Castilleja  angustifolia,  472. 
Castilleja  miniata,  472. 
Castilleja  pinetorum,  472. 


583 


INDEX 


Catchfly,  112. 
Cat's  Breeches,  418. 
Cat's-clover,  242. 
Cauliflower,  184. 
Cavalier's  Spur,  128. 
Ceanolhus,  282. 
Ceanothus  integerrimus,  284. 
Ceanolhus  parvijolius,  284. 
Ceanolhus  proslralus,  282. 
Ceanothus  velulinus,  282. 
Centaurium,  370,  372. 
Centaury,  California,  370. 
Centaury,  Tall,  372. 
Cephalanlhera,  72. 
Cephalanlhera  Ausiinae,  72. 
Ceraslium,   118. 
Cerastium  arvense,  118. 
Cereus,  310. 
Cereus  giganteus,  310. 
Chaenactis,  548. 
Chaenactis  Douglasii,  548. 
Chaenactis  Fremontii,  548. 
Chaenactis  lanosa,  548. 
Chaenactis  macranlha,  548. 
Chamaebatia  foliolosa,  222. 
Chamaebaliaria,  230. 
Chamaebaliaria  millcfolium,  230. 
Chamaenerion,  314. 
Chamaenerion  angusti 'folium,  314. 
Chamaenerion  latifolium,  314. 
Chamise,  228. 
Chamomile,  546. 
Chatter-box,  74. 
Checkerberry,  340,  356. 
Checker-bloom,  288. 
Cheno podiaceae,  96. 
Cherry,  216. 

Cherry,  Holly-leaved,  216. 
Chia,  452. 
Chickweed,  112. 
Chickweed,  Field,  118. 
Chickweed,  Mouse-ear,  118. 
Chickweed,  Tall,    118. 
Chicorium,  574. 
Chicorium   Inlybus,  576. 
Chicory  Family,  570. 
Chicory,  576. 
Chicory,  Desert,  574. 
Chicory,  Goat,    572. 
Chilicothe,  518. 
Chimaphila,  356. 
Chimaphila  Menziesii,  356. 
Chinese  Houses,  488. 
Chinese  Pusley,  432. 
Chlorogalum  pomeridianum,  12. 
Cholla,  308. 
Chorizanlhe,  86. 
Chorizanthe  flmbria',a,  86. 
Chorizanlhe  staticoides,  86. 
Christinas-horns,  132. 
Christmas-rose,  138. 
Chrysanthemum,  540. 
Chrysanthemum      leucanthemum, 

540. 

Chrysopsis  villosa,  530. 
Chylisma,  326. 
Chylisma    scapoidea    var.  clavae- 

f or  mis,  326. 
Cicoriaceae,  570. 
Cinque  foil,  126,  234. 


Cinquefoil,  Arctic,  234. 
Cinquefoil,  Silky,  234. 
Cinquefoil,  Shrubby,  234 
Cirsium,  522. 
Cistaceae,  304. 
Clarkia,  320,  322. 
Clarkia  concinna,  322. 
Clarkia  elegans,  320. 
Clarkia  pulchella,  322. 
Clarkia  rhomboidea,  322. 
Claylonia,  120,  122. 
Claytonia  lanceolata,  122. 
Cleavers,  508. 
Cleistoyucca,  40. 
Cleistoyucca  arborescens,  40 
Clematis,  126,  148,  150. 
Clematis  lasiantha,  148. 
Clematis,  Lilac,  151. 
Clematis,  Purple,  150. 
Cleome,  188. 
Cleome  platycarpa,  190. 
Cleome  serrulata,  188. 
Cleome,  Yellow,  190. 
Cleomella,  186. 
Cleomella  longipes,  186,  190 
Cliff  Rose,  226. 
Clintonia,  50. 

Clintonia  Andrewsiana,  50. 
Clintonia  uni flora,  50. 
Clintonia,  Red,  50. 
Clintonia,  White,  50. 
Clocks,  276. 
Clover,  242,  260,  262. 
Clover,  Sour,  262. 
Cnicus,  522. 

Cogsivellia  platycarpa,  334. 
Coffee,  506. 

Coleogyne  ramosissima,  230 
Collinsia,  486. 
Collinsia  bicolor,  488. 
Collinsia  multi flora,  488. 
Collomia,  400. 
Collomia  grandiflora,  400. 
Collomia  linearis,  400. 
Columbine,  Blue,  134. 
Columbine,  Scarlet,  134. 
Columbine,  White,  134. 
Columbo,  368. 
Columbo,  Small,  370. 
Comandra,  82. 
Comandra  pallid  a,  82. 
Comandra,  Pale,  82. 
Compass  Plant,  560. 
Compositae,  522. 
Conanthus,  414. 
Conanthus  aretioides,  414. 
Convolvulaceae,  380. 
Convolvulus,  382. 
Convolvulus  arvensis,  382. 
Convolvulus  occidentalis,  382 
Copa  de  Oro,  164. 
Coral-root,  76. 
C or allorrhiza ,  76. 
Corallorrhiza  Bigeloivii,  76. 
Corallorrhiza  multiflora,  76. 
Coreopsis,  540. 
Coreopsis  Bigelowii,  540. 
Coreopsis  maritima,  540 
Coreopsis,  Desert,  540 
Coreothrogvne,  542. 


584 


INDEX 


Coteothrogyne  filaginifolia,  542. 

Cornaceae,  338. 

Cornus,  338. 

Cornus  Canadensis,  340. 

Cornus  Nultallii,  338. 

Cornus   stolonijcra    var.    riparia, 

340. 

Corn-salad,  508. 
Corpse-plant,  358. 
Corydalis,  172. 
Corydal,  Golden,  172. 
Corydalis,  Pink,  172. 
Cotton,  Arizona  Wild,  286. 
Cotula  corona pifolia,  562. 
Cotyledon,  194. 
Covena,  16. 
Covillea  glutinosa,  268. 
Cowania  Slansburiana,  226. 
Cow-herb,  116. 
Cowslip,  American,  364. 
Crane's-bill,  274. 
Crane's-bill,  Long-stalked,  276. 
Crassina,  552. 
Crassina  pumila,  552. 
Crassulaceae,  192. 
Cream-cups,  166. 
Creosote-bush,  268. 
Crepis,  578. 
Crepis  acuminata,  578. 
Crepis  occidentalis,  578. 
Crepis  virens,  578. 
Crimson-beak,  268. 
Crocus,  38. 
Crown  Imperial,  38. 
Crowtoes,  242. 
Cruciferae,  174. 
Cryptanlhe,  428. 
Cryptanthe  intermedia,  428. 
Cucurbitaceae,  518. 
Cucurbila,  518. 
Cucurbita  foelidissima,  518. 
Cucumber,  Wild,  518. 
Cudweed,  526. 
Currant,  Black,  212. 
Currant,  Buffalo,  214. 
Currant,  Golden,  214. 
Currant,  Missouri,  214. 
Currant,  Sierra,  212. 
Cuscuta,  382. 
Cyclamen,  Wild,  364. 
Cycloloma,  98. 

Cyclolnma  air iplici folium,  98. 
Cymopterus,  334,  336. 
Cypress,  Wild,  394. 
Cypripedium,  78. 
Cypripedium  Calif  or  nicum,  78. 
Cypripedium  montanum,  78. 
Cypripedium  parviflorum,  78. 
Cytisus,  264. 
Cyiisus  scoparius,  264. 

Dahlia,  Sea,  540. 

Daisy,  522. 

Daisy  Dwarf,  554. 

Daisy,  Easter,  530. 

Daisy,  Ground,  530. 

Daisy,  Ox-eye,  540. 

Daisy,  Seaside,  534. 

Daisy,  White  Mountain,  534. 

Daisy,  Woolly  Yellow,  546. 


Dalea,  248. 

Dandelion,  576. 

Dandelion,  Desert,  574. 

Dasiphora  fruticosa,  234. 

Datura,  458. 

Datura  meteloides,  458. 

Datura  stramonium,  460. 

Datura  suaveolens,  460. 

Datura,  Large-flowered,  458 

Deer-brush,  284. 

Deer-foot,  156. 

Deer- weed,  244. 

Deer's  Tongue,  368. 

Delphinium,  128. 

Delphinium  cardinale,.  132. 

Delphinium  bicolor,  130. 

Delphinium  Hanseni,  128. 

Delphinium  nudicaule,  132. 

Delphinium  Parryi,  130. 

Delphinium  scaposum,  128. 

Delphinium  variegatum,  132. 

Dendromecon,  156. 

Dendromecon  rigida,  166. 

Denlaria,  174. 

Dentaria  Calif  or  nica,  174. 

Desert  Holly,  536. 

Desert  Star,  548. 

Desert  Zinnia,  552. 

Deulzia,  206. 

Dicentra,  168,  170. 

Diplacus,  490. 

Diplacus  lon^ijlorus,  490. 

l.'fplacus  puniceus,  490. 

Disporum,  54. 

Disporum  Hookeri,  54. 

Disporum  trachycarpum,  54. 

Dilhyrea,  178. 

Dithyrea  Wislizeni,  178. 

Dock,  86,  88. 

Dock.  Sand,  88. 

Dodder,  382. 

Dodecalheon,  364. 

Dodccalheon  Clevelandi,  364. 

Dodecalheon  Jeffreyi,  364. 

Dodecalheon  pauciflorum,  366 

Dogbane  Family,  378. 

Dogbane,  Spreading,  378. 

Dog  Fennel,  546. 

Dog-tooth  Violet,  28. 

Dogwood  Family,  338. 

Dogwood,  Flowering,  338. 

Dogwood,  Pacific,  338. 

Dogwood,  Red-osier,  340. 

Dormidera,   164. 

Drops  of  Gold,  54. 

Drupaceae,  216. 

Dryas,  232. 

Dryas  octopetala,  232. 

Dryopetalon  runcinatum,  182. 

Duck-bill,  502. 

Dudleya,  194. 

Dudley  a  Nevadensis,  194. 

Dudleya  pulverulenta,  194. 

Dutchman's  Breeches,  168,  172. 

Easter  Bells,  28,  30. 
Echeveria,  194. 
Echinocactus,  304. 
Echinocaclus  Wislizeni,  306. 
Echinocereus,  306. 


585 


INDEX 


Echinocereus  poly  acanthus,  306. 
Echinocystis,  518. 
Egg-plant,  458. 
Elephants'  Heads,  504. 
Emmenanthe,  416. 
Emmenanthe  lutea,  416. 
Emmenanthe  penduliflora,  418. 
Encelia,  Calif  arnica,  528. 
Encelia  eriocephala,  526. 
Encelia  farinosa,  526. 
Encelia  frutescens,  528. 
Encelia,  California,  528. 
Epilobium,  314,  316. 
Epilobium  Franciscanum,  316. 
Epipactis,  74- 
Ericaceae,  340. 
Er*gm>n,  532. 
Erigeron  aureus,  534. 
Erigeron  Breweri,  532. 
Erigeron  composilus,  536. 
Erigeron   concinnus   var.    aphcn- 

actis,  532. 

Erigeron  Coulleri,  534- 
Erigeron  divergens,  532. 
Erigeron  Jlagellaris,  532. 
Erigeron  glaucus,  534. 
Erigeron  Philadelphicus,  534. 
Erigeron  pumilis,  532. 
Erigeron  salsuginosus,  534. 
Erimiaslrum  bdlidoides,  548. 
Eriodictyon,  420. 
Eriodictyon  Calijornicum,  420. 
Eriodictyon  tomentosum,  420. 
Eriogonum,  90. 
Eriogonum  Baker  i,  94. 
Eriogonum  composilum,  92. 
Eriogonum  elalum,  90. 
Eriogonum  fasciculatum,  94. 
Eriogonum  flavum,  94. 
Eriogonum  incanum,  94. 
Eriogonum  injlatum,  90. 
Eriogonum  orthocaulon,  92. 
Eriogonum  racemosum,  96. 
Eriophyllum,  546. 
Eriophyllum      caespitosum     var. 

integrijolium,  546. 
Eriophyllum  conferlijlorum,  546. 
Eriophyllum    confertiflorum    var. 

discoideum,  546. 
Eriophyllum  lanatum,  546. 
Erodium,  276. 
Erodium  cicutarium,  276. 
Erodium  moschatum,  276. 
Erysimum,  176. 
Erysimum  asperum,  176. 
Erysimum  asperum  var.  perenne, 

178. 

Erysimum  capitatum,  178. 
Erythraea,  370. 
Erythraea  Douglasii,  372 
Erythraea,  exaltata,  372. 
Erythraea  venusta,  370. 
Erythronium,  26. 
Erythronium  grandiflorum,  28. 
Erythronium  montanum,  28. 
Erythronium  parviflorum,  28. 
Eschscholtzia,  164. 
Eschscholtzia  Calif  or  nica,  164. 
Escobita,  500. 
Espuela  del  caballero,  128. 


Eucharidium,  322. 
Eulobus  Calif ornicus,  312. 
Eulophus  Bolanderi,  336. 
Evening  Primrose  Family,  312. 
Evening  Primrose,  324,  330. 
Evening  Primrose,  Cut-leaved, 

328. 

Evening  Primrose,  Prairie,  328. 
Evening  Primrose,  White,  326. 
Evening  Snow,  388. 
Evening  Star,  302. 
Everlasting,  Pearly,  526. 
Everlasting,  Rosy,  526. 

Fabaceae,  242. 
Fairy  Bells,  54. 
Fairy  Dusters,  266. 
Fallugia  paradoxa,  218. 
Farewell-to-Spring,  318. 
Fendlera,  206. 
Fendlera  ru  pi  cola,  206. 
Fern-bush,  230. 
Ferula,  334. 
Fig-marigold,  no. 
Figwort  Family,  466. 
Fiddle-neck,  428. 
Filaree,  Red-stem,  276. 
Filaree,  White-stem,  276. 
Fire-cracker  Flower,  26. 
Fire- weed,  314. 
Flag,  Western  Blue,  66. 
Flaming  Sword,  294. 
Flat-top,  94. 
Flax  Family,  270. 
Flax,  Blue,  270. 
Fleabane,  532. 

Fleabane,  Large  Mountain,  534 
Fleabane,  Philadelphia,  534. 
Fleabane,  Rayless,  532. 
Fleabane,  Spreading,  532. 
Fleabane,  Whip-lash,  532. 
Fleabane,  Yellow,  534. 
Fleur-de-lis,  66. 
Floerkia,  278. 
Floerkia  Douglasii,  278. 
Floriponda,  460. 
Flower-de-luce,  66. 
Flowering-fungus,  360. 
Flowering-straw,  570. 
Fly  Flower,  550. 
Forget-me-not,  422,  430 
Forget-me-nov,  White,  422,  428 
Forget-me-not,  Wild,  424. 
Fouquieriaceae,  294. 
Fouquiera   Family,  294. 
Fouquiera  splcndens,  294. 
Four-o'clock  Family,  100. 
Four  o'clock,  TOO. 
Four-o'clock,  California,  iO2c 
Fragaria,  240. 
Fragaria  bracleata,  240. 
Fragaria  Chiloensis,  240. 
Frasera,  368. 
Frasera  nilida,  370. 
Frasera  speciosa,  368. 
Fraxinus,  366. 
Fraxinus  macropetala,  3660 
Friar's  cap,  136. 
Fried-eggs.  162. 
Fringe-bush,  366. 


586 


INDEX 


Fritillaria,  38. 
fritillaria  atropurpurea,  38. 
Fritillaria  pudica,  38. 
Fritillary,  Brown,  38. 
Fritillary,  Yellow,  38. 
Fumariaceae,  168. 

Gaillardia,  556. 
Gaillardia  aristata,  556. 
Gaillardia  Arizonica,  556. 
Gaillardia  pinnatifida,  556. 
Gaillardia,  Arizona,  556. 
Galium,  508. 
Galium  boreale,  508. 
Gallito,  300. 
Gaultheria,  340,  356. 
Gaultheria  ovati folia,  342. 
Gaultheria  Shallon,  342. 
Gayophytum,  316. 
Gayophytum  eriospermum,  316. 
Gentianaceae,  368. 
Gentiana,  372. 
Gentiana  acuta,  372. 
Gentiana  calycosa,  372. 
Gentiana  lutea,  372. 
Gentiana  propinqua,  372. 
Gentian  Family,  368. 
Gentian,  372. 
Gentian,  Blue,  372. 
Gentian,  Northern,  372. 
Geraniaceae,  274. 
Geranium,  274. 
Geranium  columbinum,  276. 
Geranium  Fremontii,  274. 
Geranium  fur catum,  274. 
Geranium  incisum,  274. 
Geranium  Family,  274. 
Geranium,  Wild,  274. 
Ghost  Tree,  246. 
Ghost-flower,  358. 
Giant  Bird's-nest,  360. 
Gt7*a,  386,  388,  390,  392,  400. 
G*7m  achillaefolia,  398. 
Gt7*<2  aggregata,  392. 
G*7*a  Cali/ornica,  398. 
G*7m  capitaia,  398. 
Gt7*'a  floccosa,  396. 
Gz7i"a  multicaulis,  396. 
G»7ia  mullijlora,  398. 
Gi7m  pungens,  396. 
Gz7i'a  rigidula,  394. 
G*7/a  tricolor,  394. 
Gilia,  Blue  Desert,  394. 
Gilia,  Downy,  396. 
Gilia,  Fringed,  300. 
Gilia,  Large  Prickly,  398. 
Gilia,  Scarlet,  392. 
Gilia,  Small  Prickly,  396. 
Gilia,  Yellow,  388. 
Ginger,  Wild,  84. 
Globe-flower,  142. 
Globe  Tulip,  White,  58. 
Globe  Tulip,  Yellow,  56. 
Gnaphalium  microcephalum,  526. 
Goat's  Beard,  226. 
Godetia,  318. 
Godelia  dejlexa,  318. 
Godetia  Dudleyana,  320. 
Godetia   Goddardii  var.   capitata, 
318. 


Godelia  quadrivulnera,  31*. 
Godetia  viminea,  320. 
Golden  Eardrops,  170. 
Golden-eyed  Grass,  70. 
Golden  Girls,  548. 
Golden  Hills,  526. 
Golden  Stars,  22. 
Golden-rod,  Arizona,  562. 
Golden-rod,  California,  564. 
Golden-rod,  Western,  564. 
Gold  Fields,  550. 
Gomphocarpus,  376. 
Gomphocarpus  cordifolius,  3760 
Gooseberry  Family,  210. 
Gooseberry,  Canyon,  210. 
Gooseberry,      Fuchsia-flowered 

210. 

Gooseberry,  Wild,  210. 
Goose-grass,  508. 
Gourd  Family,  518. 
Gojrd,  518. 
Grass  Nuts,  16. 
Grass  of  Parnassus,  196. 
Grayia,  98. 

Grayia  polygaloides,  98. 
Grayia  spinosa,  98. 
Greasewood,  228. 
Greek  Valerian,  384. 
Grindelia,  558. 
Grindelia  lalijolia,  558. 
Gromwell,  424,  426. 
Grossulariceae,  210. 
Grossularia,  210. 
Grossularia  Menziesii,  210. 
Grossularia  Roezli,  210. 
Grossularia  speciosa,  210. 
Ground-cherry,  460. 
Groundsel,  564. 
Groundsel-tree,  568. 
Gum  Plant,  558. 
Gum-weed,  538. 
Gutierrezia,  536. 
Gutierrezia  Eulhamiae,  5360 
Gutierrezia  Sarothrae,  536. 

Hairbell,  58,  520. 
Harebell,  58,  520. 
Harebell,  California,  520. 
Hardhack,  230. 
Hastingsia,  10. 
Hastingsia  alba,  10. 
Hawksbeard,  578. 
Hawksbeard,  Gray,  578. 
Hawksbeard,  Smooth,  578. 
Hawthorn,  214. 
Heartsease,  Western,  296. 
Heath  Family,  340. 
Heather,  352. 
Heather,  Red,  352. 
Heather,  White,  354- 
Heather,  Yellow,  352. 
Hediondilla,  268. 
Hedysarum,  260. 
Hedysarum  pabulare,  260. 
Helenium,  538. 
Helenium  Bigelowii,  538. 
Helianthemum,  304. 
Helianthemum  sccparium,  304 
HeUanthus,  528. 
Helianthus  annuus,  528. 


587 


INDEX 


Helianthus  fascicularis,  530. 
Heliolropium,  432. 
Hcliotr opium  Curassavicum,  432. 
Heliotrope,  Sea-side,  432. 
Heliotrope,  Wild,  410. 
Hellebore,  8. 
Hellebore,  False,  10. 
Helmet-flower,  446. 
Hen-and-Chickens,  194. 
Hesperocallis  undulala,  30. 
Hesperonia,  100. 
Hesperonia  CaHfornica,  102. 
Hesperonia  glulinosa,  102. 
Hesperonia  glulinosa  var.  gracilis, 

102. 

Heuchera,  200. 

Heuchera  micranlha,  200,  202. 
Heuchera  rubescens,  202. 
Hippocaslanaceae,  280. 
Hog's  Potato,  8. 
Hog-onion,  16. 
Holly,  Desert,  536. 
Hollyhock,  Wild,  288. 
Holly-leaved  Cherry,  216. 
Holodiscus,  236. 
Honey-bloom,  378. 
Honey-locust,  264. 
Honeysuckle  Family,  512. 
Honeysuckle,  Pink,  514. 
Honeysuckle,  Orange,  512. 
Honeysuckle,  Yellow,  514. 
Honeysuckle,  Wild,  394. 
Hookera  coronaria,  18. 
Horkelia,  224. 
Horkelia  fusca,  224. 
Horse  Chestnut,  280. 
Horse-mint,  456. 
Horse-radish,  174. 
Hosackia,.2^2,  244. 
Houstonia,  506. 
Houstonia  rubra,  506. 
Huckleberry,  348. 
Huckleberry,  California,  348. 
Huckleberry,  Fool's,  350. 
Hyacinth,  Indian,  24. 
Hyacinth,  Wild,  16,  48. 
Hydrangeaceae,  206. 
Hydrangea  Family,  206. 
Hydrangea,  206. 
Hydrophyllaceae,  402. 
Hydro phyllum,  418. 
Hydrophyllum  capitatum,  418. 
Hymenatherum  Hartwegi,  556. 
Hymenopappus  luteus,  538. 
Hypericaceae,   292. 
Hypericum,  292. 
Hypericc.m  anagalloides,  292. 
Hypericum  concinnum,  292. 
Hypericum  formosum  var.  Sccul- 

eri,  292. 

Hypopitys  Hypopilys,  358. 
Hypopitys  sanguinea,  360. 
Hyptis,  442. 
Hyptis,  Emoryi,  442. 
Hyssop,  Giant,  456. 

Ice-plant,  108. 
Incense-shrub,  212. 
Indian  Dye-stuff,  424. 
Indian  Pipe  Family,  356. 


Indian  Pipe,  358. 
Indian  Warrior,  502. 
Ingenhouzia  iriloba,  286. 
Innocence,  Desert,  506. 
Inside-out  Flower,  152. 
Iridaceae,  66. 
Iris,  66. 

Iris  Douglasiana,  68. 
Iris  Harlwegi,  68. 
Iris  macrosiphon,  68. 
Iris  Missouriensis,  66- 
Iris  Family,  66. 
Iris,  Douglas,  68. 
Iris,  Ground,  68. 
Iris,  Hartweg's,  68. 
Islay,  216. 

Isomeris  arborea,  190. 
Ithuricl's  Spear,  18,  24. 
Ivcsia,  224. 

acob's  Ladder,  384. 

erusalem  Star,  574. 

imson-weed,  460. 

ohnny  Jump-up,  300. 

ohnny-Tuck,  498. 

ohnny-Tuck,  Pink,  498. 
Joshua  Tree,  40. 
Judas  Tree,  264. 
June-berry,  216. 

Kalmia,  350. 

Kalmia  glauca  var.  microphyllt 

350. 

Kalmia  microphylla,  350. 
Kelloggia  galioides,  506. 
Kentucky  Coffee-tree,  264. 
Kinnikinic,  346. 
Kittikit,  222. 
Kit-kit-dizze,  222. 
Knot-weed,  96. 
Krameriaccae,  268. 
Krameria  Grayi,  268. 
Kra:neria  Family,  268. 

Labiatae.  434. 

Labrador  Tea,  Woolly,  350. 
Lady's  Slipper,  Mountain,  78* 
Lamb's  Quarters,  98. 
Languid  Lady,  430. 
Lantern  of  the  Fairies,  58. 
Laphamii  bisetosa,  558. 
Lappula,  422. 
Lappula  Calif  or  nice,  424. 
Lappula  fioribunda,  424. 
Lappula  nervosa,  424. 
Lappula  subdecumbens,  422. 
Lappula  veiutina,  424. 
Larkspur,  128. 
Larkspur,  Blue,  128,  130. 
Larkspur,  Foothills,  129. 
Larkspur,  Sacramento,  132= 
Larkspur,  Scarlet,  132. 
Larrea  Mexicana,  268. 
Lathyrus,  254. 
Lathyrus  graminifolius,  254^ 
Lathyrus  splendens,  256. 
Lathyrus  Utahensis,  254. 
Laurel,  Swamp,  350. 
Lavatera,  290. 


588 


INDEX 


Lavatera  assurgentiflora,  290. 

Lavauxia,  330. 

Lavauxia  primiveris,  330. 

Layia,  554. 

Ledum,  350. 

Ledum  glandulosum,  352. 

Ledum  Groenlandicum,  350. 

Leptasea,  196. 

Leptasea  austromontana,  198. 

Leptaxis  Menziesii,  200. 

Leptosyne,  540. 

Leptotaenia  multifida,  334. 

Lesquerella,  184,  190. 

Lesquerella  Arizonica,  184. 

Lesquerella  Gordoni,  184. 

Lesquerella  purpurea,  184. 

Lessingia,  542,  550. 

Lessingia  Germanorum,  550. 

Lessingia  leptoclada,  550. 

Lettuce,  Indian,  122. 

Lilac,  Blue  Mountain,  284. 

Lilac,  Mountain,  282,  284. 

Liliaceae,  4. 

Lilium,  32. 

Lilium  Columbian-urn,  36. 

Lilium  pardalinum,  36. 

Lilium  Parryi,  34. 

Lilium  parvum,  32. 

Lilium  rubescens,  36. 

Lilium  Washingtonianum,  34. 

Lily  Family,  4. 

Lilies,  32. 

Lily,  Amber,  4. 

Lily,  Avalanche,  28. 

Lily  Bell,  Golden,  56. 

Lily,  Chamise,  28. 

Lily,  Chaparral,  36. 

Lily,  Cluster,  16. 

Lily,  Desert,  30. 

Lily,  Fawn,  28. 

Lily,  Glacier,  28. 

Lily,  Indian  Pond,  156. 

Lily,  Lemon,  34. 

Lily,  Leopard,  36. 

Lily,  Ruby,  36. 

Lily,  Sego",  64. 

Lily,  Shasta,  34. 

Lily,  Small  Tiger,  32. 

Lily,  Tiger,  36. 

Lily-of-the-valley,  Wild,  44. 

Lily,  Washington,  34. 

Lily,  Water,  156. 

Limnanthaceae,  278. 

Limnanthes,  278. 

Limnorchis,  78. 

Limnorchis  leucostachys,  78. 

Linaceae,  270. 

Linanlhus,  386. 

Linanthus  androsaceus,  386. 

Linanthus  aureus,  388. 

Linanthus  breviculus,  386. 

Linanthus  dianthiflorus,  390. 

Linanthus  dichotomus,  388. 

Linanthus  linifiorus,  390. 

Linanthus  Parryae,  386. 

Linanthus  parviflorus,  388. 

Linanthus    parviflorus    var.    aci- 

cularis,  388. 
Linaria,  474. 
Linaria  Canadensis,  474. 


Linnaea  borealis  var.  Americana^ 

514- 

Linum,  270. 
Linum  Lewisii,  270. 
Linum  usitatissimum,  270. 
Lion's-tooth,  578. 
Lithophragma,  198. 
Lithophragma  heterophylla,  198. 
Lilhospermum,  424. 
Lithospermum  an gusti folium,  426, 
Lilhospermum  multiflorum,  426. 
Lilhospermum  pilosum,  424. 
Lizard-tail  Family,  80. 
Loasaceae,  300. 
Loasa  Family,  300. 
Loco-weed,  256,  258,  260. 
Lonicera,  512. 
Lonicera  Calif  or  nica,  514. 
Lonicera  ciliosa,  512. 
Lonicera  hispidula,  514. 
Lonicera  involucrata,  512. 
Lophanlhus,  456. 
Lotus,  242,  244. 
Lousewort,  502. 
Love-vine,  382. 
Lungwort,  430. 
Lupinus,  250. 
Lupinus  arboreus,  250. 
Lupinus  citrinus,  252. 
Lupinus  lacteus,  252. 
Lupinus  laxijlorus,  252. 
Lupinus  rivularis,  250. 
Lupinus  Stiversii,  252. 
Lupine,  Bi-colored,  253. 
|  Lupine,  False,  246. 
Lupine,  Milk-white,  252. 
Lupine,  Parti-colored,  252. 
Lupine,  River,  250. 
Lupine,  Tree. 
Lycium,  464. 
Lycium  Cooperi,  464. 

Machaeranthera  incana,  556. 
Madder  Family,  506. 
Madder,  506. 
Madia,  538. 
Madia  dissitiflora,  538. 
Madia  elegans,  538. 
Madia  madioides,  538. 
Madia,  Common,  538. 
Madia,  Woodland,  538. 
Mahala  Mats,  282. 
Maianthemum,  44. 
Maianlhemum  bifolium,  44. 
Malacothrix,  572. 
Malacothrix  Calif  or  nica,  572. 
Malacothrix  Cou'.leri ,  572. 
Malacothrix  Fendleri,  574. 
Malacothrix  glabrata,  572. 
Malacothrix  saxatilis,  572. 
Mallow  Family,  284. 
Mallow,  286,  288. 
Mallow,  False,  290. 
Mallow,  Oregon,  286. 
Mallow,  Rose,  286. 
Mallow,  Salmon  Globe,  291. 
Mallow,  Scarlet,  290. 
Mallow,  Spotted,  288. 
Mallow,  Tree,  290. 
Malvaceae,  284. 


58Q 


INDEX 


Malvastrum,  288. 
Malvastrum  rotundifolium,  288. 
Malvaslrum  Thurberi,  290. 
Mamillaria,  310. 
Manzanilla,  562. 
Manzanita,  346. 
Manzanita,  Green,  346. 
Mariana,  412. _ 

Marigold,  White  Marsh,  146. 
Marigold,  Wild,  552. 
Marigold,  Yellow  Marsh,  146. 
Mariposa  Tulip,  62,  64. 
Mariposa  Tulip,  Orange,  64. 
Mariposa  Tulip,  Yellow,  62. 
Matricaria  matricarioides,  562. 
Matrimony,  Desert,  464. 
Matrimony  Vine,  464. 
Maurandia,  466. 
Maurandia  antirrhiniflora,  466. 
Mayweed,  546. 
Meadow  Foam  Family,  278. 
Meadow  Foam,  278. 
Meadow  Rue,  150. 
Meadowsweet,  Flat-top,  278. 
Mentzelia,  300. 
Mentzelia  gracilenla,  302. 
Mentzelia  laevicaulis,  300. 
Mentzelia  Lindleyi,  302. 
Mentzelia  multi flora,  302. 
Menyanthaceae,  380. 
Menyanthes  trifoliata,  380. 
Menziesia,  350. 
Menziesia  ferruginea,  350. 
Menziesia  urcelolaria,  350. 
Mertensia,  430. 
Mertensia  brevistyla,  430. 
Mertensia  Sibirica,  430. 
Mesembryanthemum,  108. 
Mesembryanthemum      aequilater- 

ale,   no. 
Mesembryanthemum         crystalli- 

num,   108. 
Micrampelis,  518. 
M icrampelis  fabacea,  518. 
Micranthes,  202. 
Micranthes  Oregana,  202. 
Micranthes  rhomboidea,  202. 
Micromeria,  436. 
Micromeria  Chamissonis,  436. 
Micromeria  Douglasii,  436. 
Microseris,  576. 
Microseris  linearifolia,  576. 
Milk  Maids,  174. 
Milkweed  Family,  374. 
Milkweed,  Desert,  376. 
Milkweed,  Pale,  376. 
Milkweed,  Purple,  376. 
Milkweed,  Showy,  374. 
Milkweed,  Spider,  378. 
Milkwort  Family,  278. 
Milkwort,  California,  278. 
Mimosaceae,   266. 
Mimosa  Family,  266. 
Mimulus,  490,  492. 
Mimulus  brevipes,  492. 
Mimulus  cardinalis,  494. 
Mimulus  Fremontii,  494. 
Mimulus  Langsdorfii,  496. 
Mimulus  Lewisii,  492. 
Mimulus  moschatus,  496. 


Mimulus  primuloides,  494, 

Mimulus  Torreyi,  494. 

Miner's  Lettuce,  120. 

Mint  Family,  434. 

Mint,  Horse,  456. 

Mint,  Mustang,  436. 

Mirabilis,  100,  102. 

Myosotis,  422. 

Mission  Bells,  38. 

Mitella,  204. 

Mitella  ovalis,  204. 

Mitrewort,  204. 

Moccasin,  Indian,  78. 

Mock-orange,  208. 

Modesty,  204. 

Monarda,  456. 

Monarda  citriodora,  456. 

Monarda  peclinata,  456. 

Monardella,  436. 

Monardella  lanceolata,  436. 

Moneses  uniflora,  354. 

Monkey-flower,  492. 

Monkey-flower,  Bush,  490. 

Monkey-flower,  Common-yel- 
low, 496. 

Monkey-flower,  Desert,  494. 

Monkey-flower,  Little  Pink,  494 

Monkey-flower,  Little  Yellow 
494. 

Monkey-flower,  Pink,  492. 

Monkey-flower,  Scarlet,  494. 

Monkey-flower,  Sticky,  490. 

Monk's-head,  578. 

Monkshood,  136, 

Monotropaceae,  356. 

Monotropa,  358. 

Monotropa  uniflora,  358- 

Montia,  120. 

Montia  par vi flora,  120. 

Montia  parvi folia,  122. 

Montia  perfoliata,  122. 

Morning  Bride,  548. 

Morning-glory  Family,  380. 

Morning-glory,  Field,  382. 

Morning-glory,  Yellow,  382. 

Mosquito-bills,  364. 

Moss  Campion,  114. 

Mountain  Ash,  214. 

Mountain  Lilac,  282,284. 

Mountain  Misery,  222. 

Muilla,  26. 

Muilla  maritima,  26. 

Mule-ears,  560. 

Muscaria,  198. 

Muscaria  caespitosa,  198. 

Musk-plant,  496. 

Mustard  Family,  174. 

Mustard,  174. 

Mustard,  Black,  184. 

Mustard,  Tumbling,  98. 

Myosotis,  422. 


Nap-at-noon,  574. 
Nemophila,  410. 
Nemophila  aurita,  414. 
Nemophila  insignis,  412. 
Nemophila  intermedia,  412^ 
Nemophila  maculata,  412. 
Nemophila,  Climbing,  414* 
Nemophila,  Spotted,  412. 


590 


INDEX 


Nemoseris  Calif  or  nica,  574. 
Nemoseris  Neo-Mexicana,  574. 
Nettle,  Common  Hedge,  446. 
Nettle,  Hedge,  444. 
Nicotiana,  464. 
Nicotiana  glauca,  464. 
Nievitas,  428. 
Nigger-babies,  70,  336. 
Nightshade,  462. 
Nightshade,  Purple,  462. 
Ninebark,  218. 
Noonas,  56. 
Nuphar,  156. 
Nyctaginaceae,  100. 
Nymphaceae,  156. 
Nymphaea  polysepala,  156. 

Ocean  Spray,  236. 

Ocotillo,  294. 

Oenothera,  324,  326,  328,  330. 

Oenothera      cheiranthifolia      var. 
suffruticosa,  324. 

Oleaceae,  366. 

Olive  Family,  366. 

Onagraceae,  312. 

Onagra,  330. 

Onagra  biennis,  330. 

Onagra  Hookeri,  330. 

Onion,  Pink  Wild,  14. 

Onion,  Wild,  14. 

Ookow,  16. 

Opulaster,  218. 

Opulaster  malvaceus,  218. 

Opuntia,  306,  310. 

Opuntia  acanthocarpa,  306. 

Opuntia  basilaris,  308. 

Opuntia  fulgida,  308. 

Orchidaceae,  72. 

Orchid  Family,  72. 

Orchis,  Phantom,  72. 

Orohis,  Sierra  Rein,  78. 

Orchis,  Stream,  74. 

Oregon  Grape,  154. 

Oreocarya,  432. 

Oreocarya  multicaulis,  432. 

Oreocarya  selosissima,  432. 

Ornithogalum,  200. 

Orobanchaceae,  504. 
'  Orobanche,  504. 

Orogenia  linearijolia,  332. 
I  Orojo  de  Leabre  564. 
;  Orpine  Family,  192. 
[  Orthocarpus,  496. 

Orthocarpus  attenuates,  500. 

Orthocarpus  densiflorus,  500. 
1  Orthocarpus  erianthus,  498. 
s  Orthocarpus  erianthus  var.  roseus, 
498. 

Orthocarpus  erianthus  var.  versi- 
color,  498. 

Orthocarpus  exsertus,  500. 

Orthocarpus  faucibarbatus,  498. 
!  Orthocarpus  luteus,  498. 
I   Orthocarpus  purpureo-albus,  500. 
1  Orthocarpus  purpurascens,  500. 

Owl's-clover,  496,  500. 
'  Owl's-clover,  Yellow,  498. 
1  Oxalidaceae,  272. 

Oxalis,  272. 

Oxalis  corniculata,  272. 


Oxalis  Oregana,  272. 
Oyster  Plant,  574. 
Oyster,  Vegetable,  574. 

Pachylophus,  326. 

Pachylophus  marginatust  326. 

Paeonia  Brownii,  138. 

Paint  Brush,  472. 

Paint  Brush,  Indian,  470. 

Paint  Brush,  Scarlet,  472. 

Painted  Cup,  470. 

Palo  Verde,  264. 

Pansy,  Yellow,  300. 

Pa  paver -aceae,  160. 

Papaver,  162. 

Papaver  helerophyllum,  164. 

Papaver  somnijerum,  162. 

Paper  Flowers,  542. 

Parnassia,  196. 

Parnassia  fimbriata,  196. 

Parnassia  Calijornica,  196. 

Parosela,  246. 

Parosela  Californica,  248. 

Parosela  Emoryi,  248. 

Parosela  spinosa,  246. 

Parsley  Family,  332. 

Parsley,  332. 

Parsley,  Whisk-broom,  334. 

Parsnip,  332. 

Parsnip,  Indian,  336. 

Pea  Family,  242. 

Pea,  242. 

Pea,  Chaparral,  248. 

Pea,  Golden,  246. 

Pear,  214. 

Pedicular  is,  502. 

Pedicularis  cenlr  anther  a,  504. 

Pedicularis  densiilora,  502. 

Pedicularis  Groenlandica,  504. 

Pedicularis  ornithorhynca,  502. 

Pedicularis  semibarbata,  504. 

Pe-ik,  560. 

Pelargonium,  274. 

Pelican  Flower,  Yellow,  498. 

Pennycress,  178. 

Pennyroyal,  Western,  436. 

Penstemon,  478. 

Penstemon  acuminatus,  480. 

Penstemon  antirrhinoides,  482. 

Penstemon  breviflorus,  486. 

Penstemon  Bridgesii,  484. 

Penstemon  centranthifolius,  484. 

Penstemon  confertus,  482. 

Penstemon  conjertus  var.  caeruleo 

•    purpureus,  482. 
Penstemon  cordifolius,  480. 
Penstemon  cyananthus,  480. 
Penstemon  Eatoni,  484. 
Penstemon  glandulosus,  478. 
Penstemon  heterophyllus,  484. 
Penstemon  laetus,  484. 
Penstemon  linarioides,  484. 
Penstemon  Newberryi,  480. 
Penstemon  Parryi,  482. 
Penstemon    Rattani   var.    minor, 

478. 

Penstemon  Torreyi,  486. 
Penstemon  Wrightii,  484. 
Penstemon,  Blue,  480. 
Penstemon,  Cardinal,  482. 


591 


INDEX 


Penstemon,  Honeysuckle,  480. 
Penstemon,  Scarlet,  486. 
Penstemon,  Variable,  482. 
Penstemon,  Yawning,  486. 
Pentachaeta  aurea,  554. 
Peony,  Wild,  138. 
Peppergrass,  174. 
Pepper-root,  174. 
Perezia  nana,  536. 
Perezia  Wrighlii,  536. 
Persian  Prince,  450. 
Peucedanum  Euryplera,  332. 
Peucedanum  simplex,  334. 
Phacelia,  402,  404,  406,  408. 
Phacelia  alpina,  410. 
Phacelia  Arizonica,  410. 
Phacelia  crenulata,  410. 
Phacelia  distans,  404. 
Phacelia  Fremontii,  406. 
Phacelia  glechomaefolia,  402. 
Phacelia  grandiflora,  408. 
Phacelia  linearis,  406. 
Phacelia  longipes,  402. 
Phacelia  Parryi,  404. 
Phacelia  ramosissima,  406. 
Phacelia  sericea,  404. 
Phacelia  viscida,  408. 
Phacelia  viscida  var.  albiflora,  408. 
Phacelia  Whitlavia,  408. 
Phacelia,  Alpine,  410. 
Phacelia,  Arizona,  410. 
Phacelia,  Mountain,  405. 
Philadelphus,  206. 
Philadelphus  Calif  or  nicus,  208. 
Philadelphus  microphyllus,  208. 
Phlox,  390. 
Phlox  Douglasii,  390. 
Phlox  longifolia,  392. 
P/i/o*  Stansburyi,  392. 
Phlox  Family,  384. 
Phlox,  Alpine,  390,  396. 
Phyllodoce,  352. 
Phyllodoce  Breweri,  352. 
Phyllodoce  empetriformis,  352. 
Phyllodoce  glanduli flora,  352. 
Physalis,  460. 
Physalis  eras  si  folia,  460. 
Physalis  Fendleri,  460. 
Physocarpus,  218. 
Pickeringia,  248. 
Pigweed  Family,  96. 
Pimpernel,  Scarlet,  294,  362. 
Pinclover,  276. 
Pineapple-weed,  562. 
Pine-drops,  360. 
Pine-sap,  358. 
Pink  Family,  112. 
Pink,  112. 
Pink,  Cushion,  114. 
Pink,  Desert,  570. 
Pink,  Ground,  390. 
Pink,  Indian,  114,  116. 
Pink,  Windmill,  114. 
Pink  Lady-fingers,  258. 
Pink  Fairies,  322. 
Pinkets,  276. 
Pipe-stem,  148. 
Pipsissewa,  356. 
Plagiobothrys  nothofulvus;  428. 
Platystemon,  166. 


Platystemon  Calif  or  nicus,  166. 
Plec'tritis,  508. 

Pleuricospora  fimbriolata,  360. 
Plum  Family,  216. 
Plum,  216. 
Polecat  Plant,  394. 
Polemoniaceae,  384. 
Polemonium,  384. 
Polemonium  carneum,  384. 
Polemonium  coeruleum,  384. 
Polemonium  occidentale,  384. 
Polygalaceae,  278. 
Polygala  Californica,  278. 
Polygonaceae,  86. 
Polygonum,  96. 
Polygonum  bistortoides,  96. 
Pomaceae,  214. 

Poor-man's  Weather-glass,  362. 
Popcorn  Beauty,  498. 
Popcorn  Flower,  428. 
Popcorn  Flower,  Pink,  498. 
Poppy  Family,  160. 
Poppy,  Bush,  167. 
Poppy,  California,  164. 
Poppy,  Giant,  160. 
Poppy,  Malili ja,  160. 
Poppy,  Thistle,  162. 
Poppy,  Tree,  166. 
Poppy,  Wind,  164. 
Portulacaceae,  120. 
Porlulaca,  120. 
Potato  Family,  458. 
Potato,  458. 
Potenlilla,  232,  234. 
Potenlilla  emarginata,  234. 
Potentilla  pectinisecta,  234. 
Prairie  Pointers,  364. 
Prickly  Pear,  306,  308,  310. 
Pride  of  California,  256. 
Pride-of-the-mountain,  480. 
Primulaceae,  362. 
Primrose  Family,  362. 
Primrose,  Beach,  324. 
Prince's  Plume,  Golden,  182. 
Prosartes,  54. 
Prunus,  216. 
Prunus  ilicifolia,  216. 
Prunella  vulgaris,  444. 
Psathyrotes  annua,  530. 
Psilosirophe  Cooperi,  542. 
Psilostrophe  tagetina  var.  sparsk 

flora,  542. 
Psoralea,  262. 
Psoralea  physodes,  262. 
Pterospora  Andromedea,  360. 
Pteryxia  Californica,  334. 
Ptilonella  scabra,  536. 
Ptiloria,  570. 
Ptiloria  pauciflora,  570. 
Ptiloria  Wrightii,  S7O. 
Puccoon,  Hairy,  424. 
Puccoon,  Pretty,  426. 
Purslane  Family,  120. 
Purslane-tree,  120. 
Pusley,  120. 
Pusley,  Chinese,  432. 
Pussy's  Ears,  Yellow,  60. 
Pussy's  Ears,  White,  6ow 
Pussy-paws,  124. 
Pussy-tai's,  224. 


592 


INDEX 


Pyramid  Bush,  228. 
Pyrolaceae,  354. 
Pyrola,  356. 
Pyrola  bracteata,  356. 

Suaker  Bonnets,  252. 
uamash,  48. 
Quamoclidion,  100. 
Quamoclidion  multiflorum,  100. 
Queen-cup,  50. 
Quinine,  506. 
Quinine  Bush,  226. 

Radish,  174. 

Rafinesquia,  574. 

Ragwort,  564. 

Ramona,  438. 

Ramona  grandiflora,  438. 

Ramona  incana,  438. 

Ramona  nivea,  440. 

Ramona  polystachya,  440. 

Ramona  stachyoides,  442, 

Ramona,  Desert,  438. 

Ranunculaceae,  126. 

Ranunculus,  126. 

Ranunculus  Californicus,  126. 

Raspberry,  236. 

Raspberry,  Creeping,  238. 

Rattleweed,  256,  258. 

Redbud,  264. 

Red  Feather,  470. 

Red-pepper,  458. 

Red-root,  282. 

Reed-lily,  10. 

Rhamnaceae,  282. 

Rhododendron,  342,  344,  348. 

Rhododendron  Californicum,  344. 

Ribes,  210,  212. 

Ribes  aureum,  214. 

Ribes  glutinosum,  212. 

Ribes  Hudsonianum,  212. 

Ribes  Nevadense,  212. 

Rice  Root,  38. 

Riddellia,  542. 

Rocket,  174. 

Rock-rose  Family,  304. 

Rock-rose,  304. 

Romanzoffia,  416. 

Romanzoffia  sitchensis,  416. 

Romero,  454. 

Romneya,  160. 

Romneya  Coulteri,  160. 

Romneya  trichocalyx,  160. 

Rosaceae,  218. 

Rosa,  220. 

Rosa  Calif ornica,  220. 

jRosa  Fendleri,  220. 

.Rosa  gymnocarpa,  222. 

Rose  Family,  218. 

Rose  Bay,  California,  344. 

Rose,  California  Wild,  220. 

Rose,  Cliff,  226. 

Rose,  Fendler's,  220. 

Rose,  Redwood,  222. 

Rubiaceae,  506. 

Rubus,  236. 

&ubus  parviflorus,  236,  238. 

Rzibus  pedatus,  238. 

Rubus  spectabilis,  236. 

Rubus  vitijolius,  236. 


Rudbeckia,  560. 
Rudbeckia  hirta,  560. 
Rumex,  88. 
Rumex  venosus,  88. 

Saccato  Gordo,  428. 

Sage,  436,  438. 

Sage,  Ball,  442. 

Sage,  Black,  442. 

Sage,  Hop,  98. 

Sage,  Humming-bird,  438. 

Sage,  Pitcher,  450. 

Sage,  Thistle,  450. 

Sage,  White,  440. 

Sage,  White  Ball,  440. 

Sage-brush,  Common,  544. 

Sagittaria,  2. 

Sagittaria  latifolia,  2. 

Sahuaro,  310. 

Sailors,  Blue,  576. 

Salal,  342. 

Salazaria  Mexicana,  448. 

Salmon-berry,  236. 

Salsify,  574- 

Salvia,  438,  450. 

Salvia  apiana,  440. 

Salvia  columbariae,  452. 

Salvia  carduacea,  450. 

Sandalwood  Family,  82. 

Sand  Dock,  88. 

Sanicle,  Purple,  336. 

Sanicula  bipinnatifida,  336. 

San  Juan  Tree,  464. 

Sand  Puffs,  104. 

Sand  wort,  112. 

Sandwort,  Fendler's,  112. 

Santalaceae,  82. 

Saponaria,  116. 

Sarcodes  sanguinea,  358. 

Satin-bell,  58. 

Saururaceae,  So. 

Saxijragaceae,  196. 

Saxijraga,  198,  202. 

Saxifraga  Bongardi,  204. 

Saxifraga  bronchialis,  198. 

Saxifraga  Nutkana,  204. 

Saxifrage  Family,  196. 

Saxifrage,  202. 

Saxifrage,  Dotted,  198. 

Saxifrage,  Tall  Swamp,  202. 

Saxifrage,  Tufted,  198. 

Scarlet  Bugler,  482,  484. 

Schoenolirion,  10. 

Scrophulariaceae,  466. 

Scrophularia,  488. 

Scrophularia  Calif  ornica,  490. 

Scrophularia      Calijornica      vay 

floribunda,  490. 
Scutellaria,  446. 
Scutellaria  angustifolia,  446. 
Scutellaria  antirrhinoides,  446. 
Scutellaria  Californica,  446. 
Scutellaria  tuberosa,  448. 
Sea  Dahlia,  540. 
Sea  Fig,  no. 
Sedum,  192. 
Sedum  Douglasii,  192. 
Sedum  Yosemitense,  192 
Sego  Lily,  64. 
Sego,  Poison,  6. 


593 


INDEX 


Self-heal,  444- 
Senecio,  564. 
Senecip  cordatus,  566. 
Senecio  Douglasii,  564. 
Senecio  elegans,  568. 
Senecio  Lemmoni,  566. 
Senecio  multilobatus,  566. 
Senecio    per  plexus    var.    dispar, 

564. 

Senecio  Riddellii,  566. 
Senecio,  African,  568. 
Senecio,  Creek,  564. 
Senna  Family,  264. 
Senna,  Desert,  266. 
Serapias,  74. 
Serapias  gigantea,  74. 
Sericotheca,  236. 
Sericptheca  discolor,  236. 
Service-berry,  216. 
Shadbush,  214. 
Shallon,  342. 
Sheep-pod,  258. 
Shepherd's  Purse,  174. 
Shield-leaf,  180. 
Shinleaf,  356. 
Shooting-star,  364. 
Shooting-star,  Large,  364. 
Shooting-star,  Small,  366. 
Sidalcea,  286. 
Sidalcea  Californica,  286. 
Sidalcea  malvaeflora,  288. 
Sidalcea  Neo~Mexicana,  288. 
Sidalcea  Oregana,  286. 
Silene,  112. 
Silent  acaulis,  114. 
Silene  Anglica,  114. 
Silene  Calijornica,  114. 
Silene  Gallica,  114. 
Silene  Hopkeri,  114. 
Silene  laciniata,  116. 
Silene  laciniata  var.  Greggii,  116. 
Silene  Lyalli,  116. 
Silver-puffs,  576. 
Silver-weed,  232. 
Single  Beauty,  354- 
Sisymbrium  allissimum,  98. 
Sisyrinchium,  70. 
Sisyrinchium  Arizonicum,  70. 
Sisyrinchium  bellum,  70. 
Sisyrinchium  Californicum,  70. 
Sisyrinchium  Elmeri,  70. 
Skevish,  534. 
Skullcap,  446. 
Skunk-weed,  188. 
Skyrocket,  392. 
Smartweed,  86. 
Smartweed,  Alpine,  96. 
Smoke  Tree,  246. 
Snake's  Head,  572. 
Snap-dragon,  Sticky,  468. 
Snap-dragon,  Trailing,  470. 
Snap-dragon  Vine,  466. 
Snap-dragon,  White,  468. 
Sneeze-weed,  538. 
Snow-Balls,  92,  104. 
Snowberry,  516. 
Snow  Brush,  282. 
Snowdrop,  38. 
Snow-plant,  358. 
Soap-bush,  282. 


Soap  Plant,  12. 
Solanaceae,  458. 
Solanum,  462. 
Solanum  Douglasii,  462. 
Solanum  nigrum,  462. 
Solanum  umbellif^rum,  462. 
Solanum  Xanti,  462. 
Solidago,  562. 
Solidago  Californica,  564. 
Solidago  occidentalis,  564. 
Solidago  trinervata,  562. 
Solomon's  Seal,  False,  52. 
Solomon's    Seal,     Star- flowered 

52. 

Sonchus,  576. 
Sonchus  oleraceus,  576. 
Sorrel,  86. 

Sorrel,  Redwood,  272. 
Sow  Thistle,  576. 
Spanish  Bayonet,  40. 
Spatter-dock,  156. 
Spatularia,  204. 
Spaiularia  Brunoniana,  204. 
Speedwell,  Alpine,  476. 
Speedwell,  Hairy,  476. 
Spek-boom,  120. 
Sphacele  calycina,  450. 
Sphaeralcea,  290. 
Sphaeralcea  pedata,  290. 
Sphaerostigma,  324. 
Sphaerosligma  bistorla,  324. 
Sphaerostigma  tortuosa,  326. 
Sphaerostigma  Veitchianum,  324 
Sphaerostigma  viridescens,  324. 
Spikenard,  Wild,  52. 
Spinach,  98. 
Spiraea,  228,  230,  236. 
Spiraea  aruncus,  226. 
Spiraea  betulacfolia,  228. 
Spiraea  corymbosa,  228. 
Spiraea  Douglasii,  230. 
Spiraea  pyramidata,  228. 
Spraguea,  124. 
Spraguea  umbellata,  124. 
Spring  Beauty,  122. 
Squaw  Cabbage,  122. 
Squaw  Carpets,  282. 
Squaw-grass,  44. 
Squaw-weed,  564. 
Squaw-weed,  White,  566. 
Squirrel  Corn,  170. 
Stachys,  444. 
Stachys  bullata,  446. 
Stachys  ciliata,  444. 
Stachys  coccinea,  444. 
Stanleya,  182. 
Stanley  a  pinnalifida,  182. 
Star  of  Bethlehem,  200. 
Star,  Blazing,  300. 
Star,  Evening,  302. 
Star-flower,  362. 
Star  Tulip,  White,  60. 
Star  Tulip,  Yellow,  60. 
Star,  Woodland,  198. 
Steeple-bush,  230, 
Steer's  Head,  170. 
Stellaria,  118. 
Stellarippsis,  224, 
Stellarippsis  santolinoides,  214. 
Stemodia,  474. 


594 


INDEX 


Stemodia  durantifolia,  474. 

Stenanthella,  46. 

Stenanthella  occidentalis,  46. 

Stephanomeria,  570. 

Stephanomeria  runcinata,  570. 

Stickseed,  422. 

Stitchwort,  118. 

St.  Johnswort  Family,  292. 

St.  Johnswort,  292. 

St.  Johnswort,  Creeping,  292. 

Stock,  174. 

Stonecrop,  Douglas,  192. 

Stonecrop,  Yosemite,  192. 

Storksbill,  276. 

Strangle-weed,  382. 

Strawberry,  240. 

Strawberry,  Sand,  240. 

Strawberry,  Wood,  240. 

Strawberry  Shrub  Family,  158. 

Strawberry  Shrub,  158. 

Strawberry-tomato,  460. 

Streptanthus,  178,  180. 

Streptanthus  Arizonicus,  180. 

Streptanthus  tortuosus,  180. 

Streptanthus,  Arizona,  180. 

Streptopus,  46. 

Streptopus  amplexifolius,  46. 

Streptopus  roseus,  46. 

Strophclirion  Calif ornicum,  20. 

Sulphur  Flower,  94. 

Sun-cups,  330. 

Sunflower  Family,  522. 

Sunflower,  530,  550. 

Sunflower,  Common,  528. 

Sunshine,  550. 

Sweet-after- Death,  156. 

Sweet  Alyssum,  174. 

Sweet      Pea,      Narrow  -  leaved, 

254- 

Sweet  Pea,  Utah,  254. 
Sweet  Shrub,  158. 
Sweet  William,  Wild,  392. 
Swollen-stalk,  90. 
Symphoricarpos,  516. 
Symphoricarpos  longiflorus,  516. 
Symphoricarpos  oreophilus,  516. 
Symphoricarpos  racemosus,  516. 
Syringa,  208. 
Syringa,  Small,  208. 

Taraxia  ovata,  330. 
Taraxacum,  576. 
Taraxacum  Taraxacum,  576. 
Tarweed,  222,  538. 
Tea,  Native  California,  262. 
Tea-tree,  White,  284. 
Tea-vine,  436. 
Tetradymia  spinosa,  562. 
Thalesia  uniflora,  504. 
Thalictrum,  150. 
Thalictrum  Fendleri,  150. 
Thalictrum  Fendleri  var.  Wrightii, 

ISO. 

Thely podium,  176. 
Thely podium  torulosum,  176. 
Themopsis,  246. 
Themopsis  Californica,  246. 
Themopsis  montana,  246. 
Thimble-berry,  238. 
Thistle,  522,  524. 


Thistle,  Arizona,  524. 

Thistle,  California,  524. 

Thistle,  Milk,  162. 

Thistle,  Sow,  576. 

Thistle,  Western,  524. 

Thistle,  Yellow-spined,  524, 

Thlaspi,  178. 

Thlaspi  alpestre,  178. 

Thlaspi  glaucum,  178. 

Thorn-Apple,  458. 

Thurberia  thespesioides,  286. 

Thyme,  436. 

Tickseed,  540. 

Tidy-tips,  White,  554- 

Tidy-tips,  Yellow,  554. 

Tiny  Tim,  556. 

Toad-flax,  474. 

Tobacco,  458,  464. 

Tobacco,  Tree,  464. 

Tolguacha,  458. 

Tolmiea,  200. 

Tomato,  458. 

Torosa,  164. 

Townsendia  exscapa,  530. 

Tragopogon  porrifolius,  574. 

Trautvetteria,  142. 

Trautvetteria  grandis,  142. 

Trefoil,  242. 

Trichostema,  454. 

Trichostema  lanatum,  454. 

Trichostema  lanceolatum,  454. 

Trientalis,  362. 

Trientalis  lati folia,  362. 

Trifolium,  260. 

Trifolium  fucatum,  262. 

Trifolium  tridentatum,  262. 

Trillium,  42. 

Trillium  ovatum,  42. 

Triteleia,  24. 

Triteleia  grandiflora,  24. 

Triteleia  hyacinthina,  24. 

Triteleia  laxa,  18,  24. 

Trixis,  540. 

Trixis  angustifolia  var.  latiuscula 

540. 

Trollius  laxus,  142. 
Tule  Potato,  2. 
Tulip,  Alabaster,  58. 
Tulip,  Butterfly,  62. 
Tulip,  Mariposa,  56,62,64. 
Tulip,  Orange  Mariposa,  64. 
Tulip,  Yellow  Mariposa,  62. 
Tulip,  Globe,  56. 
Tulip,  White  Globe,  58. 
Tulip,  Yellow  Globe,  56. 
Tulip,  Star,  56. 
Tulip,  White  Star,  60. 
Tulip,  Yellow  Star,  60. 
Tumbleweed,  98. 
Turkey  Peas,  332. 
Turkish  Rugging,  86. 
Turnip,  184. 
Twinberry,  Black,  512. 
Twin-flower,  514. 
Twisted  Stalk,  Pink,  46. 
Twisted  Stalk,  White,  46. 

Umbelliferae,  332. 
Umbrella-wort,    Narrow-leaved, 
1 06. 


595 


INDEX 


Vaccaria,  116. 

Vaccaria  vaccaria,  116. 

V  actinium,  348. 

Vaccinium  ovatum,  348. 

Vagnera,  52. 

Vagnera  amplexicaulis,  52. 

Vagnera  sessilifolia,  52. 

Valerianaceae,  508. 

Valeriana,  510. 

Valeriana  Arizonica,  510. 

Valeriana  sylvatica,  510. 

Valeriana  sitchensis,  510. 

Valerian  Family,  508. 

Valerian,  Arizona,  510. 

Valerian,  Greek,  384. 

Valerian,  Wild,  510. 

Valerianella,  508. 

Valerianella  macrosera,  508. 

Vancouven'a,  152. 

FawcoMZ/eria  chrysanlha,  152. 

Va«cottzwta  hexandra,  152. 

FcncoMvma  parviflora,  152. 

Vanilla  Leaf,  156. 

Velaea  arguta,  336. 

Velvet-rosette,  530. 

Fercegosm  carpesioides,  550. 

VtfraJrfim,  8. 

Ferir/rww  Californicum,  10. 

Verbenaceae,  434. 

F^r&ena,  434. 

Fer&ena  /Irtzow/ca,  434. 

Fer6ena  proslrata,  434. 

Verbena  Family,  434. 

Verbena,  Yellow  Sand,  106. 

Verbena,  Pink  Sand,  104. 

Verbena,  Wild,  434- 

WrontYa,  474. 

Feron^ca  Amertcana,  476. 

Veronica  Tournefortii,  476. 

Feronica  Wormskjoldii,  476. 

Vervain,  Common,  434. 

Vervenia,  404. 

Vetch,  250. 

Vetch,  Milk,  256. 

Villela,  70. 

Vinegar  Weed,  454. 

Violaceae,  296. 

Viola,  296. 

Viola  adunca  var.  glabra,  298. 

Viola  adunca  var.  longipes,  300. 

Viola  Canadensis,  298. 

Viola  lobata,  296. 

Viola  ocellata,  296. 

Fio/a  pedunculate,  300. 

Viola  venosa,  298. 

Violet  Family,  296. 

Violet,  Blue,  300. 

Violet,  Canada,  298. 

Violet,  Dog-tooth,  28. 

Violet,  Pine,  296. 

Violet,  Pale  Mountain,  298. 


Violet,  Yellow  Mountain,  298. 
Virgin's  Bower,  148. 

Wake-robin,  42. 

Wallflower,  Cream-colored,    178 
Wallflower,  Western,  176. 
Wapato,  2. 
Water-cress,  174. 
Waterleaf  Family,  402,  422. 
Waterleaf,  418. 
Water  Lily  Family,  156. 
Water-plantain  Family,  2. 
Whipplea  modesta,  204. 
Whispering  Bells,  418. 
Willow-herb,  316. 
Willow-herb,  Great,  314. 
Willow-herb,  Water,  314. 
Wineflowers,  158. 
Wintergreen  Family,  354. 
Wintergreen  340,  356. 
Wintergreen,  Western,  342. 
Wolfsbane,  136. 
Wood-balm,  450. 
Woodland  Star,  198. 
Wood-sorrel  Family,  272. 
Wood-sorrel,  Yellow,  272. 
Wyelhia,  560. 

IVyelhia  amplexicaulis,  560. 
Wyethia  mollis,  560. 
Wyethia,  Woolly,  560. 

Xerophyllum  tenax,  44. 
Xylorrhiza,  544. 
Xylorrhiza  lorlifolia,  544. 
Xylothermia  montana,  248. 

Yarrow,  Golden,  546. 

Yellows.  560. 

Yerba  Buena,  436. 

Yerba  Buena  del  Campo,  436 

Yerba  Buena  del  Poso,  436. 

Yerba  Mansa,  80. 

Yerba  del  Pasmo,  228. 

Yerba  Santa,  420. 

Yerba  Santa,  Woolly,  420. 

Youth-on-age,  200. 

Yucca,  40. 

Yucca  Whipplei,  40. 

Yucca,  Tree,  40. 

Zinnia,  552. 
Zinnia,  Desert,  552. 
Zygadene,  6,  8. 
Zygadene,  Star,  8. 
Zygadenus,  6. 
Zygadenus  elegans,  8. 
Zygadenus  Fremontii,  8. 
Zygadenus  paniculatus,  6 
Zygadenus  venenosus,  8. 
Zygophyllaceae,  268. 


596 


597 


Orange  I  Ca/ocnorfus 

Aariposa  Tulip-  Kennedy!  • 


598 


Wild 

Onion 


599 


C 


ovena 


Brodiaea 

v&r    paucl  flora- 


6oo 


Indian  Hyacinth 

Trifefeia.  qtarMdiffolra-l 


6oi 


Bronze  „ 
Bert* 


FriiBHlaria 

tropurpurea- 


Qlocfioiius  fufeus 
var  ocu/afus 


604 


Butter 


Balls- 


ri 


loaonurn 

ormocauion- 


60S 


Sand 
Verbena 


Abrqtna 

v  ill  os  a 


6o6 


Indian  Pink- 
Silene  (aciniata- 


607 


Footfiiffs 

Larkspur- 


Delphinium 
scaposum 


Lilac    Clematis 
Airaqene   occiden tails- 


609 


California 
Poppy 


Eschschoffzla 
CaJiforTvica- 


6io 


Bush  Dendromecon 

Poppy-  rigida- 


Western 

Wall-flower 


ErysimuTn 
asperurn 


6l2 


6i3 


Bi-co(ored 
Lupine- 


Lupi-a-us 
Sfiversii- 


Wifd 
.Sureet    Pea 


Lathijrus 


6i5 


- 


edys^rum  pabulare 


6i6 


Pride  of 
California- 


L&tfiyrus 
.splendcns- 


6i7 


6i8 


Spotted 
TTlallou;- 


TFialvaslrum 

rofundifolium 


6ig 


Salmon  Globe  Aallouj 
Sphaeraleea   pedafa 


Hedqehoq 
Cactus- 

Echinocereus    poiuacanfhus- 


621 


Opunfia   basilans- 


622 


Pincushion 
Cactus  Gra^ami- 


623 


-•— - 


Wfiite 
Evening  Primrose- 


Fkchyfopfms 


624 


Western  Azalta. 
Azalea   occidentahs- 


625 


-hoohnq 


LDodetal'fufon  . 

paucitloruru 


626 


Snow  PJaonf 
S&reodes 


•> 


627 


Cancfia(a()ua-  ^ /Erytfiraea  veiuista 


Scarlet  Cilia- 


629 


u 

Prickfv     GI 


rqe 


Cafiforni 


630 


Phaceda  qrandiffora- 


Pnacelia  Pnaceiia  sericea- 


632 


Bafy 
Blue- eues 


633 


incana 


634 


Thistle 
Sage 


Salvia 
cardxiacea,- 


635 


Indian 
Pain 


Casiiffeja  mmiata- 


.:v\ 


636 


<  T 


Pens  tern  on 
cyanantfius- 


637 


Pensfemon  Parnii 


638 


PlTlk 

lllonke^-f  louie  I'- 


i mul  us 
Lewis  ii- 


639 


Busfi 

.Aoiikev  ffoiuer 
o/    * 


White  Valerian- 

valeriana  sifrchensis 


641 


Arizona. 
TfiisHe- 


Carduus 
Arizonicus 


642 


Easter 
Daisy- 


Totunsendia 
exscapa- 


643 


Cut-  (eaved. 
Balsam 


Bafsamorrhiza 
macrophijffai 


644 


Xulorrhiza 

torhfo/ia 


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